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3D model of the Aturia cf. cubaensis specimen MUSM INV 297, an internal mould of a phragmocone from the Middle Miocene portion of the Pisco Formation (Peru). This fossil is currently housed in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (=MUSM, Jesús María, Lima, Peru). MUSM INV 297 is described in the following article: Collareta, A., Bosio, G., Varas-Malca, R., Bianucci, G., Merella, M., Urbina, M., Di Celma, C. (2023). The extinct nautiloid Aturia in the Middle Miocene of Pacific South America: new data from the Pisco Lagerstätte of Peru. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. DOI: 10.1127/njgpa/2023/1128 To correctly visualize the textured 3D model in a 3D software, the three uploaded files (.obj, .mtl and .jpg) should be downloaded and stored within a single folder without changing the corresponding file names.

Invertebrate taphonomy can provide significant information about the post-mortem processes that affected the fossil record. In the East Pisco Basin of southern Peru, a Panopea Ménard de la Groye, 1807 shell bed was found in the upper Miocene strata of the Pisco Formation, hinting at a peculiar biostratinomic and diagenetic history. This bed contains abundant invertebrate fossil molds cemented by dolomite. The specimens of the deep infaunal bivalve, Panopea sp., occur together with bivalves representative of shallow infaunal species (Trachycardium sp. and Dosinia ponderosa [Gray, 1838]) and balanid barnacles, which are sessile encrusters. The Panopea specimens host compound molds evidencing an abundant encrusting fauna, including serpulids, ?foraminifera, bryozoans, and barnacles that colonized the inner surfaces of the valves before their final burial. We hypothesize that short-term, storm-related processes exhumed the living bivalves, resulting in a sedimentological concentration of relatively well-preserved shells. After the death of the exhumed bivalves, the inner surfaces of the articulated Panopea shells, representing hard-substratal, sheltered environments on an otherwise unstable sandy seafloor (i.e., “benthic islands”), were colonized by different encrusting organisms. Following the final burial, dolomite precipitated, cementing the sediment infill of the valves. Lastly, a decrease of pH occurred at the sulfate reduction-methanogenesis boundary, inducing the dissolution of the shell carbonate.

As other marine minerals, phosphates - and in particular bioapatite - incorporate Sr from seawater during formation (Staudigel et al., 1985). Due to long-term variations in the relative abundance of Sr isotopes in the global ocean, 87Sr/86Sr values can be measured in minerals and compared to calibration curves for obtaining age estimates via Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy (SIS) (McArthur et al., 2020). Although hydroxyapatite is susceptible to alteration and Sr concentration in fish teeth can change during burial and diagenesis (Martin & Scher, 2004), fossil shark teeth have been successfully used for Sr-dating, especially when enameloid is analyzed (Schmitz et al., 1997; Harrell et al., 2016). In order to test the feasibility of this method in the fish tooth-rich marine sediments of the East Pisco Basin (Peru), and aiming to date some poorly-constrained strata of this region, we analyzed the ultrastructure and composition of fossil shark teeth from the Chilcatay Formation. This Miocene formation consists of massive sandstones and basement boulders overlain by bioclastic sandstones and diatomaceous and tuffaceous siltstones (Di Celma et al., 2019). It is characterized by an abundant marine vertebrate assemblage, among which elasmobranchs are present (Landini et al., 2019). Teeth of Isurus sp., Cosmopolitodus hastalis, Isurus oxyrinchus, Megalolamna paradoxodon and Physogaleus contortus were collected from Chilcatay beds at the localities of Zamaca, Media Luna and near Cerro Colorado. Teeth were investigated through an optical microscopy and SEM. After taphonomic observations, 11 teeth underwent ICP-OES and 87Sr/86Sr analyses. Shark teeth show a compact and non-porous outer enameloid layer that is distinctly separated from the more porous and heterogeneous inner core of dentine. Ultrastructure analysis shows that the enameloid is formed by highly-ordered bundles of fluoroapatite crystallites, which are often well-preserved, whereas the dentine displays a bone-like structure showing tubuli and crystalline artefacts from diagenesis (Lübke et al., 2015). SEM-EDS mapping shows differences in distribution of Ca, P, F, and S in the enameloid and dentine, and the shiny layer is compositionally recognizable (Enax et al., 2014). ICP-OES data show Sr contents that are comparable to those of recent lamniform teeth. 87Sr/86Sr results compared to the LOESS 6 calibrated on GTS2020 (McArthur et al., 2020) give ages between 19 and 18 Ma for the Chilcatay strata at the Ica Valley localities, in agreement with radioisotopic and biostratigraphic ages (Bosio et al., 2020). At Media Luna, a locality 25 km to the west of the Rio Ica, the Chilcatay strata have here been dated for the first time, resulting in a slightly older age ranging between 22 and 20 Ma. Not least, these results strengthen the notion that the Sr-ratio of shark teeth can be successfully used for obtaining reliable age estimates through SIS.