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Identifica los conocimientos, actitudes y experiencias de los usuarios y proveedores de los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los Servicios Diferenciados de Atención Integral de Salud para Adolescentes respecto al fallo del Tribunal Constitucional (TC) sobre la despenalización de las relaciones sexuales consentidas entre y con adolescentes de 14 a 18 años. Y conocer el contexto de la salud sexual y la salud reproductiva de los adolescentes antes y después de la aparición de la ley 28704 sobre la penalización de las relaciones sexuales entre adolescentes. Los que serán insumos que sirvan como aporte para el establecimiento de nuevas políticas públicas, la aplicación efectiva de las ya existentes y para beneficio de la salud sexual y la salud reproductiva de hombres y mujeres, durante la etapa crucial de su desarrollo, como es la adolescencia. Esta investigación es de tipo mixta, cualitativa y cuantitativa. Para el tipo cuantitativo se ha utilizado un diseño observacional, descriptivo simple y de corte transversal. Y para el cualitativo se ha utilizado un diseño narrativo. Mediante un muestreo de tipo no probabilístico, intencional y estratificado, se encuestaron a 419 adolescentes de Lima Este y 497 adolescentes de Lima Sur; 21 proveedores de los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva de los Servicios Diferenciados de Atención Integral de Salud para Adolescentes pertenecientes a la DISA Lima Sur, Lima Este, ESSALUD, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño e Instituto Materno Perinatal. Y se analizaron todos los documentos gubernamentales que describieran acciones específicas en pro de conocer el estado y la normatividad generada en el campo de la salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes. Encuentra un alto porcentaje de adolescentes y proveedores de salud, no se encuentran informados sobre el fallo del Tribunal Constitucional del año 2012 (n=75.5%). Además, persiste en los adolescentes, la noción que las relaciones sexuales consentidas entre y con adolescentes de 14 a 18 años, tienen una sanción penal (n=55%). A diferencia del personal de salud que sí reconoce en qué casos se debería denunciar a la pareja sexual de un adolescente (n=88.9%). De la revisión de los documentos gubernamentales podemos señalar que el éxito de la atención integral del adolescente no depende exclusivamente de la promulgación de acciones legales, sino se muestra una sólida articulación con las instituciones educativas, los medios de comunicación y la familia.

Worldwide the interest for biological control of food spoilage microorganisms has significantly increased over the last decade. Wine makes no exception to this trend, as consumer demands for wines free of preservatives that are considered negative for human health, increase. Biological control during wine fermentation aims at producing high quality wines, while minimizing, or even eliminating, the use of chemical additives. Its success lies in the inoculation of microorganisms to prevent, inhibit or kill undesired microbes, therefore maintaining wine spoilage at the lowest level. The food industry already makes use of this practice, with dedicated commercial microbes already on the market. In winemaking, there are commercial microbes currently under investigation, particularly with the aim to reduce or replace the use of sulphur dioxide. In this review, the potential of wine yeasts and lactic acid bacteria as bioprotection agents and their mechanisms of action during wine fermentation are presented.

Yeasts involved in secondary fermentation of traditional sparkling wines should show specific characteristics, such as flocculation capacity and autolysis. Recently it has been postulated that autophagy may contribute to the outcome of autolysis. In this study, 28 flocculent wine Saccahromyces cerevisiae strains characterized by different flocculation degrees were studied for their autolytic and autophagic activities. Autolysis was monitored in synthetic medium through the determination of amino acid nitrogen and total proteins released. At the same time, novel primer sets were developed to determine the expression of the genes ATG1, ATG17 and ATG29. Twelve strains were selected on the basis of their autolytic rate and ATG gene expressions in synthetic medium and were inoculated in a base wine. After 30, 60 and 180 days the autolytic process and ATG gene expressions were evaluated. The obtained data showed that autolysis and ATG gene expressions differed among strains and were independent of the degree of flocculation. This biodiversity could be exploited to select new starter stains to improve sparkling wine production. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sparkling wines production starts from a still wine that undergoes to a secondary fermentation. This step, also known with the French term prise de mousse, occurs after the addition of the liqueur de tirage, a mix of yeasts, sucrose nutrient, and adjuvants. Depending on the used technology, this secondary fermentation can occur inside the same bottle that reaches the consumer (traditional method) or in a pressurized tank (Charmat method). During sparkling wine production, yeasts are subjected to particular stress conditions and, for this reason, they have to possess some additional technological features respect to starters for still wines, such as autolytic ability and flocculation capacity. The growing diffusion of this wine brought researchers to evaluate new biotechnological approaches to improve sparkling wine quality.

Montepulciano d'Abruzzo is a native grape variety of Vitis vinifera L., grown in central Italy and used for production of high quality red wines. Limited studies have been carried out to improve its enological characteristics through the use of indigenous strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The main objective of the present work was to test two indigenous strains of S. cerevisiae (SRS1, RT73), a strain of Starmerella bacillaris (STS12), one of Hanseniaspora uvarum (STS45) and a co-culture of S. cerevisiae (SRS1) and S. bacillaris (STS12), in an experimental cellar to evaluate their role in the sensory characteristic of Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine. A S. cerevisiae commercial strain was used. Fermentations were conducted under routine Montepulciano d'Abruzzo wine production, in which the main variables were the yeast strains used for fermentation. Basic winemaking parameters, some key chemical analysis and aroma compounds were considered. S. cerevisiae strain dynamics during fermentation were determined by molecular methods. The musts inoculated with the co-culture were characterized by a faster fermentation start and a higher content of glycerol after 3 days of fermentation, as well as the musts added with strains S. bacillaris (STS12) and H. uvarum (STS45). At the end of fermentation the parameters studied were quite similar in all the wines. Total biogenic amines (BA) content of all the wines was low. Ethanolamine was the predominant BA, with a concentration ranging from 21 to 24 mg/l. Wines were characterized by esters and alcohols. In particular, 2-phenylethanol, 3-methylbut-1-yl methanoate, and ethyl ethanoate were the major aroma volatile compounds in all wines. Statistical analysis highlighted the different role played by aroma compounds in the differentiation of wines, even if it was impossible to select a single class of compounds as the most important for a specific yeast. The present study represents a further step toward the use of tailored autochthonous strains to impart the specific characteristics of a given wine which are an expression of a specific terroir.

During winemaking Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains are exposed continuously to environmental changes and this microorganism responds modifying its transcriptional profile. Yeast flocculation is considered a social trait that allows the cells to escape from hostile conditions by sedimentation. This behaviour is based on the self-interaction of flocculins, proteins encoded by FLO family genes. These are considered responsible of the facultative helping type cooperation and were designed as green-beard genes. In order to understand the role of flocculation to stress response, the genome wide expression analysis of a wine flocculent S. cerevisiae F6789A strain and its FLO5 deleted strain (F6789A-Delta flo5) were determined, using DNA microarray technology. Results highlighted that F6789A strain showed a shorter lag phase in winemaking condition. The comparison of transcriptomic profiles underlined that, while F6789A-Delta fio5 strain seemed engaged in the re-organization of the cell wall and in finding different adhesion ways, F6789A strain presented an up-regulation of genes involved in stress response and higher alcohol production.

Iodine is an essential trace element involved in the regulation of thyroid metabolism and antioxidant status in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ewes&rsquo, dietary iodine supplementation on biogenic amines content as well as microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics in a raw milk cheese at different ripening times (milk, curd, and 2, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days). Two cheese-making trials were carried out using milk from ewes fed with unifeed (Cheese A) or with the same concentrate enriched with iodine (Cheese B). The results indicated that the counts of principal microbial groups and physico-chemical characteristics were quite similar in both cheeses at day 90. Cheese B was characterized by a higher content of biogenic amines and propionic acid. Propionic bacteria were found in both cheeses mainly in Trial B in agreement with the higher content of propionic acid detected.

Flocculation is an important feature for yeast survival in adverse conditions. The natural diversity of flocculating genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can also be exploited in several biotechnological applications. Flocculation is mainly regulated by the expression of genes belonging to the FLO family. These genes have a similar function, but their specific contribution to flocculation ability is still unclear. In this study, the distribution of FLO1, FLO5 and FLO8 genes in four S. cerevisiae wine strains was investigated. Subsequently, both FLO1 and FLO5 genes were separately deleted in a flocculent S. cerevisiae wine strain. After gene disruption, flocculation ability and agar adhesion were evaluated. FLO1 and FLO5 genes inheritance was also monitored. All strains presented different lengths for FLO1 and FLO5 genes. Results confirm that in S. cerevisiae strain F6789, the FLO5 gene drives flocculation and influences adhesive properties. Flocculation ability monitoring after a cross with a non-flocculent strain revealed that FLO5 is the gene responsible for flocculation development.

Approaches for the capillary gas chromatographic (GC) based analysis of intact plant stanyl esters in enriched foods were developed. Reference compounds were synthesized by enzyme-catalyzed transesterifications. Their identities were confirmed by means of mass spectrometry. Using a medium polar trifluoropropylmethyl polysiloxane stationary phase, long-chain plant stanyl esters could be separated according to their stanol moieties and their fatty acid chains. Thermal degradation during GC analysis was compensated by determining response factors; calibrations were performed for ten individual plant stanyl esters. For the analysis of low-fat products (skimmed milk drinking yogurts), the GC separation was combined with a "fast extraction" under acidic conditions. For fat-based foods (margarines), online coupled LC-GC offered an elegant and efficient way to avoid time-consuming sample preparation steps. The robust and rapid methods allow conclusions on both, the stanol profiles and the fatty acid moieties, and thus provide a basis for the authentication of this type of functional food ingredients.

Aims Flocculent wine yeasts were characterized for the expression of FLO1, FLO5, FLO8, AMN1 and RGA1 genes, growth kinetics and physicochemical properties of the cell surface during a 6-month sparkling wine fermentation period. Methods and Results The expression of FLO1, FLO5, FLO8, AMN1 and RGA1 genes was determined by RT-qPCR. The physicochemical characterization of yeast surface properties was evaluated by the microbial adhesion to solvents method. FLO5 gene was the most expressed one and a linear correlation with the flocculent degree was found. Flocculent strains were more hydrophobic than the commercial wine strain EC1118. Conclusions Gene expressions and the ability to face secondary wine fermentation conditions were strain dependent. The importance of FLO5 gene in developing the high flocculent characteristic of wine yeasts was highlighted. Cell surface properties depended on the time of fermentation. Significance and Impact of the Study Better knowledge about the expression of some genes encoding the flocculent phenotype which could be useful to select suitable starter cultures to improve sparkling wine technology was achieved. A step forward in understanding the complexity and strain-specific nature of flocculation phenotype was done.

Yeasts involved in secondary fermentation of traditional sparkling wines should show specific characteristics, such as flocculation capacity and autolysis. Recently it has been postulated that autophagy may contribute to the outcome of autolysis. In this study, 28 flocculent wine Saccahromyces cerevisiae strains characterized by different flocculation degrees were studied for their autolytic and autophagic activities. Autolysis was monitored in synthetic medium through the determination of amino acid nitrogen and total proteins released. At the same time, novel primer sets were developed to determine the expression of the genes ATG1, ATG17 and ATG29. Twelve strains were selected on the basis of their autolytic rate and ATG gene expressions in synthetic medium and were inoculated in a base wine. After 30, 60 and 180 days the autolytic process and ATG gene expressions were evaluated. The obtained data showed that autolysis and ATG gene expressions differed among strains and were independent of the degree of flocculation. This biodiversity could be exploited to select new starter stains to improve sparkling wine production. Copyright © 2016 John WileySons, Ltd.

The present study deals with the particulate matter-bound manganese in the Santander Bay (Northern Spain). The purpose of this project is to analyze the industrial manganese emission sources located in this area to obtain air manganese levels by CALPUFF modelling. Air pollution is characterized by the suspension of fine, solid and liquid particles, known as aerosol. The presence of heavy metals is due to very small particles that can be inhaled and affect human health. Particle-bound metals are mainly emitted from anthropogenic activities, for instance industrial factories as well as combustion of fuel. These pollutants tend to be transported moving from the emission point to farther zones where humans live and can be adversely affected by their concentration. In fact many studies that identify effects of high manganese levels on human health have been developed. However a specific European Directive about manganese limits in the air does not exist yet because it is not considered a carcinogenic element. Only some guidelines have been proposed by world organizations such us WHO and USEPA, but they are not compulsory values. The present work aims at obtaining Mn concentration values in the Santander Bay (Alto Maliaño and Guarnizo sites) by the use of a dispersion modeling system, CALPUFF, regarding emissions from the four most important Mn-emitting factories located in the Santander Bay. The period of simulation is 2009 because different data information was available in that year. The project was carried out at the University of Cantabria in Santander, in the framework of an Erasmus agreement. The first part of the research is about the calculation of the manganese emission rates of the considered point sources. This process was made in two ways: 1) Using information of the involved factories, such as production, energy consumption, capacity and power of plants and emission factors values from USEPA and from the BREF document on Best Available Techniques for the Non-Ferrous Metals Industries. 2) Using real production and PM10 concentration hourly data of the main plant considered. In both cases, different scenarios of the main manganese-emitting plant have been analyzed, taking into account the working operation mode, the efficiency of the hooding systems, and the way the fugitive emissions leave the main buildings where furnaces and ladles are located. Later, the manganese emission rates calculated under the different scenarios shown above were used as inputs for CALPUFF simulations, to achieve concentration values in the discrete receptors where manganese levels were available (Alto Maliaño and Guarnizo sites). The comparison between observed and CALPUFF-based calculated values were carried out by the analysis of the Normalized Mean Square Error. RESUMEN: El presente estudio trata sobre el manganeso (Mn) vinculado al material particulado en la Bahía de Santander (Norte de España). El objetivo de este proyecto es analizar las fuentes industriales de emisión de manganeso ubicadas en esta área para obtener los niveles de manganeso en aire mediante modelado con CALPUFF. La contaminación del aire se puede agravar por la presencia de partículas en suspensión finas, sólidas y líquidas, denominadas aerosoles. Algunos metales pesados pueden estar presentes en pequeñas partículas que pueden ser inhaladas y afectar a la salud humana. Los metales vinculados a las partículas proceden principalmente de fuentes antropogénicas, como actividades industriales así como procesos de combustión. Estos contaminantes tienden a ser transportados desplazándose desde los puntos de emisión a zonas más lejanas donde habita la población, que puede verse perjudicada por su concentración. De hecho, se han desarrollado numerosos estudios que identifican los efectos de la exposición a altos niveles de manganeso sobre la salud humana. Sin embargo, aún no existe una Directiva europea sobre límites de manganeso en el aire porque no es considerado como elemento carcinogénico. En este sentido, algunas organizaciones como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Agencia de Protección del Medioambiente de Estados Unidos (US EPA) han propuesto valores guía de calidad del aire para el manganeso, pero no se trata de valores obligatorios. El presente trabajo pretende obtener los valores de concentración de Mn en la Bahía de Santander (Alto Maliaño y Guarnizo) mediante el uso del sistema de modelado de dispersión CALPUFF, considerando las emisiones de las cuatro instalaciones industriales emisoras de Mn más importantes ubicadas en la Bahía de Santander. El periodo de simulación es 2009 porque para este año se dispone de niveles de manganeso medidos. El proyecto se ha llevado a cabo en la Universidad de Cantabria en Santander, en el marco de un acuerdo Erasmus. La primera parte de la investigación trata sobre el cálculo de las tasas de emisión de manganeso de las fuentes puntuales consideradas. Esto se ha realizado de dos maneras: 1) Empleando información de las empresas involucradas, como la producción, el consumo de energía, la capacidad y la potencia de las plantas y los factores de emisión de la US EPA y del documento de referencia sobre las mejores técnicas disponibles (BREF) en el sector metalúrgico no férreo. 2) Empleando la producción real y los datos de concentración horaria de PM10 de la principal planta considerada. En ambos casos, se han analizado diferentes escenarios del principal emisor de manganeso, teniendo en cuenta el modo de operación, la eficiencia de los sistemas de aspiración y la manera en la que las emisiones fugitivas salen de las principales instalaciones, donde se encuentran los hornos. Posteriormente, las tasas de emisión de manganeso calculadas bajo los diferentes escenarios anteriormente mencionados se han utilizado como información de entrada en las simulaciones de CALPUFF, para estimar los valores de concentración en los receptores discretos donde los niveles de manganeso están disponibles (Alto Maliaño y Guarnizo). La comparación ente los valores observados y los calculados mediante CALPUFF se ha llevado a cabo mediante el análisis del error cuadrático medio normalizado (NMSE). Máster en Ingeniería Química

La búsqueda permanente del hombre por entregar productos y servicios de calidad, ha ido evolucionando y pasando del rubro de la empresa hasta los servicios; las universidades, no escapan de este concepto, iniciándose este quehacer en los EEUU de NA, con la aplicación de sus modelos de calidad.La creación del EEES fortaleció la cooperación entre los estados de la Unión Europea, en el ámbito de la educación superior, permitiéndoles concertar y acordar lineamientos comunes entre las diversas modalidades de sus sistemas educativos.En Latinoamérica quien inició prácticas de aseguramiento de la calidad de la educación superior fue Chile, en 1990. Posteriormente todos los países de la Región incorporaron este mecanismo en sus sistemas universitarios.En el Perú existió preocupación por asegurar la calidad de la educación universitaria desde la década del noventa. Se realizaron diversas acciones para superar las deficiencias de calidad existentes. En el año 2006 se concreta la creación del Sistema Nacional de Evaluación, Acreditación y Certificación de la Calidad Educativa, SINEACE.En diversas universidades peruanas existen experiencias con acreditaciones extranjeras, dirigidas a asegurar la calidad educativa. Un ejemplo es la Universidad de San Martín de Porres, cuya totalidad de carreras han sido acreditadas internacionalmente. The ongoing quest of man by delivering quality products and services has evolved and passing from the sector companies to services; the universities, are not exception to this concept. The beginning of this task was USA, with the implementation of their quality models.The creation of the EEES (Spanish initials) strengthened cooperation between European Union states in the scope of higher education, enabling them to coordinate and accord on common guidelines among different forms of their education systems.In Latin America Chile started since 1990 practices of quality assurance in higher education. Later, all countries of the region incorporated this works in their university systems.Since nineties, Peru there was concern to ensure the quality of university education. Different Actions were taken to overcome deficiencies of existing quality. In 2006 was created the National System of Evaluation, Accreditation and Certification of Educational Quality, SINEACE.In different Peruvians Universities we can find experiences with foreign accreditation destined to ensure educational quality. An example is the Universidad de San Martin de Porres, whose entire careers have been internationally accredited.

Animal welfare protection during long journeys is mandatory according to European Union regulations designed to ensure that animals are transported in accordance with animal welfare requirements and to provide control bodies with a regulatory tool to react promptly in cases of non-compliance and to ensure a safe network between products, animals and farms. Regulation 1/2005/EC foresees recourse to a system of traceability within European Union member states. The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (JRC) has developed a prototype system fulfilling the requirements of the Regulation which is able to monitor compliance with animal welfare requirements during transportation, register electronic identification of transported animals and store data in a central database shared with the other member states through a Web-based application. Test equipment has recently been installed on a vehicle that records data on vehicle position (geographic coordinates, date/time) and animal welfare conditions (measurements of internal temperature of the vehicle, etc.). The information is recorded at fixed intervals and transmitted to the central database. The authors describe the Web-based geographic information system, through which authorised users can visualise instantly the real-time position of the vehicle, monitor the sensor-recorded data and follow the time-space path of the truck during journeys.

The dietary intake of calcium is fundamental for prevention of osteoporosis, especially in the first three decade of age to gain a valid peak bone mass; moreover physical activity is important for the same reason. The objective of our research is to examine the food habits and the way to practice sport in a homogenous population of schoolchildren.Data were collected by an original questionnaire in 500 schoolchildren (238 males, 262 females, 9-12 yrs) living in the centre of Italy.Data show that the calcium intake decreases while the age increases. According to the recommended daily calcium dose, the percentages of insufficient calcium intake were 21% in the 6 years old group, 35% in the 7 to 10 years old group and 52.5% in the 11 to 14 years old group. Milk and dairy products cover 57% of the calcium needs (17% and 40% respectively), water covers 24% and the other foodstuffs 19%; moreover most children (43.5%) practice non competitive sports with a preference (58.3%) for no-weightbearing sports (mainly cycling) over weightbearing sports (mainly football). CONCLUSIONS. This survey suggests that a high percentage of young people do not take the recommended daily dose of calcium (especially interesting that becoming older with consequent lower parental control over the diet, the higher the incidence of poor calcium intake increases), then it would be recommendable to establish a national health program promoting appropriate physical exercise plus a correct calcium intake as early as the primary school.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a genetic neuropathy causing muscle weakening in the feet, legs and hands, with consequent impairment of ambulation and handgrip. For fast clinical evaluation and rehabilitation management of handgrip deficits, a functional classification in 4 stages or levels of clinical severity, based on the loss of handgrip types from the finest to the roughest, has been recently proposed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of each level of handgrip impairment in a wide population of patients affected with demyelinating and axonal CMT.Two-hundred and forty-eight non-operated hands were examined to evaluate if and how the pinch between the pulp of the thumb and the pulp of the second or third finger was made, starting from the palm-up position with the fingers abducted or, in case of impossibility to do so, if a lateral pinch or only a grasp was possible. Following to this observation, each hand was fitted in 1 of the 4 stages described in the above-mentioned classification and then the frequency of each stage was determined.As a whole, 75.4% hands were at stage 1; 9.7 were at stage 2; 10.9% at stage 3; 4% at stage 4.The results of this survey reveal that, in the majority of the CMT cases, handgrip is affected mildly so that only simple recommendations to prevent further muscle and joint damage are required; however, in more than 1 out 5 cases, the handrip impairment is quite severe and requires a detailed rehabilitative program with daily exercises, and, in a small number of cases, is so severe that independence in the daily living activities is lost or very reduced.