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[EN] Students' approaches to learning can vary between students of different ages, genders, years, degrees, or cultural contexts. The aim of this study was to assess the approaches to learning of different students of life science degrees. The Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) has been used to assess the approaches to learning of 505 students of thirteen different subjects of four different degrees at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia in order to study the factors that influence their approaches. Results show a higher deep approach of the students. Differences were observed between subjects and gender, not related to level (bachelor or master) or year. The item reliability analysis showed a high consistency for the main scales, but not for the secondary scales of the R-SPQ-2F questionnaire. High correlation between the deep and surface scales were observed. These data can provide more information to the teachers, which may help them to develop strategies focused on promoting a deeper approach to learning for the students, more adapted to their subject, level, and year.

[EN] Background The use of sequencing and genotyping platforms has undergone dramatic improvements, enabling the generation of a wealth of genomic information. Despite this progress, the availability of high-quality genomic DNA (gDNA) in sufficient concentrations is often a main limitation, especially for third-generation sequencing platforms. A variety of DNA extraction methods and commercial kits are available. However, many of these are costly and frequently give either low yield or low-quality DNA, inappropriate for next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Here, we describe a fast and inexpensive DNA extraction method (SILEX) applicable to a wide range of plant species and tissues. Results SILEX is a high-throughput DNA extraction protocol, based on the standard CTAB method with a DNA silica matrix recovery, which allows obtaining NGS-quality high molecular weight genomic plant DNA free of inhibitory compounds. SILEX was compared with a standard CTAB extraction protocol and a common commercial extraction kit in a variety of species, including recalcitrant ones, from different families. In comparison with the other methods, SILEX yielded DNA in higher concentrations and of higher quality. Manual extraction of 48 samples can be done in 96 min by one person at a cost of 0.12 euro/sample of reagents and consumables. Hundreds of tomato gDNA samples obtained with either SILEX or the commercial kit were successfully genotyped with Single Primer Enrichment Technology (SPET) with the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Furthermore, DNA extracted fromSolanum elaeagnifoliumusing this protocol was assessed by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), obtaining a suitable size ranges for most sequencing platforms that required high-molecular-weight DNA such as Nanopore or PacBio. Conclusions A high-throughput, fast and inexpensive DNA extraction protocol was developed and validated for a wide variety of plants and tissues. SILEX offers an easy, scalable, efficient and inexpensiv

[EN] Double digest restriction-site associated sequencing (ddRAD-seq) is a flexible and cost-effective strategy for providing in-depth insights into the genetic architecture of germplasm collections. Using this methodology, we investigated the genomic diversity of a panel of 288 diverse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accessions enriched in 'da serbo' (called 'de penjar' in Spain) long shelf life (LSL) materials (152 accessions) mostly originating from Italy and Spain. The rest of the materials originate from different countries and include landraces for fresh consumption, elite cultivars, heirlooms, and breeding lines. Apart from their LSL trait, 'da serbo' landraces are of remarkable interest for their resilience. We identified 32,799 high-quality SNPs, which were used for model ancestry population structure and non-parametric hierarchical clustering. Six genetic subgroups were revealed, clearly separating most 'da serbo' landraces, but also the Spanish germplasm, suggesting a subdivision of the population based on type and geographical provenance. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the collection decayed very rapidly within <5kb. We then investigated SNPs showing contrasted minor frequency allele (MAF) in 'da serbo' materials, resulting in the identification of high frequencies in this germplasm of several mutations in genes related to stress tolerance and fruit maturation such as CTR1 and JAR1. Finally, a mini-core collection of 58 accessions encompassing most of the diversity was selected for further exploitation of key traits. Our findings suggest the presence of a genetic footprint of the 'da serbo' germplasm selected in the Mediterranean basin. Moreover, we provide novel insights on LSL 'da serbo' germplasm as a promising source of alleles for tolerance to stresses.

[EN] The selection of stress-resistant cultivars, to be used in breeding programmes aimed at enhancing the drought and salt tolerance of our major crops, is an urgent need for agriculture in a climate change scenario. In the present study, the responses to water deficit and salt stress treatments, regarding growth inhibition and leaf proline (Pro) contents, were analysed in 47 Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes of di erent origins. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson moment correlations and principal component analyses (PCAs) were performed on all measured traits, to assess the general responses to stress of the investigated genotypes. For most analysed growth variables and Pro, the e ects of cultivar, treatment and their interactions were highly significant (p < 0.001); the root morphological traits, stem diameter and the number of leaves were mostly due to uncontrolled variation, whereas the variation of fresh weight and water content of stems and leaves was clearly induced by stress. Under our experimental conditions, the average e ects of salt stress on plant growth were relatively weaker than those of water deficit. In both cases, however, growth inhibition was mostly reflected in the stress-induced reduction of fresh weight and water contents of stems and leaves. Pro, on the other hand, was the only variable showing a negative correlation with all growth parameters, but particularly with those of stems and leaves mentioned above, as indicated by the Pearson correlation coe cients and the loading plots of the PCAs. Therefore, in common beans, higher stress-induced accumulation of Pro is unequivocally associated with a stronger inhibition of growth; that is, with a higher sensitivity to stress of the corresponding cultivar. We propose the use of Pro as a suitable biochemical marker for simple, rapid, large-scale screenings of bean genotypes, to exclude the most sensitive, those accumulating higher Pro concentrations in response to water or salt stress trea

[EN] Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) causes great damage in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops in south-eastern Spain and in many tropical and subtropical areas in the world. The disease is caused by a complex of viruses, all belonging to the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae. Nine species have been reported causing TYLCD and six more have been proposed as tentative species. Four viral species associated with TYLCD are present in Spain. Preventive measures to fight the disease, as well as measures based on controlling the insect vector (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) are not effective, so the development of resistant varieties seems the best long term strategy. Given that resistance has not been reported in the cultivated species, screening for resistance has been focused on wild tomato relatives. Resistance has been found in different wild species and some resistant breeding lines and commercial varieties have been developed. Ty-1, derived from S. chilense LA1969, is the most frequently used gene. Advances in genetic engineering techniques have also been exploited in developing plant material with pathogen derived resistance. However, resistant varieties currently available are not a solution, as with high inoculum pressure conditions and early infections, plants still develop symptoms and yield losses are caused. For that reason, many research groups continue working worldwide to obtain plants with high levels of resistance to TYLCD. Current breeding objectives are the development of broad spectrum resistance to several begomovirus, the accumulation of resistance genes from different sources to increase the levels of resistance and the identification of molecular markers tightly linked to resistance genes, which allows shortening breeding programmes and accumulating different resistance genes in the same plant material. This work has been developed in the research group ‘Breeding for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease’ of the Institute for Conse, [ES] La enfermedad del rizado amarillo del tomate (Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, TYLCD) causa graves daños en los cultivos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) del sudeste español y de la mayor parte de las zonas tropicales y subtropicales de todo el mundo. La enfermedad está causada por un complejo de virus pertenecientes al género Begomovirus, familia Geminiviridae. Se han descrito nueve especies causantes de TYLCD y otras seis han sido propuestas. En España están presentes cuatro de las especies virales asociadas a TYLCD. Las medidas preventivas de lucha contra la enfermedad, así como las basadas en el control del insecto vector transmisor (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) no resultan efectivas por si mismas, de forma que el desarrollo de materiales resistentes supone la mejor estrategia de lucha a largo plazo. Dado que en la especie cultivada no se han descrito entradas resistentes, la búsqueda de fuentes de resistencia se ha centrado en las especies silvestres del género relacionadas con el tomate. Se ha encontrado resistencia en distintas entradas de algunas de estas especies y se han desarrollado líneas de mejora y materiales comerciales con resistencia procedente de algunas de ellas. El gen Ty-1, derivado de la entrada LA1969 de S. chilense, ha sido el más empleado para la obtención de líneas e híbridos comerciales resistentes. Por otra parte, haciendo uso de los avances en las técnicas de ingeniería genética, también se han desarrollado materiales con resistencia derivada del patógeno. Sin embargo, los materiales resistentes disponibles hasta el momento no suponen una solución definitiva al problema, ya que, con presiones fuertes de inóculo o infecciones tempranas, las plantas desarrollan síntomas de la enfermedad, produciéndose pérdidas de producción. Por este motivo, numerosos grupos de investigación continúan trabajando a nivel mundial con la finalidad de obtener materiales con niveles elevados de resistencia a TYLCD. Entre los objetivos actuales de mejora se incl, [CA] La malaltia de l’arrissat groc de la tomaca (Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, TYLCD) causa greus danys als cultius de tomaca (Solanum lycopersicum L.) del sud-est espanyol i de la major part de les zones tropicals i subtropicals de tot el món. La malaltia està causada per un complex de virus pertanyents al gènere Begomovirus, família Geminiviridae. S’han descrit nou espècies causants de TYLCD i altres sis han sigut proposades. A Espanya estan presents quatre de les espècies virals associades a TYLCD. Les mesures preventives de lluita contra la malaltia, així com les basades en el control de l’insecte vector transmissor (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) no resulten efectives per si mateixes, de manera que el desenvolupament de materials resistents suposa la millor estratègia de lluita a llarg termini. Atés que en l’espècie cultivada no s’han descrit entrades resistents, la recerca de fonts de resistència s’ha centrat en les espècies silvestres del gènere relacionades amb la tomaca. S’ha trobat resistència en distintes entrades d’algunes d’estes espècies i s’han desenvolupat línies de millora i materials comercials amb resistència procedent d’algunes d’elles. El gen Ty-1, derivat de l’entrada LA1969 de S. chilense, ha sigut el més utilitzat per a l’obtenció de línies i híbrids comercials resistents. D’altra banda, fent ús dels avanços en les tècniques d’enginyeria genètica, també s’han desenvolupat materials amb resistència derivada del patogen. No obstant, els materials resistents disponibles fins al moment no suposen una solució definitiva al problema, ja que, amb pressions fortes d’inòcul o infeccions primerenques, les plantes desenvolupen símptomes de la malaltia, produint-se pèrdues de producció. Per este motiu, nombrosos grups d’investigació continuen treballant a nivell mundial amb la finalitat d’obtindre materials amb nivells elevats de resistència a TYLCD. Entre els objectius actuals de millora s’inclouen el desenvolupament de resistència d’ampli espectre a diversos

[EN] Single primer enrichment technology (SPET) is a new, robust, and customizable solution for targeted genotyping. Unlike genotyping by sequencing (GBS), and like DNA chips, SPET is a targeted genotyping technology, relying on the sequencing of a region flanking a primer. Its reliance on single primers, rather than on primer pairs, greatly simplifies panel design, and allows higher levels of multiplexing than PCR-based genotyping. Thanks to the sequencing of the regions surrounding the target SNP, SPET allows the discovery of thousands of closely linked, novel SNPs. In order to assess the potential of SPET for high-throughput genotyping in plants, a panel comprising 5k target SNPs, designed both on coding regions and introns/UTRs, was developed for tomato and eggplant. Genotyping of two panels composed of 400 tomato and 422 eggplant accessions, comprising both domesticated material and wild relatives, generated a total of 12,002 and 30,731 high confidence SNPs, respectively, which comprised both target and novel SNPs in an approximate ratio of 1:1.6, and 1:5.5 in tomato and eggplant, respectively. The vast majority of the markers was transferrable to related species that diverged up to 3.4 million years ago (Solanum pennellii for tomato and S. macrocarpon for eggplant). Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic trees and PCA outputs obtained from the whole dataset highlighted genetic relationships among accessions and species which were congruent with what was previously reported in literature. Better discrimination among domesticated accessions was achieved by using the target SNPs, while better discrimination among wild species was achieved using the whole SNP dataset. Our results reveal that SPET genotyping is a robust, high-throughput technology for genetic fingerprinting, with a high degree of cross-transferability between crops and their cultivated and wild relatives, and allows identification of duplicates and mislabeled accessions in genebanks.

[EN] The dramatic reduction in the diversity of crops in the last century is often attributed to the consolidation of scientific breeding, probably because the two processes have occurred at the same time. We carried out a breeding program to enhance the Castellfollit del Boix landrace of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a low-input environment to determine the effects of breeding on a landrace at risk of disappearing. The program increased the number of accessions conserved ex situ and obtained more efficient genotypes that are less likely to be abandoned by farmer without altering the characteristics that consumers appreciate most. As a result, the availability of the product, its promotion, and its use have increased. We propose a Conservation Potential Index to measure the impact of changes in the crop¿s epiphenotype, and also apply it to a set of landraces from several crops. We argue that scientific breeding and information gathered in the context of genetic improvement programs can help to conserve biodiversity when they aim to adapt materials to different local environments, rather than having a negative impact on the biodiversity of crops. This approach contrasts with the genetic erosion that results from efforts to homogenize environments by increasing inputs, so that a few improved varieties adapted to these environments can be grown.

La entrada PI 126944 de Solanum peruvianum resulta de interés por presentar resistencia distintos estreses bióticos. En el Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) se realizó un cruce inicial entre la entrada PI 126944 y el tomate cultivado, obteniendo varios híbridos interespecíficos. A partir de ellos, se decidió construir una población de líneas de introgresión (Introgression Lines, ILs) que representen todo el genoma de esta entrada en el fondo genético de la especie cultivada. En el momento de empezar este Trabajo Fin de Máster se disponía de generaciones del segundo y tercer retrocruce hacia tomate de distintas generaciones F4 , F5 y F6 , así como de datos de genotipado de algunas generaciones. En este contexto, el objetivo del trabajo es el avance en el desarrollo de la colección de ILs de S. peruvianum PI 126944 en el fondo genético del tomate cultivado. Para ello, se realizó una selección a partir de datos de genotipado por secuenciación (Genotyping by Sequencing, GBS) de marcadores SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) polimórficos entre tomate y S. peruvianum para su utilización en una plataforma de genotipado masivo. Posteriormente se confirmó la presencia de diferente proporción de fragmentos de la especie silvestre en los cromosomas 1 y 2 de los materiales más avanzados de la colección. Por otra parte, también se obtuvo semilla de autofecundación de los materiales fértiles y autocompatibles y se realizó el siguiente retrocruce hacia la especie cultivada de algunos de los materiales más avanzados de la colección. Tras un fenotipado por caracteres reproductivos, se observó diferencias entre las plantas de una misma generación. De todas las plantas, únicamente un 34.3% dieron frutos por autofecundación. De los cuales, el 54.5% tenía semillas en su interior. Respecto al retrocruce, el porcentaje de cuajado obtenido fue del 23.3% debido a las condiciones ambientales y de las plantas.

[EN] Genebanks were created by the middle of the twentieth century to preserve cultivated biodiversity when landraces began to be substituted by modern varieties. This move was generally accepted as a necessary step to safeguard the future. After about 75 years of collecting and maintaining genetic resources, the increasing ability of biotechnology to create new variability brings the roles of genebanks in the present and near future into question. As a continuation of several workshops that started in 2014, staff of some representative genebanks have met to discuss how the Spanish Plant Genetic Resources Network can be improved, identifying the following major shortcomings: lack of efficient coordination in the distribution of species among genebanks; too many genebanks; existence of detected and undetected duplicates; insufficient rate of regeneration; insufficient phenotyping, genotyping, and epiphenotyping; unsatisfactory rate of use by end users; and, insufficient funding. As a considerable increase in public funding is unlikely, we propose some strategies to increase the efficiency of the system. The most urgent tasks are to strengthen the rationalization of the network by establishing a clear hierarchy and functions, to improve the information in the base collection by deep characterization including not only phenotypes but also uses and utilities, to progressively replace the active collections with focused core collections constructed to meet users' needs, to optimize regeneration protocols, to limit new collecting expeditions of Spanish crop wild relatives to those growing in threatened habitats, and to develop user-friendly platforms to access germplasm documentation, including a unified system of descriptors and classification categories. Current advances in biotechnology, and especially those in gene editing will have without doubt an impact on the role of genebanks. However, the high number of genes and gene combinations created by evolution they hold

Tesis por compendio, La entrada PI 126944 de S. peruvianum ha sido descrita como resistente a distintos estreses bióticos, entre ellos a la enfermedad del rizado amarillo del tomate (Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, TYLCD). En trabajos previos realizados en el Instituto Universitario para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) se obtuvieron tres híbridos interespecíficos entre esta entrada y el tomate cultivado, empleando el rescate de semillas inmaduras. En trabajos posteriores se desarrollaron generaciones más avanzadas a partir de estos materiales, incluyendo hasta las generaciones pseudo-F6 y retrocruces hacia la especie cultivada de algunas de las generaciones pseudo-Fn. Con objeto de aprovechar estos materiales en la mejora del tomate cultivado se inició, en trabajos anteriores del grupo, el desarrollo de un conjunto de líneas de introgresión (Introgression lines, ILs) que contengan el genoma de la entrada PI 126944 en el fondo genético de S. lycopersicum. Para tener correctamente representado el genoma de la especie donante en el fondo genético del tomate es necesario obtener un gran número de descendientes, por lo que es necesario optimizar los protocolos. El primer objetivo de esta tesis fue el estudio de distintos factores implicados en la superación de las barreras de incompatibilidad, con objeto de conseguir un elevado número de descendientes y maximizar la probabilidad de introgresar el genoma de PI 126944 en el conjunto de ILs. Se llevaron a cabo tres ensayos de retrocruce, iniciados con diferentes plantas de las generaciones pseudo-F4, pseudo-F5 y pseudo-F6. El genotipo de los parentales resultó ser un factor determinante en la obtención de descendencia, por lo que se recomienda utilizar el máximo número de genotipos distintos, con objeto de maximizar la probabilidad de obtener progenie. Se llevó a cabo una prueba de medios de cultivo que permitió seleccionar la combinación más adecuada de auxinas y citoquininas para el cultivo de semillas inmadu, Accession S. peruvianum PI 126944 has been reported as resistant to several biotic stresses, among them to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, (TYLCD). In previous works carried out in the "Instituto Universitario para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana" (COMAV) three interspecific hybrids between this accession and cultivated tomato were obtained, using immature seeds rescue. In subsequent works more advances generations from these materials were developed, including until the pseudo-F6 generations and backcrosses to the cultivated species of some of the pseudo-Fn generations. With the aim of taking advantage of these materials in the improvement of cultivated tomato, in previous works of the group, the development of a set of Introgression lines (ILs) that contain the genome of the accession PI 126944 in the genetic background of S. lycopersicum was initiated. The obtaining of a large number of descendants is necessary in order to have correctly represented the genome of the donor species, thus there is the need to optimize the protocols In this sense, the first aim of this work was the study of several factors involved in the overcoming of the incompatibility barriers, to obtain a high number of descendants and maximize the probability of introgressing the genome of PI 126944 in the set of ILs. Three backcross assays were carried out, initiated with different plants of the generations pseudo-F4, pseudo-F5 and pseudo-F6. The parental genotype resulted a determinant factor in the obtaining of descendants, so the recommendation is the use of the maximum number of different genotypes, in order to maximize the probability of obtaining progeny. A proof of different culture media was carried out, which allowed the selection of the better combination of auxins and cytokinins to grow immature seed and regenerate plants. The effect of the number of days from pollination to fruit harvest was also studied. As mentioned before, the collection of ILs results, L'entrada PI 126944 de S. peruvianum ha sigut descrita com a resistent a diferents estresses biòtics, entre ells a la malaltia de l'arrissat groc de la tomaca (Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, TYLCD). En treballs previs realitzats en el "Instituto Universitario para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana" (COMAV) es van obtenir tres híbrids interespecífics entre aquesta entrada i la tomaca cultivada, emprant el rescat de llavors immadures. En treballs posteriors, es van desenvolupar generacions més avançades a partir d'aquests materials, incloent fins a les generacions pseudo-F6 i retrocreuaments cap a l'espècie cultivada d'algunes de les generacions pseudo-Fn. A fi de aprofitar aquests materials en la millora de la tomaca cultivada es va iniciar, en treballs anteriors del grup, el desenvolupament d'un conjunt de línies d'introgressió (Introgression lines, ILs) que continguen el genoma de l'entrada PI 126944 en el fons genètic de S. lycopersicum. Per a tenir correctament representat el genoma de l'espècie donant en el fons genètic de la tomaca és necessari obtenir un gran nombre de descendents, per la qual cosa és necessari optimitzar els protocols. El primer objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser l'estudi de diferents factors implicats en la superació de les barreres d'incompatibilitat, a fi d'aconseguir un elevat nombre de descendents i maximitzar la probabilitat d'introgressar el genoma de PI 126944 en el conjunt de ILs. Es van dur a terme tres assajos de retrocreuament, iniciats amb diferents plantes de les generacions pseudo-F4, pseudo-F5 i pseudo-F6. El genotip dels parentals va resultar un factor determinant en l'obtenció de descendència, per la qual cosa es recomana utilitzar el màxim nombre de genotips diferents, a fi de maximitzar la probabilitat d'obtenir descendència. Es va dur a terme una prova de medis de cultiu que va permetre seleccionar la combinació més adequada d'auxines i citoquinines per al cultiu de llavors immadures i posterior regen

Tesis por compendio, The Genebank of the Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of the Agrodiversity (COMAV) has in its collection 198 accessions of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) of Spanish origin, taking charge of preserving and providing their seeds. All the accessions were registered as traditional varieties or landraces, thus the collection of the COMAV represents 5% of the cucumber traditional varieties included in GENESYS. The purpose of the germplasm collections is the preservation of the genetic diversity to make it available for breeders, researchers and other users. Rationalization, that is, reduction of the size collection, is an alternative to cut costs of maintenance. With rationalization the efficiency in management and use of the collection increases; as a consequence, a correct preservation is guaranteed and at least part of the plant materials are available to users. This thesis is included in a project with the objective of the rationalization of the cucumber Spanish collection of the COMAV's Genebank. To achieve this objective, a morphological characterization of the cucumber collection, using fruit and plant descriptors, was carried out. Subsequently, a subset of the accessions were selected to be analyzed with molecular markers, concretely with SSRs (Simple sequence repeats). The morphological characterization was carried out for 206 cucumber accessions, 195 from Spain (178 held at the COMAV, 17 provided by the 'Vegetable Genebank of Zaragoza', BGHZ). Five plants per accession were characterized, with 17 qualitative and 9 quantitative descriptors, eight of them referred to plant traits and 18 related to the fruit. Fruit descriptors were evaluated in at least 25 fruits per accession. The accessions were classified in five groups: 'White', 'Short', 'French', 'Long' and 'Very long'. Principal component analysis showed that, with few exceptions, the accessions were grouped according to their phenotypic similarity. Variability found within each of the groups disp, El Banco de Germoplasma del Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) mantiene en su colección 198 entradas de variedades tradicionales de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) de origen español, haciéndose cargo de la conservación y cesión de sus semillas. La colección de pepino del COMAV representa el 5% de las variedades tradicionales de pepino que figuran en GENESYS. El objeto de las colecciones de germoplasma es conservar la diversidad genética y permitir el acceso a esta a mejoradores, investigadores y otros usuarios. Como alternativa para reducir los costes de mantenimiento se plantea su racionalización, es decir, la reducción del tamaño. De esta forma, se incrementa la eficiencia en el manejo y uso de las mismas, se garantiza una correcta conservación y al menos parte de los materiales se hacen accesibles a los usuarios. Esta tesis se enmarca en un proyecto cuyo objetivo es la racionalización de la colección de pepino español del Banco de Germoplasma del COMAV. Para ello se planteó en primer lugar una caracterización por caracteres de planta y fruto de la colección de entradas de pepino español, para a continuación seleccionar un subconjunto de las mismas para su análisis con marcadores moleculares de tipo microsatélite (Simple sequence repeats, SSR). La caracterización morfológica se llevó a cabo empleando 206 entradas de pepino, 195 de ellas de origen español (178 mantenidas en el COMAV y 17 proporcionadas por el Banco de Germoplasma de Hortícolas de Zaragoza, BGHZ). Se caracterizaron 5 plantas por entrada, empleando 17 descriptores cualitativos y nueve cuantitativos, ocho de ellos de planta y 18 de fruto. Los caracteres de fruto se evaluaron en al menos 25 frutos por entrada. Las entradas analizadas se clasificaron en cinco tipos según las características de fruto: "Blanco", "Corto", "Francés", "Largo" y "Muy largo". El análisis de componentes principales permitió comprobar que, con pocas excepciones, las entradas se agrupaban según, El Banc de Germoplasma de l'Institut de Conservació i Millora de l'Agrodiversitat Valenciana (COMAV) manté en la seua col·lecció 198 entrades de varietats de cogombre (Cucumis sativus L.) d'origen espanyol, fent-se càrrec de la conservació i cessió de les seues llavors. La col·lecció del COMAV representa el 5% de les varietats de cogombre que figuren en GENESYS. L'objectiu de les col·leccions de germoplasma és conservar la diversitat genètica i permetre l'accés a aquesta a milloradors, investigadors i altres usuaris. Com a alternativa per a reduir els costos de manteniment, es planteja la seua racionalització, és a dir, la reducció de la grandària. D'aquesta forma, augmenta l'eficiència en el maneig i ús de les mateixes, es garantix una correcta conservació i al menys part dels materials es fan accessibles als usuaris. Aquesta tesi s'emmarca en un projecte que té com a objectiu la racionalització de la col·lecció de cogombre espanyol del Banc de Germoplasma del COMAV. Per a aconseguir aquest objectiu, es va plantejar en primer lloc una caracterització per caràcters de planta i fruit de la col·lecció d'entrades de cogombre espanyol, per a continuació seleccionar un subconjunt de les mateixes per al seu anàlisi mitjançant marcadors moleculars de tipus microsatèl·lit (Simple sequence repeats, SSR). La caracterització morfològica es va dur a terme utilitzant 206 entrades de cogombre, 195 d'elles d'origen espanyol (178 mantingudes al COMAV, 17 proporcionades pel Banc de Germoplasma d'Hortícoles de Saragossa, BGHZ). Es van caracteritzar 5 plantes per entrada, emprant 17 descriptors qualitatius i nou quantitatius, huit d'ells de planta i 18 de fruit. Els caràcters de fruit s'avaluaren en al menys 25 fruits per entrada. Les entrades analitzades es classificaren en cinc tipus segons les característiques de fruit: "Blanc", "Curt", "Francés", "Llarg" i "Molt llarg". L'anàlisi de components principals va permetre comprovar que, amb poques excepcions, les entrades s'agrupaven se

[EN] The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important crop worldwide. In the present study, the molecular genetic diversity of 131 Spanish accessions was analyzed using 23 simple sequence repeat (SSRs). Eighteen of these SSRs were polymorphic; the mean number of alleles, mean observed heterozygosity and mean polymorphic information content were 3.2, 0.065 and 0.229, respectively. Seven SSRs showed a polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.31 to 0.44, therefore they were reasonably informative. Around 60% of the alleles showed a frequency higher than 0.05, and only one allele in the SSR31399 showed a frequency lower than 0.01. In addition, three accession-specific alleles were found. A high proportion of variation among accessions was obtained. In no case all plants of any accession showed the same genotype and only 18 of 131 Spanish accessions had at least two plants with the same genotype. A cluster analysis did not show any relation with morphological types or geographical area. Therefore, these results demonstrated that molecular diversity of the cucumber did not reflect its phenotypic variability. Finally, this study provided information for the rationalization of the cucumber collection of the COMAV. Morphological traits, origin and molecular data were taken into account to select 47 accessions, six belonging to `French¿ type, 15 to `Long¿ type, and 24 to `Short¿ type. Phenotypic and molecular variability contained in the complete collection was conserved in the selected accessions

In this has been screened aginst one isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that don¿t overcome the resistance gene Sw5, an isolate of race 0 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and against the isolate 1001.1ª of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae a set of 4 accessions of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, 4 entrances of Solanum pimpinellifolium, 4 hybrids between the 8 entrances (2 to 2) and controls susceptible to the 3 pathogens of the cultivated species Solanum lycopersicum. The 8 wild accessions of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and Solanum pimpinellifolium were chosen because they presented very different characteristics in terms of stem morphology and coloration and flower, inflorescence and fruit morphology. None of the accessions and hybrids tested have shown resistance to TSWV. Although in all the materials we detected a decrease in viral accumulation and severity of the symptoms associated with the disease, after inoculation, an increase of both occurred. In the case of F. oxysporum, all tested materials showed a high degree of susceptibility, which resulted in the appearance of severe or high severe symptoms in most plants, except for the T-11, LA-2251 and PI- 487625 accessions, with an expression of symptoms associated with fungal infection much more attenuated, indicative of a possible tolerance. This behavior is confirmed by observing that in two of the four inoculated hybrids, in which these 3 accessions participate as parental, a reduction of the symptoms was observed again. With regard to P. syringae at all tested entries, symptoms of the disease were observed. However, at the ECU-689 and T-11 accessions, very attenuated symptoms were observed. However, the two hybrids in which these accessions participate as parental have shown susceptible behavior. More experiments would have to be carried out in order to verify this tolerance and to know its genetic control. The results suggest that some of the accessions evaluated may be pr, En aquest treball s'ha provat amb un aïllat del virus del bronzejat de la tomaca (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) que no supera la resistència del gen Sw5, amb un aïllat de la raça 0 de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici i amb l¿aïllat 1001.1a del bacteri Pseudomonas syringae un conjunt de 4 entrades de Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, 4 entrades de Solanum pimpinellifolium, 4 híbrids entre les 8 entrades (2 a 2) i controls susceptibles als 3 patògens de l'espècie conreada Solanum lycopersicum. Les 8 entrades silvestres de Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme i Solanum pimpinellifolium van ser triades per presentar característiques molt diferents quant a morfologia i coloració de tija i morfologia de flor, inflorescència i fruit. Cap de les entrades i híbrids provats ha mostrat resistència enfront del TSWV. Tot i que en tots els materials es va detectar una disminució de l'acumulació viral i de severitat dels símptomes associats a la malaltia després de la inoculació, posteriorment es va produir un augment de totes dues. Pel que fa a F. oxysporum tots els materials provats van mostrar un alt grau de susceptibilitat, que es va traduir en l'aparició de símptomes greus o molt greus en la majoria de les plantes, excepte en les entrades T-11, LA-2251 i PI- 487.625 amb una expressió dels símptomes associats a la infecció fúngica molt més atenuats, indicatius d'una possible tolerància. Aquest comportament es confirma en observar que en dos dels quatre híbrids inoculats, en els quals participen com parentals aquestes 3 entrades, es va tornar a observar una reducció dels símptomes. Pel que fa a P. syringae en totes les entrades provades es van observar símptomes de la malaltia. No obstant això, en les entrades ECU-689 i T-11 es van observar uns símptomes molt atenuats. Això no obstant, els dos híbrids en els quals aquestes entrades participen com parentals han mostrat un comportament susceptible. Caldria realitzar més experiments per tal de comprovar aquesta toler

[EN] A survey was carried out in Angola with the aim of collecting vegetable crops. Collecting expeditions were conducted in Kwanza-Sul, Benguela, Huila and Namibe Provinces and a total of 80 accessions belonging to 22 species was collected from farmers and local markets. Species belonging to the Solanaceae (37 accessions) and Cucurbitaceae (36 accessions) families were the most frequently found with pepper and eggplant being the predominant solanaceous crops collected. Peppers were sold in local markets as a mixture of different types, even different species: Capsicum chinense, C. baccatum, C. frutescens and C. pubescens. Most of the eggplant accessions collected belonged to Solanum aethiopicum L. Gilo Group, the so-called 'scarlet eggplant'. Cucurbita genus was better represented than the other cucurbit crops. A high morphological variation was present in the Cucurbita maxima and C. moschata accessions. A set of 22 Cucurbita accessions from Angola, along with 32 Cucurbita controls from a wide range of origins, was cultivated in Valencia, Spain and characterised based on morphology and molecularity using a set of 15 microsatellite markers. A strong dependence on latitude was found in most of the accessions and as a result, many accessions did not set fruit. The molecular analysis showed high molecular variability and uniqueness in the collected accessions, as shown by their segregation from the set of global controls. In summary, the material collected is quite valuable because of its uniqueness and the potential of the breeding characteristics it possesses.

[ES] Las poblaciones de premejora constituyen una herramienta muy útil en la mejora de los cultivos. Se han desarrollado poblaciones de premejora a partir de distintas especies silvestres relacionadas con el tomate (Solanum lycopersium L.). En el caso de la especie Solanum peruvianum los materiales más avanzados desarrollados hasta el momento por otros autores consisten en poblaciones BC3. La entrada PI 126944 de esta especie resulta de interés por presentar resistencia distintas plagas y enfermedades. En el ¿Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana¿ (COMAV) se dispone de generaciones avanzadas desarrolladas a partir de un cruce inicial entre la entrada PI 126944 y el tomate cultivado. En concreto, los materiales más avanzados constituyen el tercer retrocruce hacia tomate de generaciones pseudo-F5 desarrolladas a partir del cruce interespecífico inicial. Por otra parte, se han identificado marcadores moleculares polimórficos tipo CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic DNA) entre los parentales de estas generaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es el avance en el desarrollo de la colección de líneas de introgresión (introgression lines, ILs) de S. peruvianum PI 126944 en el fondo genético del tomate cultivado. Para ello, por una parte, se pretende obtener semilla de autofecundación de los materiales disponibles. Por otra parte, se avanzará en el genotipado de las generaciones disponibles hasta el momento. El trabajo se realizará empleando un conjunto de plantas de generaciones avanzadas derivadas de PI 126944. Los materiales mantenidos in vitro se aclimatarán y se trasplantarán a invernadero, con objeto de comprobar si las plantas florecen, cuajan frutos de autofecundación y si estos frutos tienen semillas viables. Para el genotipado, a partir del tejido vegetal de hoja joven se realizará la extracción del ADN por el método del CTAB. Inicialmente, el genotipado se llevará a cabo mediante marcadores moleculares tipo CAPS. Tras al amplificación m, [EN] Prebred populations are a useful tool in breeding. Prebred populations have been developed derived from different wild tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.) relatives. BC3 populations are the most advanced available in the case of the wild relative S. peruvianum. The interest of accession S. peruvianum PI 126944 lies on its resistance to different pests and diseases. Advanced generations derived from an initial cross between PI 126944 and cultivated tomato are available at the ¿Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana¿ (COMAV). Concretely, the most advanced plant materials correspond to the third backcross to tomato of pseudo-F5 generations derived from the initial interspecific cross. On the other hand, CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic DNA) markers polymorphic between the parents of these generations have been identified. The objective of this work is the advance in the development of the set of introgression lines (ILs) of S. peruvianum PI 126944 in the tomato genetic background. With this aim, on one hand, seeds from selfing of the plant materials available will be obtained. On the other hand, new data will be produced regarding the genotype of the generations available. The work will be carried out with a set of pants belonging to advanced generations derived from PI 126944. Plant materials conserved in vitro will be acclimatized and transferred to a greenhouse, to check if they bloom, set fruits from selfing and if these fruits have viable seeds. To continue with the genotyping, DNA isolation will be carried out from young leaves tissue, using the CTAB method. Initially, the genotyping will be done with CAPS markers. After PCR amplification, results will be visualized by agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining. Alternatively, a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) analysis is in progress, with the objective of identifying SNP markers (single nucleotide polymorphism) between the initial parents of the ILs. Provided the results from this G

[EN] Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is nowadays the most important non-cereal food crop in the world. It is prone to huge annual losses due to late blight, the disease caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Late blight can be controlled by weekly application of enormous amounts of chemicals. However, there are strategies to control late blight more environmentally safe as for instance by the introduction of durable Rpi-genes. Consequently, in order to breed for more durable late blight resistance, virulence knowledge about the current P. infestans population is a prerequisite for selection of the most durable or best combination of R-genes. In the present study a phenotypic characterization of Agrico Research collected P. infestans isolates was carried out based on Agrico Research differential set which include part of Black differential set and most of the available new Rpi-genes. Furthermore, a protocol to obtain sterile P. infestans in order to make a molecular characterization was carried out. High diversity of virulence against important Rpi-genes has been observed on part of the P. infestans in Agrico Research collection. Moreover, some of the R-genes tested have shown the desirable properties to be considered for future breeding programs. Finally, a methodology both, to obtain sterile P. infestans and to extract DNA was developed. In this way the present study has achieved enough data to develop a new and informative differential set in order to perform an efficient DLA., [ES] La patata (Solanum tuberosum L.) es actualmente el cultivo no cereal más importante del mundo. Anualmente el cultivo de la patata sufre grandes pérdidas económicas debidas principalmente al tizón tardío, enfermedad causada por el oomiceto Phytophthora infestans. Pese a que la enfermedad puede ser controlada por la aplicación semanal de grandes cantidades de fungicidas, el precio de los agroquímicos y la contaminación de los suelos han hecho que se opte por la búsqueda e introducción de nuevos genes de resistencia como estrategia más factible y respetuosa con el medio ambiente. El conocimiento del espectro de virulencia de los aislados que afectan a una región es esencial para la selección de los genotipos con genes de resistencia o combinaciones de estos, de manera que proporcionen una resistencia más durable. En el presente trabajo se ha llevado a cabo la caracterización biológica de la colección de aislados de P. infestans de la empresa Agrico Research en base a un conjunto de genotipos diferenciales, incluyendo parte del conjunto de diferenciales de Black, que contienen la mayoría de genes de resistencia (genes Rpi) disponibles. Simultáneamente, se ha desarrollado un protocolo para la esterilización de los aislados de P. infestans de la colección procedentes del campo. Además se ha determinado la metodología idónea para la extracción de ADN a partir de micelio puro de P. infestans. Se ha observado una gran diversidad de virulencia dentro de la población de P. infestans analizada. También, se ha visto que algunos de los genes R analizados presentan buena resistencia y pueden ser considerados para futuros programas de mejora. Se ha conseguido aislar P. infestans estéril a partir de aislados procedentes de campo mediante medios de cultivos diferenciales y se ha determinado la metodología idónea para la extracción de ADN a partir del micelio cultivado. Como resultado del trabajo realizado se han conseguido establecer el conjunto de genotipos diferenciales necesa

[EN] In previous works developed in the ¿University Institute for the Conservation and Improvement of Agrodiversity¿ (COMAV) three interspecific hybrids between Solanum peruvianum PI 126944 and cultivated tomato were obtained. The objective of this work is to obtain advance generations with the aim of developing a set of introgression lines. Several F4, F5 and F6 generations, as well as the first and second backcrosses, are available. The next backcross will be carried out and inmature sedes will be rescued at different days after pollination. These seeds will be maintained by in vitro culture. Plants obtained will be kept in base medium. These plants will be genotyped with CAPS markers (Cleaved Amplified Polimorphic Sequence) polimorphic between tomato and S. peruvianum, to confirm the presence of fragments from the wild species., [ES] En trabajos previos realizados en el ¿Instituto Universitario para la Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad¿ (COMAV) fue posible obtener tres híbridos interespecíficos entre la entrada PI 126944 de Solanum peruvianum y el tomate cultivado. El objeto de este trabajo es el desarrollo de generaciones avanzadas con el fin de desarrollar una población de líneas de introgresión. Se dispone de varias generaciones F4, F5 y F6, así como el primer y segundo retrocruce de alguna de estas generaciones. Se pretende realizar el siguiente retrocruce hacia la especie cultivada y rescatar las semillas inmaduras en distintas fechas después de la polinización, cultivándolas posteriormente in vitro. Las plantas obtenidas se individualizarán y se mantendrán en medio base. Estas plantas se genotiparán mediante marcadores moleculares tipo CAPS (Cleaved Amplified Polimorphic Sequence) polimórficos entre tomate y S. peruvianum, con objeto de confirmar la presencia de fragmentos de la especie silvestre.

[EN] Background: Domestication modifies the genomic variation of species. Quantifying this variation provides insights into the domestication process, facilitates the management of resources used by breeders and germplasm centers, and enables the design of experiments to associate traits with genes. We described and analyzed the genetic diversity of 1,008 tomato accessions including Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (SLL), S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (SLC), and S. pimpinellifolium (SP) that were genotyped using 7,720 SNPs. Additionally, we explored the allelic frequency of six loci affecting fruit weight and shape to infer patterns of selection. Results: Our results revealed a pattern of variation that strongly supported a two-step domestication process, occasional hybridization in the wild, and differentiation through human selection. These interpretations were consistent with the observed allele frequencies for the six loci affecting fruit weight and shape. Fruit weight was strongly selected in SLC in the Andean region of Ecuador and Northern Peru prior to the domestication of tomato in Mesoamerica. Alleles affecting fruit shape were differentially selected among SLL genetic subgroups. Our results also clarified the biological status of SLC. True SLC was phylogenetically positioned between SP and SLL and its fruit morphology was diverse. SLC and “cherry tomato” are not synonymous terms. The morphologically-based term “cherry tomato” included some SLC, contemporary varieties, as well as many admixtures between SP and SLL. Contemporary SLL showed a moderate increase in nucleotide diversity, when compared with vintage groups. Conclusions: This study presents a broad and detailed representation of the genomic variation in tomato. Tomato domestication seems to have followed a two step-process; a first domestication in South America and a second step in Mesoamerica. The distribution of fruit weight and shape alleles supports that domestication of SLC occurred

[ES] El objetivo del presente trabajo es elaborar un manual técnico sobre el uso y gestión de colecciones de semillas útiles para la agricultura. Se pretende utilizar un estilo práctico, para que los múltiples grupos que existen, y se están creando, en muchos territorios alrededor de la conservación de la biodiversidad cultivada, puedan gestionar de forma eficiente y segura sus colecciones de semillas. El manual que se propone quiere ser una herramienta de trabajo de carácter formal que ayudará a realizar los trabajos de prospección, conservación, multiplicación, caracterización y ordenación del material que en todo banco de semillas se dan, de un modo sistemático, y que estos trabajos puedan ser intercambiados entre los grupos interesados. Este manual pretende aclarar y simplificar procesos para que sea aprovechable por interesados con una preparación técnica y práctica diversa, pero a la vez apuesta por la rigurosidad de la información que conserva y por la calidad del material que preserva. Una metodología accesible para gestionar colecciones de semillas que trabajan por la conservación in situ, donde el uso de las semillas por parte de los agricultores es esencial, entre otras cosas para continuar con los procesos de mejora que se han dado en la agricultura tradicional desde los inicios de la misma., [EN] The goal of this essay is the creation of a technical rulebook explaining about how to use and manage regional horticultural seeds able to be grown. The style will be practical in order to make easier the efficient management for those many regional existing and developed groups that work for the biodiversity perservation. This rulebook is pretended to be a formal tool which will help on prospection, preservation, multiplication, characterization and material order works in seeds banks systematically. These works may be exchanged among interested groups. This rulebook will explain and simplify different processes in order to be profitable for those interested with a technical preparation and a diverse practice. Notwithstanding, the rulebook has accurate information due to the quality of the data. The method is accessible to manage seeds collections to preserve them in situ. How the farmer uses the seeds is basic, among other things to continue with processes to get a better agricultural mechanics such as traditional fashions. The rulebook explains how deal with seeds and offers other information relevant to this management from the origins moment. Processes given in the entrance of materials in the seeds bank are detailed as well as protocols for preservation, multiplication, materials exchange and variety definition. Also two example files about variety definition are included in this guide.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0329-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users., [EN] Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) hampers tomato production worldwide. Our previous studies have focussed on mapping and ultimately cloning of the TYLCV resistance genes Ty-1 and Ty-3. Both genes are derived from Solanum chilense and were shown to be allelic. They code for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) belonging to the RDR gamma type defined by a DFDGD catalytic domain. In this study, we first fine-mapped the TYLCV resistance in S. chilense LA1932, LA1960 and LA1971. Results showed that chromosomal intervals of the causal genes in these TYLCV-resistant accessions overlap and cover the region where Ty-1/Ty-3 is located. Further, virus-induced gene silencing was used to silence Ty-1/Ty-3 in tomato lines carrying TYLCV resistance introgressed from S. chilense LA1932, LA1938 and LA1971. Results showed that silencing Ty-1/Ty-3 compromised the resistance in lines derived from S. chilense LA1932 and LA1938. The LA1971-derived material remained resistant upon silencing Ty-1/Ty-3. Further, we studied the allelic variation of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene by examining cDNA sequences from nine S. chilense-derived lines/accessions and more than 80 tomato cultivars, landraces and accessions of related wild species. The DFDGD catalytic domain of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene is conserved among all tomato lines and species analysed. In addition, the 12 base pair insertion at the 5-prime part of the Ty-1/Ty-3 gene was found not to be specific for the TYLCV resistance allele. However, compared with the susceptible ty-1 allele, the Ty-1/Ty-3 allele is characterized by three specific amino acids shared by seven TYLCV-resistant S. chilense accessions or derived lines. Thus, Ty-1/Ty-3-specific markers can be developed based on these polymorphisms. Elevated transcript levels were observed for all tested S. chilense RDR alleles (both Ty-1 and ty-1 alleles), demonstrating that elevated expression level is not a good selection criterion for a functional Ty-1/Ty-3 allele.

[EN] A collection of introgression lines (ILs) of Solanum lycopersicoides Dunal in the genetic background of cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) is a valuable tool for tomato breeding. Efficient management of the collection requires the use of molecular markers. The objective of this work was to identify polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers that were polymorphic between the parents of the ILs, namely ‘VF36’ and ‘LA2951’. In total, 81 primer pairs were tested on genomic DNA from both parents. Genomic DNA of the inter-specific hybrid between the two parents, from which the IL collection had been derived, was also tested. The markers used were either cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers or were derived from a set of conserved orthologous genes. In both cases, the markers had been mapped in tomato and described in the SOL Genomics Network. Forty-seven of the markers tested produced a single PCR product in ‘VF36’ and ‘LA2951’. Eleven markers revealed polymorphisms as differences in band-sizes between the two parents. At least one restriction enzyme that generated polymorphism was identified in 29 of the remaining 36 markers. Among other applications, some of these markers have been used to identify plants carrying a target DNA fragment among segregating generations, or to delimit the length of an introgressed sequence

[ES] El proceso de convergencia hacia el Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior ha puesto de relieve la importancia del dominio de competencias transversales (CTs) durante la formación universitaria. Dichas competencias confieren al estudiante la capacidad de innovación y de adaptación a los cambios, siendo su adquisición necesaria para la vida profesional. En la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, se han redactado 13 CTs que aúnan las competencias de la normativa vigente y las de las agencias de acreditación. En nuestro grupo de innovación educativa estudiamos diferentes métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y evaluación de las competencias transversales en asignaturas relacionadas con las ciencias de la vida. En concreto, en este trabajo presentamos una propuesta para evaluar la CT “Responsabilidad ética, medioambiental y profesional”. Esta competencia pretende la obtención de conocimientos, habilidades, destrezas y actitudes útiles para interactuar con el entorno, de forma ética, responsable y sostenible, ante uno mismo y los demás. Las asignaturas relacionadas con las ciencias de la vida y, en particular, sus créditos de laboratorio, resultan un marco idóneo para la adquisición de dicha competencia. Nuestra propuesta de evaluación de la misma se basa en una rúbrica que ha de ser cumplimentada por los pares a través de una aplicación telemática.

Among viral diseases affecting cultivated tomato, Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating. This disease is caused by a complex of viruses of which Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is regarded as the most important species. Current control strategies to fight viral diseases in tomato are mainly based on genetic resistance derived from wild relatives. In the present thesis, resistance derived from S. chilense and S. peruvianum has been exploited in breeding for resistance to TYLCD. In a previous study, TYLCV-resistant breeding lines derived from LA1932, LA1960 and LA1971 S. chilense accessions were developed. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to study the genetic control of the resistance derived from these accessions. With this aim, response to viral infection was assayed in segregating generations derived from the aforementioned resistant lines. The results obtained were compatible with a monogenic control of resistance. Resistance levels were higher in LA1960- and LA1971-derived F2 generations, as shown by slighter symptoms in the resistant plants and a higher number of asymptomatic plants compared with the results obtained in the LA1932-derived F2 generation. It is noteworthy that the level of resistance present in our materials is comparable to or even higher than the levels found in tomato lines homozygous for Ty-1. The response in plants heterozygous for the resistance gene was comparable to the response in homozygous plants for all three sources employed. This implies that the resistance genes derived from all three sources seem to be almost completely dominant. This effect was stronger for LA1971-derived resistance. The results were similar when comparing viral accumulation, as was expected, since a positive correlation was found in these families between viral accumulation and symptom scores. This has important implications in breeding, since the resistance will be used mostly for hybrid development. Our se

En los últimos 25 años se han producido espectaculares avances en el campo de la mejora genética para la resistencia a plagas y enfermedades, tanto en lo referente al conocimiento y manejo de los patógenos, como al desarrollo de variedades resistentes. Algunos avances han tenido lugar gracias a la aplicación de nuevas técnicas en este campo, lo que ha permitido profundizar en investigación básica; esto a su vez se ha reflejado ya, o lo hará en un futuro inmediato, en aplicaciones prácticas. En otras ocasiones los resultados prácticos se han producido con mayor celeridad y han dado lugar a logros espectaculares, es el caso por ejemplo del descubrimiento de genes de resistencia que se han incorporado en cultivares y han solucionado de forma rápida epidemias devastadoras de los cultivos. En esta corta revisión consideramos algunos de estos avances.

Domestication of crop plants had effects on human lifestyle and agriculture. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms accompanying the changes in fruit appearance as a consequence of selection by early farmers. We report the fine mapping and cloning of a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit mass gene encoding the ortholog of KLUH, SlKLUH, a P450 enzyme of the CYP78A subfamily. The increase in fruit mass is predominantly the result of enlarged pericarp and septum tissues caused by increased cell number in the large fruited lines. SlKLUH also modulates plant architecture by regulating number and length of the side shoots, and ripening time, and these effects are particularly strong in plants that transgenically down-regulate SlKLUH expression carrying fruits of a dramatically reduced mass. Association mapping followed by segregation analyses revealed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter of the gene is highly associated with fruit mass. This single polymorphism may potentially underlie a regulatory mutation resulting in increased SlKLUH expression concomitant with increased fruit mass. Our findings suggest that the allele giving rise to large fruit arose in the early domesticates of tomato and becoming progressively more abundant upon further selections. We also detected association of fruit weight with CaKLUH in chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) suggesting that selection of the orthologous gene may have occurred independently in a separate domestication event. Altogether, our findings shed light on the molecular basis of fruit mass, a key domestication trait in tomato and other fruit and vegetable crops.

Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), among other diseases, has been reported in Solanum peruvianum PI 126944. Introgression lines (ILs) from S. peruvianum PI 126944 into the genetic background of cultivated tomato (S. lycopersicum) are being developed. Several generations were derived from three interspecific hybrids previously obtained.A lot of crosses and embryo rescue were required until the third backcross, due to the high degree of incompatibility existing between tomato and PI 126944. Crosses between F1 plants were made to obtain a pseudo-F2 generation. The same procedure was followed up to the pseudo-F6 generation. Additional crosses between plants of different generations were made in order to increase progeny. Of 263 molecular markers tested, 105 were polymorphic between tomato and PI 126944. This set of polymorphic markers consisted of 90 simple sequence repeats (SSR) and 15 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS). The amount of the S. peruvianum genome was reduced in advancing generations and this was coupled in some cases with a reduction of incompatibility. However, the S. peruvianum genome was almost completely represented among the different plants of the most advanced generations. ILs will be basically developed from them. Some of the generations developed were resistant to TYLCV and TSWV.

[ES] Desde hace cuatro años, el COMAV y el IVIA están colaborando en un proyecto de caracterización y valoración de variedades tradicionales de tomate. El objetivo es identificar y conocer bien las mejores líneas con vistas a su valorización comercial. Se han encontrado cultivares con resultados productivos adecuados y con elevados contenidos en principios de calidad nutritiva, de gran interés para la mejora genética y para obtener producciones de calidad.

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, is divided into two widely distributed varieties: the cultivated S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum, and the weedy S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme. Solanum pimpinellifolium is the most closely related wild species of tomato. The roles of S. pimpinellifolium and S. l. cerasiforme during the domestication of tomato are still under debate. Some authors consider S. l. cerasiforme to be the ancestor, whereas others think that S. l. cerasiforme is an admixture of S. pimpinellifolium and the cultivated S. l. lycopersicum. It is also not clear whether the domestication occurred in the Andean region or in Mesoamerica. We characterized 272 accessions (63 S. pimpinellifolium, 106 S. l. cerasiforme, 95 S. l. lycopersicum and 8 derived from hybridization processes) were morphologically and genetically using the SolCap platform (7,414 SNPs). The two species were distinguished in a PCA analysis and displayed a rich geographic structure. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme and S. l. lycopersicum were also differentiated in the PCA and Structure analyses, which supports maintaining them as different varieties. Solanum pimpinellifolium and the Andean S. l. cerasiforme were more diverse than the non-Andean S. lycopersicum. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme was morphologically and molecularly intermediate between S. pimpinellifolium and tomato. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, with the exception of several Ecuadorian and Mexican accessions, is composed of the products of admixture processes according to the Structure analysis. The non-admixtured S. l. cerasiforme might be similar to the ancestral cultivars from which the cultivated tomato originated, and presents remarkable morphological diversity, including fruits of up to 6 cm in diameter. The data obtained would fit a model in which a pre-domestication took place in the Andean region, with the domestication being completed in Mesoamerica. Subsequently, the Spaniards took plants from Mesoamer

[EN] Plant breeding has been very successful in developing improved varieties using conventional tools and methodologies. Nowadays, the availability of genomic tools and resources is leading to a new revolution of plant breeding, as they facilitate the study of the genotype and its relationship with the phenotype, in particular for complex traits. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are allowing the mass sequencing of genomes and transcriptomes, which is producing a vast array of genomic information. The analysis of NGS data by means of bioinformatics developments allows discovering new genes and regulatory sequences and their positions, and makes available large collections of molecular markers. Genome-wide expression studies provide breeders with an understanding of the molecular basis of complex traits. Genomic approaches include TILLING and EcoTILLING, which make possible to screen mutant and germplasm collections for allelic variants in target genes. Re-sequencing of genomes is very useful for the genome-wide discovery of markers amenable for high-throughput genotyping platforms, like SSRs and SNPs, or the construction of high density genetic maps. All these tools and resources facilitate studying the genetic diversity, which is important for germplasm management, enhancement and use. Also, they allow the identification of markers linked to genes and QTLs, using a diversity of techniques like bulked segregant analysis (BSA), fine genetic mapping, or association mapping. These new markers are used for marker assisted selection, including marker assisted backcross selection, 'breeding by design', or new strategies, like genomic selection. In conclusion, advances in genomics are providing breeders with new tools and methodologies that allow a great leap forward in plant breeding, including the 'superdomestication' of crops and the genetic dissection and breeding for complex traits. © 2012 Bentham Science Publishers.

En el presente trabajo se han ensayado 62 accesiones de azafrán procedente de diferentes países (Azerbaiyán, Francia, India, Irán, Italia, Marruecos, Nueva Zelanda, España y Turquía), de las que 48 son españolas y 14 pertenecen a países principalmente mediterráneos. Todas ellas fueron seleccionadas según su disponibilidad en el Banco de Germoplasma de Albadalejito (Cuenca) y según su representatividad en cuanto al origen, procediendo de zonas de producción actual o donde su presencia es relíctica. El ensayo fue llevado a cabo en la parcela experimental del Banco de Germoplasma de Albadalejito siguiendo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres réplicas por accesión y diez cormos por replica. Se evaluaron caracteres relacionados con: la fenología (precocidad y periodo de floración), la morfología floral (ancho y largo de tépalos externos e internos, patrón de venación y longitud de anteras, del filamento del estambre y del estigma), la producción (número de flores por cormo y peso seco de especia por flor), el desarrollo vegetativo (número de brotes formados por cormo, número de hojas formadas por cormo y por brote principal, longitud máxima de la hoja adulta y anchura de la misma) y también se caracterizó la tasa fotosintética. Los resultados indican que todos los caracteres estudiados presentan variabilidad entre las entradas ensayadas a excepción de la anchura de hoja. La máxima variabilidad se presenta para los caracteres relacionados con el tamaño floral y con el peso seco de especia. Tiene interés la variabilidad observada para la precocidad y el número de hojas por cormo, como también la tasa fotosintética. Todos estos caracteres son de gran utilidad para la mejora genética del azafrán, ya que permitiría mejorar el manejo del cultivo, aumentar la producción de especia y obtener nuevas variedades de interés ornamental entre otros aspectos.

La enfermedad del rizado amarillo del tomate (Tomato yellow leaf curl disease, TYLCD) fue descrita por primera vez en Israel en 1939, encontrándose actualmente distribuida por las zonas cálidas y templadas de todo el mundo. La enfermedad está causada por un complejo de virus pertenecientes al género Begomovirus familia Geminiviridae, y que es transmitido por el vector Bemisia tabaci.

El Centro de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad (COMAV) de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia alberga una de las colecciones más importantes de entradas del género Lycopersicon, incluyendo el tomate cultivado (Lycopersicon esculentum, L. esculentum var. cerasiforme) y sus especies silvestres relacionadas (L. cheesmanii, L. pimpinellifolium, L. hirsutum, L. pennellii, L. chmilewskii, L. parviflorum L. peruvianum y L. chilense). A pesar de ser el tomate una de las hortalizas de mayor importancia económica a nivel mundial, siguen existiendo ambigüedades en su taxonomía así como dudas sobre su domesticación. De hecho, se observan en muchas ocasiones formas intermedias entre el tomate cultivado y la variedad botánica cerasiforme, así como entre la forma cerasiforme y la especie L. pimpinellifolium. Igualmente se han detectado formas intermedias entre L. pimpinellifolium y la especie L. cheesmanii, endémica de las islas Galápagos. Estas especies constituyen el subgénero Eulycopersicon, interfértiles con el tomate cultivado. De ellas, la variedad botánica cerasifrome está considerada como el ancestro del tomate y se ha comprobado la existencia de fenómenos de introgresión entre L. pimpinellifolium y el tomate. Las teorías sobre la domesticación del tomate no son únicas, oponiéndose las teorías de Jenkins (1948) y Rick (1958) frente a las más recientes de Rick y Fobes (1975) y Rick y Holle (1990). Para contribuir a la clarificación de estos aspectos, en la presente Tesis Doctoral se persiguen los siguientes objetivos: 1.- Estudio de la variabilidad morfológica y molecular de estas especies 2.- Esclarecimiento de las relaciones filogenéticos entre las especies del subgénero Eulycopersicon. 3.- Establecimiento de estrategias de conservación de estas especies y en especial de Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, para la que se han descrito diferencias importantes en el grado de alogamia. 4.- Inicio de la formación de una colección nuclear en la colección de entradas de L