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Male breast cancer (MBC), one of the rare types of cancer among men where the global incidence rate is 1.8% of all breast cancers cases with a yearly increase in a pace of 1.1%. Since the last 10 years, the incidence has been increased from 7.2% to 10.3% and the mortality rate was decreased from 11% to 3.8%. Nevertheless, the rate of diagnoses has been expected to be around 2.6% in the near future, still there is a great lack in studies to characterize the MBC including the developed countries. Based on our search, it is evidenced from the literature that the number of risk factors for the cause of MBC are significant, which includes the increase in age, family genetic history, mutations in specific genes due to various environmental impacts, hormonal imbalance and unregulated expression receptors for specific hormones of high levels of estrogen or androgen receptors compared to females. MBCs are broadly classified into ductal and lobular carcinomas with further sub-types, with some of the symptoms including a lump or swelling in the breast, redness of flaky skin in the breast, irritation and nipple discharge that is similar to the female breast cancer (FBC). The most common diagnostic tools currently in use are the ultrasound guided sonography, mammography, and biopsies. Treatment modalities for MBC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies. However, the guidelines followed for the diagnosis and treatment modalities of MBC are mostly based on FBC that is due to the lack of prospective studies related to MBC. However, there are distinct clinical and molecular features of MBC, it is a need to develop different clinical methods with more multinational approaches to help oncologist to improve care for MBC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring alternative energy sources is vital amid increasing human fuel consumption. Globally, biogas, rich in methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide, addresses energy demands through biomass anaerobic digestion (AD). Efficient digestate management, employing techniques like solid‐liquid separation and composting, is crucial for environmental protection. The goal is to optimize nutrient‐rich byproduct utilization while minimizing negative impacts. This review analyzes diverse substrates, emphasizing challenges and benefits. Key considerations include nutrient ratios, moisture content, co‐digestion, organic loading rate, and retention time. The study explores temperature's impact on microbial growth, biogas impurities, and upgradation techniques, including biological methods. Fermentation, microbial electrochemical techniques, and biochar use for enhanced AD are introduced. Discussing digestate's multifaceted aspects, the review highlights its nutrient value and diverse applications in aquaculture, animal feed, fermentation, bioremediation, and fine chemical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: c-FLIP is a master anti-apoptotic regulator associated with resistance to various therapeutic options in different cancer types. Thus, exploring the combinatorial antitumor effects of a natural product, physachenolide C (PCC) and bortezomib, could lead to an effective, non-toxic therapeutic regimen against KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells. Our results showed that the bortezomib–PCC combination was more effective in reducing the viability and inhibiting migration and invasion of cancer cells. Additionally, c-FLIP protein expression was significantly inhibited along with a substantial reduction in the critical parameters of cellular metabolism in cancer cells. Strikingly, tumor growth inhibition was much more effective in tumor xenograft mice models with an enhanced efficacy without causing significant side effects. Background: Defects in apoptosis regulation are one of the classical features of cancer cells, often associated with more aggressiveness and failure to therapeutic options. We investigated the combinatorial antitumor effects of a natural product, physachenolide C (PCC) and bortezomib, in KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells and xenograft mice models. Methods: The in vitro anticancer effects of the bortezomib and PCC combination were investigated using cell viability, migration, and invasion assays in 344SQ, H23, and H358 cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of combination treatment on the critical parameters of cellular metabolism, including extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on the oxygen consumption rate of cancer cells were assessed using Seahorse assay. Finally, the antitumor effect of the bortezomib (1 mg/kg) and PCC (10 mg/kg) combination was evaluated using xenograft mice models. Results: Our data showed that the bortezomib–PCC combination was more effective in reducing the viability of lung cancer cells in comparison with the individual treatments. Similarly, the combination treatment showed a significant inhibition of cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. Additionally, the key anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP was significantly inhibited along with a substantial reduction in the key parameters of cellular metabolism in cancer cells. Notably, the bortezomib or PCC inhibited the tumor growth compared to the control group, the tumor growth inhibition was much more effective when bortezomib was combined with PCC in tumor xenograft mice models. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that PCC sensitizes cancer cells to bortezomib, potentially improving the antitumor effects against KRASmut/P53mut lung cancer cells, with an enhanced efficacy of combination treatments without causing significant side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum Linn), commonly known as 'holy basil,' has been used for the treatment of a wide range of ailments in many parts of the world. This study focuses on apoptosis-inducing ability of tulsi extract on prostate cancer cells. For this purpose LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of 70% ethanolic extract of tulsi (EET) and then the cytotoxicity was determined after 24 and 48 h. After treatment with EET externalization of phosphatidyl serine (PS) from the inner membrane to outer leaflet of the plasma membrane was clearly evidenced by the results obtained from both flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V-FITC and pSIVA-IANBD binding fluorescence microscopy assay. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential was also evidenced by the presence of 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachlolo-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl benzimedazolyl carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) monomeric form in the EET-treated cells that emitted the green fluorescence when compared with the control cells that emitted the red fluorescence due to aggregation of JC-1. Furthermore, the level of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and Bcl-2 were determined using western blot analysis. When compared to the control cells the level of cleaved PARP was found to be higher with a concomitant decrease in the Bcl-2 level after 24 h of treatment of cells with EET. In addition, treatment with EET significantly elevated the activities of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in LNCaP cells compared with the control. Also, after 48 h of treatment all doses used in this study showed clear fragments of DNA, which is one of the hallmarks of apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest that, EET can effectively induce apoptosis in LNCaP cells via activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 that can eventually lead to DNA fragmentation and cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the major environmental pollutants, produced from incomplete combustion of materials like coal, oil, gas, wood, and charbroiled meat, that contaminate the air, soil, and water, necessitating urgent remediation. Understanding the metabolic pathways for PAHs degradation is crucial to preventing environmental damage and health issues. Biological methods are gaining increasing interest due to their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. These methods are particularly suitable for remediating PAHs contamination and mitigating associated risks. The paper also outlines the processes for biodegrading PAHs, emphasizing the function of Pseudomonas spp., a kind of bacterium recognized for its capacity to degrade PAHs. To eliminate PAHs from the environment and reduce threats to human health and the environment, Pseudomonas spp. is essential. Understanding the mechanism of PAH breakdown by means of microbes could lead to effective clean-up strategies. The review highlights the enzymatic capabilities, adaptability, and genetic versatility of the genes like nah and phn of Pseudomonas spp., which are involved in PAHs degradation pathways. Scientific evidence supports using Pseudomonas spp. as biocatalysts for PAHs clean-up, offering cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)