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A straightforward approach that uses Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract as a bio-reduction agent has been reported to anchor silver nanoparticles onto graphene oxide (rGO-Ag). The nanocomposite was characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. A qualitative colour transition from yellowish to dark brown confirmed the biosynthesis of rGO-Ag nanocomposite and showed a surface plasmon resonance at 263 nm and 425 nm. Utilizing cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemical characteristics of the rGO-Ag nanocomposite modified screen printed carbon electrodes were examined. The rGO-Ag nanocomposite electrode enhanced anodic current approximately 1.29 times greater compared to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and 1.34 times greater compared to graphene oxide (GO). Moreover, rGO-Ag nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against typical Gram-positive (S. aureus) (11.99 ± 0.26 mm) and Gram-negative (E. coli) (11.86 ± 0.29 mm) bacteria. Toxicity was assayed using brine shrimp Artemia salina. The results of hatching and mortality assay demonstrates that AgNPs and rGO-Ag nanocomposite is biocompatible with A. salina at a low dosage (0.001 mg/mL). This work offers a guide for the future synthesis of nanocomposites using green reductants. The as- synthesized nanocomposite shows a promising component for the development of biomedical devices applications.

Green synthesised nanoparticles are a new source of inspiration for clinical research, as this method uses natural materials, such as plant-derived materials, for synthesis. Green nanoparticle synthesis using plant extracts is simple, inexpensive, chemicals, resulting in biologically active shape- and size-dependent products with no contaminants or byproducts. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have unique physiochemical properties and promising biological applications. To assess AgNPs' functionality, they must be characterized. Natural compounds found in plant extracts reduce and stabilise AgNPs. Green synthesis is more environmentally friendly than conventional methods, but many questions remain. To understand the plant-mediated process, many studies are needed. This proposed book chapter examines the synthesis, characterization, and bio activities of green-synthesised AgNPs. The goal is to provide an overview of green AgNP synthesis and their bioactivity assessment.

Graphene is a remarkable material with numerous applications. Due to its thin and lightweight design, it is ideal for a variety of applications. The synthesis of high-quality graphene in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner continues to be a significant challenge. Chemical reduction is considered to be the most advantageous method for preparing reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, this process necessitates the use of toxic and harmful substances, which can have a detrimental effect on the environment and human health. Thus, to accomplish the objective, the green synthesis principle has prompted researchers worldwide to develop a simple method for green reduction of graphene oxide (GO), which is readily accessible, sustainable, economical, renewable, and environmentally friendly in nature. For example, the use of natural materials such as plants is generally considered safe. Furthermore, plants contain reducing and capping agents. The current review will focus on the discovery and application of rGO synthesis using extracts from a variety of different parts of the plant. The review aims to aid current and future researchers in their search for a novel plant extract that acts as a reductant in the green synthesis of rGO. The review aims to assist current and future researchers in their research for a novel plant extract that acts as a reductant in the green synthesis of rGO as well as their potential applications in a variety of industries.