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Context: Empathy is one of the fundamentals of communication relevant within the practice of dentistry, and the research is limited in this field. Aims: The present study was conducted to assess the self-reported empathy levels among dental undergraduate students in Lucknow city of Northern India. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among three dental colleges of Lucknow city during July 2019–September 2019. Subjects and Methods: E-survey link was circulated among 790 students through e-mails. It has two parts. The first part included sociodemographic information, wherein the second part, the empathy level of students was assessed using the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Profession Students Version Questionnaire. The possible score range is 20–140: the higher the mean score, the higher the self-reported empathy level. Statistical Analysis Used: The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Chi-square test was used to test gender distribution differences among different years. One-way analysis of variance including post hoc tests was used to compare the differences between study variables. Results: The mean ± standard deviation empathy score was 92.55 ± 11.85, 91.85 ± 12.23, 93.25 ± 11.24, 93.37 ± 12.31, and 88.34 ± 12.01 among the first-year, second-year, third-year, final-year, and interns' students, respectively, with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the results of the present study that the mean empathy score was highest among final-year students which is suggestive of the impact of education in behavioral sciences.

Background: According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry guidelines, the first dental visit of a child is within 6 months of age. The need of such early visits is to help dentists to detect and treat incipient lesions, to educate parents about proper oral hygiene maintenance and the importance of diet and fluorides. Moreover, the visit helps the child to understand and adapt to the dental setup, thereby showing a positive dental attitude in future visits. Aim: The aim of this study was to find out the age at which children receive dental care for the first time and the reasons for such dental visits. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, wherein a questionnaire was provided to the parents of pediatric patients attending the outpatient department for their first dental visit, which included the sociodemographic details along with the questions related to their first dental visit, reason, and experiences regarding their visit. Results: On average, children reported for their first dental visit only after 5 years of age for the complaints such as pain and dental caries. Thus, indicating oral health education and preventive treatment program are yet to reach the general population. Conclusion: From the present study, it was evident that necessary awareness regarding the first dental visit is very low, with the subjects approaching the dentist after the establishment of ill oral health, thus demanding interception rather than prevention of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification and determination of age is imperative for diversity of reasons that include disputed birth records, premature delivery, legal issues etc. Assessment of growth and development of a child helps in orthodontic, tooth development, shedding analysis, surgical and orthopedic management in dentistry.Dental age is one of the few measures of physiologic development that is uniformly applicable from infancy to late adolescence.Several methods have been proposed for the assessment of a child's dental age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the Knowledge, education and attitude regarding Silver Diamine Fluoride of general practitioners and dental specialist in and around India Methodology: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was carried out on the sample size of 226 dental surgeons. All dentists from India were invited to participate in the survey. An online multiple-choice and fill-in response questionnaire was created in Google Forms. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed. Both descriptive and analytical statistical measurements were done. Results: A lack of self-reported knowledge was most frequently reported concerning whether a restoration must be placed after SDF treatment even if SDF is being reapplied twice per year, whether SDF can be used on root caries lesions, and under which codes SDF treatment can be billed. Conclusion: Education and understanding of SDF through expert development activities might bring about greater usage of this innovative method of managing cavitated caries lesions, especially in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in contrast to platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) along with synthetic nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bone graft in the regeneration of bone defects in children., Materials and Methods: A total of 20 children in whom bone defect was present were selected and divided into two groups of 10. In group I, the bone defect was filled with PRP + nanocrystalline HA with β-TCP and group II, with PRF + nanocrystalline HA with β-TCP. Radiographs using VistaScan with a mesh grid were taken to analyze the bone density and bone regeneration. Clinical evaluation with respect to the color of overlying mucosa, sinus formation, pus discharge, and seepage of bone graft was done. The parameters used to analyze the radiographs included gray scale analysis, residual bone defect calculation in pixels both performed in CorelDraw version 13 software, and radiopaque scoring scale., Results: The mean bone defect density measured using gray scale was higher in the PRF than PRP group. The percentage of bone formation analyzed using residual bone defect calculation and mean radiopaque score revealed that the PRF group showed better outcomes compared to the PRP group., Conclusion: Both PRP and PRF are equally effective in promoting bone regeneration with PRF showing slight superiority over PRP., How to Cite This Article: Koksi Sangma Shadap NM, Yadav G, Saha S, et al. To Analyze the Efficacy of Platelet-rich Plasma in Contrast to Platelet-rich Fibrin along with Synthetic Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium Phosphate Bone Graft in Regeneration of Bony Defects in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(6):842-849., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).)

Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the remineralizing potential of commercially available low-fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal nonfluoridated child formula dentifrices on primary teeth., Materials and Methods: Total of 36 primary teeth were placed in the demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce artificial carious lesions of approximately 100 μm depth, and then cut longitudinally into 30 sections of 100-150 μm thickness and randomly assigned to three groups. Sections were treated with low-fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal nonfluoridated dentifrice. Lesions were evaluated using polarized light microscopy., Results: Intragroup comparison of mean lesion depth from pretreatment to posttreatment among the three study groups revealed that maximum reduction in lesion depth was found to be in group I (low-fluoridated) followed in descending order by group III (herbal nonfluoridated) and group II (nonfluoridated), respectively., Conclusion: Group I (low-fluoridated) and group III (herbal nonfluoridated) demonstrated remineralization of carious lesions by virtue of a decrease in lesion depth, whereas group II (nonfluoridated) showed an increase in lesion depth., Clinical Significance: Fluoride dentifrices are the most widely used products that deliver topical fluoride to the oral environment. The major drawback is the risk of dental fluorosis, which occurs because of ingestion of dentifrices, in preschool children. This necessitates use of preventive measures which include (1) reducing the amount of toothpaste used, (2) supervised brushing in preschool children and (3) developing low-fluoride toothpastes for minimizing risk of dental fluorosis. Further dental professionals must investigate effectiveness of increasingly popular "Herbal" products., How to Cite This Article: Tiwari S, Saha S, Dhinsa K, et al. Remineralizing Potential of Low-fluoridated, Nonfluoridated and Herbal Nonfluoridated Dentifrices on Demineralized Surface of Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):251-257., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Introduction: The longevity of stainless steel crowns is related to perfect adaptation and long-term union between restoration and teeth. In this respect, evaluation of marginal leakage of luting cement is essential., Aim and Objective: To compare and evaluate the ability of new adhesive cement to prevent microleakage under stainless steel crowns on primary teeth., Materials and Methods: Forty-five specimens were embedded, standardized preparations were made onto selected extracted primary molars, and stainless steel crowns were adapted. Samples were assigned randomly to cement groups: Glass ionomer (GI), resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGI), and Adhesive resin (AR) cement, followed by storage in water, artificially aging, staining, sectioning, and the linear dye penetration and proportion of microleakage evaluation., Results: AR showed the lowest microleakage, followed in increasing order by RMGIC and GIC showed the greatest microleakage ( p-value < 0.0001)., Clinical Significance: There are many kinds of luting agents that vary considerably from the viewpoint of solubility, strength, and ability to adhere to the tooth structure. Lack of adhesion of the luting cement to the tooth structure is one of the reasons for microleakage related to different types of crowns. Cement breakdown may result in the entrance of fluids and microorganisms along with the tooth restoration interface. In this study, attempts were made to simulate standard clinical procedures, although this is not a substitute for the complex oral environment, the results provide useful information to choosing the best cement materials., Conclusion: Adhesive resin cement can be recommended for cementation of Stainless Steel Crowns because of added advantages over others., How to Cite This Article: Gundewar MS, Saha S, Arora D, et al. Comparative Microleakage Evaluation through the Interfaces between the Tooth and Cement after Stainless Steel Crown Cementation in Primary Molars: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(2):159-163., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Aim and Objective: To evaluate root canal transportation, centering ability ratio (CAR), remaining dentine thickness, dentinal cracks, and instrumentation time after instrumentation with different filing systems in root canals of primary teeth by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis., Materials and Methods: Sixty prepared canals of primary teeth divided into 4 groups with 15 canals in each were prepared with NiTi K files, Proaper Next (PTN) files, OneShape (OS), and WaveOne (WO) files, respectively. Using CBCT scan, the pre- and postinstrumentation scan was done to obtain images at three levels (apical, middle, and cervical). The results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 21 statistical software version., Result: Significant statistical difference was found between different filing systems., Conclusion: ProTaper Next files showed least canal transportation and the best centering ability was shown by OS file system. The NiTi K hand files preserved maximum remaining dentin thickness (RDT) and produced minimum dentin cracks. WO file system took least instrumentation time when compared to the other three filing systems., Clinical Significance: The use of rotary instruments in the pulpectomy of primary teeth represents a promising technique being advantageous for the pediatric patients by maintaining the original canal curvatures, showing greater ability to maintain dentin thickness, causing lesser dentin cracks, and reducing chair time thus favoring preparation of more conical root canals and better obturation ., How to Cite This Article: Singh P. Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Analysis of Deciduous Root Canals after Instrumentation with Different Filing Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(S-1):S22-S29., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Introduction: The decreased rate in dental caries cases across the world has created an enthusiasm in many clinicians to relate and study different developmental disorders. In past years, defects that are commonly associated with dentistry are hypomineralized areas commonly seen in central incisors and first molars. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a defect of the enamel, which is qualitative in nature and systemic in origin characterized by advanced and concurrent hypomineralization of the enamel affecting the first permanent molars together with frequent association of the incisors., Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), its possible risk factors and its association with dental caries and enamel surface defects (attrition and abrasion) in schoolchildren aged between 8 and 16 years in Lucknow district., Methodology: Indexed teeth (first permanent molars and incisors) of 5,585 schoolchildren, selected by stratified random sampling technique between the age-group of 8 and 16 years, were examined by a trained and calibrated examiner. The data was recorded in a predesigned pro forma by examiner, which consisted of mainly two parts. The first part comprised of general information, while the second part comprised of questions related to risk factors related to MIH (prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history). For the diagnosis of MIH, the Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index was used for diagnosis of MIH, while the decay-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT) criteria were used for assessing dental caries. Enamel surface defects were recorded using the Smith and Knight tooth wear index., Results: A prevalence of 7.6% was reported wherein females were found to be more affected by MIH. A strong significant correlation was found between MIH prevalence and childhood infection., Conclusion: Early diagnosis of MIH is necessary to prevent the rapid destruction of the tooth morphology resulting in complicated treatment. Further studies with greater samples are needed to investigate the different etiological factors and determine the biological molecular mechanism that they may cause., Clinical Significance: The data obtained from the current study does not portray a clear consideration of the infants' medical history in the initial 4 years of life. Further studies may be performed to surpass these shortcomings by using more elaborate medical records of the child in addition to profound recollection of the parents. Due to paucity of literature on this issue in Lucknow District, our current study may provide some information at a baseline level for conducting an extensive research involving different regions pan-India., How to Cite This Article: Verma S, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, et al. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):1-8., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Background: Dental caries is an oral disease which is infectious in nature associated with various pathogenic microorganisms and is prevalent across the world., Aim: To evaluate and compare the anticariogenic properties of the different plant extracts against various cariogenic microorganisms., Materials and Methods: In phase I, the anticariogenic efficacy of four different herbal extracts, namely Ocimum sanctum ( Tulsi ), Terminalia chebula ( Harad ), Tinospora cordifolia ( Guduchi ), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice), was evaluated against two strains of bacteria viz. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. In the second phase of the study, the overall decay depth was compared., Results: In phase I, zone of inhibition was significantly higher in G. glabra (Licorice) followed the descending order by O. sanctum ( Tulsi ), T. c hebula ( Harad ), and T. cordifolia ( Guduchi ), respectively. In the second phase, it was found that the decay depth was significantly higher in T. cordifolia ( Guduchi ) followed the descending order by T. chebula ( Harad ), O. sanctum ( Tulsi ), and G. glabra (Licorice), respectively., Conclusion: Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) extract had potent antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and L. acidophilus., Clinical Significance: Synthetic drugs have many adverse effects, so more attention has been paid to natural remedies because they are safe and effective. Today, the main interest is shifted toward the drugs which is derived from plants, which has led to the screening of many herbal plants for their potential antimicrobial activity and the same can be used clinically as an alternative of synthetic drugs used in dentistry., How to Cite This Article: Rai A, Tripathi AM, Saha S, et al . Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Different Plant Extracts against Cariogenic Bacteria: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):361-367., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2020; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts., Materials and Methods: An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [ Emblica officinalis ( Amla ), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done., Results: The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant., Conclusion: Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively., Clinical Significance: Herbal plants such as [ Emblica officinalis ( Amla ), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp., How to Cite This Article: Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398-404., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2019; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)

Background: Newer development of bonding agents have gained a better understanding of factors affecting adhesion of interface between composite and dentin surface to improve longevity of restorations., Objective: The present study evaluated the influence of salivary contamination on the tensile bond strength of different generation adhesive systems (two-step etch-and-rinse, two-step self-etch and one-step self-etch) during different bonding stages to dentin where isolation is not maintained., Materials and Methods: Superficial dentin surfaces of 90 extracted human molars were randomly divided into three study Groups (Group A: Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system; Group B: Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Group C: One-step self-etch adhesive system) according to the different generation of adhesives used. According to treatment conditions in different bonding steps, each Group was further divided into three Subgroups containing ten teeth in each. After adhesive application, resin composite blocks were built on dentin and light cured subsequently. The teeth were then stored in water for 24 hours before sending for testing of tensile bond strength by Universal Testing Machine. The collected data were then statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test., Results: One-step self-etch adhesive system revealed maximum mean tensile bond strength followed in descending order by Two-step self-etch adhesive system and Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system both in uncontaminated and saliva contaminated conditions respectively., Conclusion: Unlike One-step self-etch adhesive system, saliva contamination could reduce tensile bond strength of the two-step self-etch and two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Furthermore, the step of bonding procedures and the type of adhesive seems to be effective on the bond strength of adhesives contaminated with saliva.