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Rapid economic development leads to environmental pollution with widespread pollutants including heavy metals, chemical particulates, untreated industrial sewage, and microplastics. Chromium production and its application had upsurged from past few decades and at present it had stretched up to 41 million metric tons globally. Chromium is one of the most mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant, exposure to this heavy metal pollutants leads to respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular diseases in humans and other harmful effects on plants and animals. Conventional methods for the treatment of hexavalent chromium from the environment includes ion-exchange, adsorption, solvent extraction, coagulation, electrodialysis and chemical precipitation. These methods are labor intensive, costly, and simultaneously release toxic components to the environment. Alternatively, bioremediation is one of the most effective biological processes which utilizes native microorganisms and plants to remove toxic metal pollutants from the polluted habitats. Bioremediation offers a sustainable technology for the management of heavy metal pollutants released from various mining and mineral processing industries and anthropogenic activities. This review gives a brief idea of hexavalent chromium pollution, its harmful effect on environment and humans, bioremediation through the application of native microorganisms and plants and describes the bioremediation method as a significant role for the sustainable management of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement component 9 (C9) plays a significant role in the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on the targeted cell surface. The current study is dealt with molecular characterization of C9 gene from rohu, Labeo rohita, an important cultured carp species in India. An open reading frame (ORF) of 1998 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that encodes a polypeptide of 666 amino acids having a signal peptide of 19 amino acids and a mature peptide of 647 amino acids. The SMART domain architecture analysis revealed two thrombospondin type‐1 domains (TSP1), a low‐density lipoprotein receptor domain class A (LDLa), a membrane attack complex and perforin (MACPF) domain, and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like domain. Multiple sequence alignment and evolutionary analysis revealed a primitive C9 sequence of rohu with maximum similarity and clustering with common carp, grass carp and zebrafish. C9 was highly expressed in liver and constitutively expressed in wide array of tissues except in eye of rohu juveniles. It was expressed during early developmental days of rohu including in milt. A variable level of up‐regulation in C9 expression was noticed upon poly I:C induction, Aeromonas hydrophila and Argulus siamensis infections in liver, spleen and gill tissues of rohu at different time points. A constitutive expression of C9 in different stages of rohu during the ontogeny and in response to pathogen exposures along with high degree of sequence homology with other fish species proved it as an important primitive immune molecule of the complement system lytic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To unravel the intricate connection between protein function and protein structure, it is imperative to comprehensively evaluate protein secondary structure similarity from various perspectives. While numerous techniques have been suggested for comparing protein secondary structure elements (SSE), there continues to be a substantial need for finding alternative ways of comparing the same. In this paper, Topology of Protein Structure (TOPS) representations of protein secondary structures are considered to offer a new alignment-free method for evaluating similarities/dissimilarities of protein secondary structures. Initially, a two-dimensional numerical representation of the SSE is created, associating each point with a mass reflecting its frequency of occurrence. Then the means of coordinate values are determined by averaging weighted sums, and these mean values are subsequently used to calculate moments-of-inertia. Next, a four-component descriptor is generated out of the eigenvalues of the matrix and the mean values of the represented coordinates. Thereafter, Manhattan distance measure is used to obtain the distance matrix. This is finally applied to obtain the phylogenetic trees under the use of NJ method. SSE considered in the proposed method comprises 36-elements from the Chew-Kedem database giving five different taxa: globin, alpha-beta, tim-barrel, beta, and alpha. Phylogenetic trees were created for these SSE through the application of various methods: Clustal-Omega, LZ-Complexity, SED, TOPS + and TOC, to facilitate comparative analysis. Phylogenetic tree of the proposed method outperformed results of the previous methods when applied to the same SSE. Therefore, the method effectively constructs phylogenetic tree for analyzing protein secondary structure comparison.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.