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This article examines a three-way subregional distinction between Northern, Middle, and Southern Appalachia based on younger respondents' self-reported use of traditional lexical, phonological, and syntactic features of Appalachian English (AppE). As a result of recent social changes that have led to less isolation in Appalachia, it considers subregional differences in AppE use between young urban and rural speakers as well as subregional differences between Appalachian identity and use of AppE. Understanding how young speakers across Appalachia are adapting and integrating traditional or mainstream features provides a lens for broader examination of the ways in which speakers of vernacular dialects negotiate the choice between competing dialect norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialect classification is a long-standing issue in Chinese dialectology. Although various theories of Chinese dialect regions have been proposed, most have been limited by similar methodological issues, especially due to their reliance on the subjective analysis of dialect maps both individually and in the aggregate, as well as their focus on phonology over syntax and vocabulary. Consequently, we know relatively little about the geolinguistic underpinnings of Chinese dialect variation. Following a review of previous research in this area, this article presents a theory of Chinese dialect regions based on the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the data from the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, which was collected between 2000 and 2008, providing the most up-to-date picture of the full Chinese dialect landscape. We identify and map a hierarchy of 10 major Chinese dialect regions, challenging traditional accounts. In addition, we propose a new theory of Chinese dialect formation to account for our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the extent of vocabulary and kinship changes in Javanese dialects in Yogyakarta Special Region between 2019 and 2023. Data tapping was conducted at a number of observation points, namely in the villages of Kebonrejo (Kulonprogo), Pakem Binangun (Sleman), Segoroyoso (Bantul), Planjan (Gunungkidul), and Ngringin (Gunungkidul). The data were obtained using the basic Morris Swadesh vocabulary, the universal vocabulary oftheworld'slanguages. By looking at the data obtained from the same observation points in 2019 and 2023, it is possible to compare the vocabulary developed in Javanese dialects. From the data comparison, it is also possible to compare the level of kinship between dialects to see if there is a shift in their status from different speech, subdialect, dialect, or language. The data were obtained by tapping method with recording and notetaking techniques, then analyzed by comparison, introspection, and dialectometry methods, and presented by formal methods in the form of tables and figures and informal methods in the form of ordinary narratives. The results show changes in vocabulary and kinship levels caused by internal elements, namely vocabulary development, heterogloss, and dialectometry, and external language, namely factors of dialect supporting communities, dialect area development, and the Covid-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study on Phuan first introduces the areas of Laos investigated in Xiengkhouang, Xaysômboun, and Bolikhamxay provinces. A historical account of Xiengkhouang, regarded as the Phuan homeland, is provided. The presentation of the linguistic literature discusses the research on Phuan in Thailand and the lesser-known research on Phuan in Laos. The fifteen tone diagrams for Phuan of this study, which are based on recordings made in thirteen locations, support a tone pattern with a 1-234 split in A and C columns of Gedney’s tone diagram, a 123-4 split in B, DL, and DS columns, and a B-DL quasi-coalescence. Two tone diagrams, for Tai Dam and Tai Daeng lects of Muong Kham (Xiengkhouang), are given for comparison. Other issues concerning the Phuan lects considered include: the reflex /-ɤː/ of Proto-Tai *əï, *eï/ɛï, *oï; diphthongs /iə/, /ɯə/, /uə/; reflexes of DL syllables *CV:k; the initial consonant /h-/ instead of /kh -/; and specific lexical items.

Our paper seeks to bridge the gap between a linguistic and a technological description of Artificial Intelligence, as we see chatbots and other representations pushing to the forefront of academic ways of working. We set out to venture a philologist's perspective on AI, critically reflecting upon the extent and nature of a lexicographical software's 'intelligence.' We shall discuss and demonstrate AI's potentials and limitations by adhering to the specific case of the recently released English Dialect Dictionary Online 4.0 (Markus and team 2023). While we propose that EDD Online is 'intelligent' in the sense that its retrieval software will anticipate and be capable of answering many of the questions that dialectologists would raise, we claim that the reason for such 'intelligence' is inherently rooted within the competence of humans in terms of predicting such questions and of eliciting the answers by means of complex query rules. We shall in fact argue that – as opposed to retrieval software types like the hotly debated ChatGPT chatbot, which are merely black box phenomena – EDD Online 4.0 's user interface represents a rare feature of AI: transparency and proactive user-friendliness. (185 words) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a case study on the differential marking of direct objects (DOM) in Balkan Judeo-Spanish, an endangered language (sub)group that still lacks detailed, systematic documentation of its (comparative) morphosyntax. Countering recent claims that the phenomenon is frequently absent in Judeo-Spanish, I demonstrate the robust presence of so-called a-marking as a highly systematic, multi-dimensional DOM strategy in early 20th century fieldwork recordings from the understudied dialect of Monastir (present-day Bitola, North Macedonia). I show that, in our corpus, a-marking in transitive (S)V(S)O(S) structures is primarily regulated by (grammatical) animacy/person and (syntactic) definiteness, such that indefinite DOs are excluded and specificity plays no role. Theoretically, the empirical distribution of a-marking broadly conforms with, yet – crucially – cannot be fully subsumed under, scale-based hierarchies that model DOM in terms of referential prominence. Rather, our findings support the conclusion that a-marking of the DO occurs if and only if the argument is syntactically specified for animacy/person and definiteness. From the typological perspective, the (non-)coincidence of Monastirli a-marking with a co-referential accusative clitic exhibits a hitherto undescribed distribution distinct from other patterns documented for (Balkan) Romance. The present article thus not only advances description of, and inquiry into, the cross-linguistic landscape of DOM, but contributes more broadly to redressing the conspicuous absence of empirical and theoretical investigation into Judeo-Spanish dialect syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negation in Brazilian Portuguese syntax is studied via dialectology. The focus lies on the positional relationship between the negation operator and the elements within its scope. We explore the well-known trichotomy of preverbal negation, double negative, and postverbal negation. Moreover, we introduce a tripartite classification consisting of sentence negation, complex phrase negation, and constituent negation. We then identify nine specific strategies (or types) of syntactic negation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plngawan Atayal can be subdivided into two varieties: Sami'uɹ and Macagis. This subdialectal distinction went mostly unnoticed in linguistic publications barring a short mention by Chen (2012). Despite living in the same village since 1938, elderly speakers of both varieties have retained a number of unique phonological features. These features not only allow us to distinguish contemporary varieties, but also let us identify data from older publications. An examination of works by Ferrell (1969) and Li (1981, 1985) has revealed a prevalence of Sami'uɹ data, with a small number of Macagis lexemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье представлена история изучения лингвистических особенностей русских говоров севера Удмуртии, дается информация об истории формирования русскоязычного населения региона, начиная с пятнадцатого века. Также анализируется специфика диалектной лексики в речи современных жителей деревни Степаненки Кезского района Удмуртской Республики. Ставится проблема взаимодействия неродственных языков. Анализируются диалектные явления фонетического порядка, записанные в диалектологических экспедициях в деревню Степаненки. Выявлены диалектные явления в области вокализма (по преимуществу полное оканье, еканье, заударное ёканье и другие) и в области консанантизма (упрощение групп согласных: ст, с’т’; бм, дм).

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The aim of this contribution is to present a corpus of data for the study of the current Spanish of Equatorial Guinea that was collected during a research stay on the island of Bioko and the mainland region of Rio Muni in February and March 2022. This corpus contains oral and written data from men and women who belong to different ethnic and age groups, live in different parts of the country, and have varying levels of education. After providing an overview of the geography, ethnic composition, history and sociolinguistic landscape of Equatorial Guinea, the article delves into the data collection process and the analysis tools used. It then describes the properties of the sample, the programs used in the data analysis, as well as the planned studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s position in a panorama of dialectology (its antecedents, its developments) it is impossible not to dwell on his obsession with the expressive character of languages and discourses, in which conflicting positions on the American language resonate, dating back to the very birth of the dialectological discipline, which coincides with the operative integration of America into a world market already dominated by extractivist capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existential sentences in Spanish are sensitive to the definiteness or quantification restriction or effect, which prevents personal pronouns, proper nouns, and definite constituents from occupying the pivot position. Contact varieties between Spanish, a robust language as regards the effect, and Catalan, which has a weaker version, remain largely unexplored. This paper fills this void. A large corpus was gathered to quantitatively study the variation between definite and indefinite pivots. Examples involving definite, specific pivots and even proper names, hitherto unnoticed, are brought to the fore. The pivot of the existential in Spanish is argued to bear Partitive case, as shown by (i) pronominal existential pivots in other Romance languages, (ii) the phi-feature defectiveness of the clitic out of the pivot position, (iii) and partitive pronouns with unaccusatives in Spanish. The hypothesis is put forth that varieties of Spanish in contact with Catalan no longer relate Partitive case to the non-definiteness of the pivot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Muiraquitã: Revista de Letras e Humanidades is the property of Muiraquita and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article has two aims: (1) to survey the main developments of labial fricatives in the history of Frisian; (2) to explain the varied developments of the voiced labial fricative more effectively based on the evidence Old Frisian spellings and reflexes in Modern Frisian dialects. As to the latter aim, it is argued that the currently accepted structural phonological explanation for the emergence of a systematic voicing alternation /f ~ v/ in early Old Frisian is too rigid. In agreement with Theodor Siebs, variable retention and lenition of the voiced bilabial fricative [ β ] presents another way of accounting for many of the Old Frisian spellings and Modern Frisian dialectal forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Статья посвящена выявлению специфики национальной самобытности и сохранению лингвокультурного наследия.Цель данной статьи – выявить специфику номинации «домашнего оленя» в современном корякском языке в лингвокультурологическом аспекте, обусловленном историческими, географическими и социальными факторами развития корякского этноса в экстремальных условиях севера как отдельного этно-маркированного образования. На наш взгляд, такой системный подход, очевидно, будет способствовать решению вопросов: контактологии, лексикологии, лингвокультурологии. А также выявит возможные диалектные соответствия.Методы исследования: сопоставительный, сравнительный, метод синхронного анализа, лингвокультурология, лексико-семантическая группа, диалектология. В результате систематизации и классификации рассматриваемой ЛСГ, обозначающей «наименования домашнего оленя» автор пришел к выводам: 1) с практической стороны в статье выявлены номинации, отражающие традиционную хозяйственную деятельность коряков-оленеводов, в лингвокультурологическом аспекте; 2) выявлено, что центральное место в лингвокультурогической языковой картине мира всех групп коряков занимают «к’о (-у-) я (-з-/ -д-/ -р-)-н’а» «домашний олень» и в’эн’к’ой «самка домашнего оленя»; 3) отмечено, что номинативная единица как «олененок, теленок», «годовалый олень», «бычок» можно отнести к перефирийным номинациям; 4) отмечены высокочастотные и малочастотные номинации домашнего оленя, что продиктовано значимостью и ролью наименований оленя в лингвокультурологическом аспекте; 5) выявлены в результате исследования регулярные фонетические соответствия в области согласных звуков: -й-/-з-/-д-/-р- и в области гласных звуков: -у-/-о-.; 6) характерна для данной ЛСГ общность наименований домашнего оленя разных групп коряков.

In this study, the usage of the present tense suffix, which is one of the criteria frequently used by dialectological researchers in the determination and classification of dialect areas, was evaluated in Gagauz Turkic and the main dialect areas and sub-dialect groups of Gagauz Turkic were classified according to this criterion. In order to obtain data on the usage patterns of the present tense suffix based on the classification, compilations were made from the Gagauzia Autonomous Region of the Republic of Moldova, Odessa of Ukraine, Evros of Greece, Varna and Dobrich regions of Northeastern Bulgaria, where Gagauz Turks, who continue to exist in different dialectal areas today, live intensively, source texts were created with the transcription technique based on the compilations, and these texts were deciphered and the compiled dialectal materials were examined in detail. Based on the data obtained as a result of the language analyses, the findings were interpreted, all dialect regions were evaluated independently, the place of these dialect regions within the dialects of Gagauz Turkic was determined according to the usage forms of the present tense suffix, and in cases where the present tense suffix was not sufficient as a criterion, other criteria were applied and the main dialect areas and sub-dialect groups of Gagauz Turkic were tried to be classified. At the end of the study, the main dialectal areas and sub-dialectal groups of Gagauz Turkic were analysed according to the use of the present tense suffix in a way that can be a source for the language atlas studies to be prepared in the future.

Dorin Uritescu's collaboration with the authors has produced the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas (RODA) and many other studies in phonology and dialectology. Here we recap some of this work, and introduce a new, subsequent study on the use of "Character Profiles" for measuring dialect differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the sole grammatical treatise and historiographical source for medieval Sicilian Arabic, Tathqīf al-Lisān wa-Talqīh al-Janān, authored by Ibn Makkī al-Siqillī (d. 501/1107--8), has occupied a central position in the history of Lahn al-'Āmma literature and Arabic linguistics in general. And yet modern scholars did not register enough of the underlying assumptions about language internal to Ibn Makkī's methodology and logic. In this paper, I argue that his methodological insistence on cataloging the multiple grammars of spoken, dialectical Arabic reflects a recognition of the intrinsically diachronous and polyphonic nature of Arabic. Resisting a conception of language as static and normative, Ibn Makkī refrains from labeling spoken expression as categorically "incorrect." This paper first studies the methodological shift in Tathqīf al-Lisān from a prescriptive to a descriptive approach to language centered on linguistic polyphony. From the formal organization in Tathqīf al-Lisān to its various methodological innovations, this article attempts to address significant shortcomings in modern scholarship on this grammatical treatise. Ultimately this paper reads the Tathqīf al-Lisān not merely as a repository of Sicilian Arabic semantic or morphological data, but rather as a milestone in the history of methodologies in premodern writings on Lahn al-'Āmma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese is made up of several pronouns and strategies, some of which vary depending on sociolinguistic, geographical and pragmatic factors. Despite its complexity, there is lack of empirical research that accounts for the actuality and validity of the paradigm depicted in the grammars. In order to compensate for this lack of information, I aim to set out the system of pronouns of address in the Azores, an area that has up to this point not been subject to investigation. Thanks to specific fieldwork, I will establish the type of politeness that currently predominates in this archipelago and the particularities that are not attested elsewhere in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prepositional form and function in Irish, as in other Modern Celtic languages, are topics of much significance. In Modern Irish numerous simple prepositions not only form compounds with possessive forms of personal pronouns but additionally marshal an impressive array of 'conjugated' forms corresponding to the various grammatical persons. Prepositions also play a crucial role in indicating aspect and are involved in passive/ reflexive roles with the verbal noun. This paper offers an overview of the functioning of a selection of important prepositions in the language and provides examples by way of illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to review the history of dialectology at Vilnius University since the establishment of the Department of the Lithuanian Language in 1940. To achieve this, we have set the following objectives: 1) to present the teaching of dialectology, 2) to review the dialect material collection, and 3) to examine existing research. Descriptive, analytical, and evaluative methods are applied in the study. The beginning of dialectological research is associated with the name of Antanas Salys. The works of Aleksas Girdenis and Zigmas Zinkevičius are also discussed in the paper, as well as the teaching of the dialectology subject, methods of collecting dialectological material and directions of dialectological research. The paper distinguishes the paradigms of traditional, structural, and new dialectology dialectology, and examines their methodological similarities and differences. The most important conclusions and summaries of the paper are fundamentally related to dialectological paradigms: in more than eighty years since the first dialectology subject taught at Vilnius University, the understanding of dialectology has changed. The stage of traditional dialectology at the University was extremely important, as it produced the most fundamental works that are still used today. The structural dialectology paradigm and Prof. Girdenis Dialectology School that trained a large group of productively working Lithuanian dialectologists has flourished over the years. Currently, the new paradigm of dialectology is making its way, offering new theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of dialects.

В данной работе предпринята попытка исследования диалектных названий устройств и механизмов, предназначенных для изготовления муки – мельниц, на предмет их деривационных характеристик и этимологических связей. Данный объект бытовой сферы жизни обладает особой значимостью для человека, что обуславливает направление исследования – установление мотива наименования мельницы как отражения картины мира диалектоносителя. Мотив наименования может быть выражен эксплицитно и установлен на основе деривационных связей. Этимологический анализ необходим в случае, если внутренняя форма названия мельницы затемнена. Таким образом, изучение диалектных лексем, обозначающих мукомольные устройства и механизмы, предполагает не только лингвистический анализ достаточно обширного словарного материала, но и культурологический комментарий. Материалом исследования послужила картотека названий мельниц, зафиксированных в «Словаре русских народных говоров» (74 единицы) [1] и в современном региональном словаре («Словарь донских говоров Волгоградской области», 9 единиц) [2]. При сборе материала использовался метод сплошной выборки, часть единиц для «Словаря донских говоров Волгоградской области» была зафиксирована нами в рамках диалектологических экспедиций.

The article looks at the origin of the dialect word prann ‘fringe’ and concludes that it is a loan deriving from the equivalent Baltic German word Franje.

This study discusses linguistic phenomena regarding the lexical variations of the Agam Tanah Datar dialect found in Nagari Gunuang, Padang Panjang City. The research conducted in Nagari Gunuang covered four villages as observation points, namely Ekor Lubuk village, Sigando village, Ganting village and Ngalau village. This study describes the forms of lexical variations of the Agam Tanah Datar dialect of the Minangkabau language found in Nagari Gunuang, Padang Panjang City. The data of this study are the dialects spoken orally by nine informants. The informants of this study were the natives of Nagari Gunuang who directly explained 851 glosses of vocabulary, phrases and sentences. This research is a qualitative as well as quantitative research. The method of providing data used is the method of observing, noting, and speaking. The method of data analysis uses dialectometric calculations, in order to determine the percentage of speech differences between observation points. In this study, 172 lexical variations were found from 851 glosses which were grouped into: two two-symbol etimonsss, two three-symbol etimonss, two four-symbol etimonsss and three three-symbol etimonss. In the dialectometric calculation, it was found that the overall average percentage was below 25% which was classified as a speech difference.

The language aspect in cultural preservation focuses more on the arts and social systems. In fact, language as a connecting medium for arts and social systems also needs to be preserved. In this regard, this study seeks to language use documentation of the Mentawai language in the Mentawai Islands Regency, specifically in dialect varieties. It is intended to find out the situation and condition of the language, make language maps, and determine the varieties of the Mentawai language in the Mentawai Islands Regency. The research data were taken from 200 Swadesh’s basic vocabularies and 200 cultural vocabularies by means of direct interviews. Comparison of research data is based on seven observation areas, namely Mongan Poula, Maileppet, Muntei, Madobag, Sioban, Matobe, and Makalo villages. This study uses a dialectological approach with quantitative and qualitative methods. In this case, the quantitative method is in the form of dialectometric calculations, while the qualitative method is a description of the situation and conditions of the Mentawai language according to the language map. As a result, the Mentawai language in the Mentawai Islands Regency has two dialects, namely, the Sipora Pagai dialect and Siberut dialect. All two have a dialectometric percentage of 51—80%.

The article examines the strategies of rendering Lithuanian proper names in fifteen Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles created in the 14th–18th centuries. Thirteen of them are written in the literary language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, based on East Slavic dialects, the other two are in Polish and Latin. The language of the chronicles was hardly influenced by Lithuanian, but each contains Lithuanian proper names, since the subject of the chronicles is the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most of the proper names are pre-Christian Lithuanian two-stem personal names with some occurrence of toponyms, hydronyms and ethnonyms. The spelling of proper names can be explained by referring to the history of the Lithuanian language and dialectology. Scribes of Slavic origin typically replaced “foreign” Lithuanian sounds with approximate sounds of their native language. This allows the author to consistently trace the logic of rendering the Lithuanian vowels o and a, vocal diphthongs ai and au, mixed diphthongs an, al, and ir and several elements of the consonant system. Apart from that, the reflection of Lithuanian dialect features makes the Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles a valuable source for the study of Lithuanian historical phonetics and dialectology. Even though in most cases the name rendering strategies reflect real phonetic phenomena, sometimes the form of a name is bound by tradition and the language of the translation source, which is supported by the fact that chronicles are written in both Cyrillic and Latin.

The article is devoted to the study of the speech culture of the European North of Russia. Records of the tale of Verlioka, made in Belozerye, from the words of one informant twenty years apart, are being investigated. The conditions of existence of fairy tales, genre affiliation, plot organization, compositional structure, language specifics are considered. The conditions of fairy tales existence, genre affiliation, plot organization, compositional structure, language specifics are considered. It is shown that this character, who is marginal and has very blurred characteristics in the East Slavic territory (O. A. Cherepanova), is the antagonist of the main character, differs in the abnormality / monostructure of the body structure (the presence of only one eye) and cannibalism. It is noted that with all the textual discrepancies, the plot is built around the destruction and its elimination with the help of the main character’s magic helpers (rope / belt, acorn, wand), which in a collision with the antagonist show their miraculous properties. The author concludes that the linguistic features of the fairy tale records are determined by the territorial specificity of the storyteller’s speech and his desire to entertain the interlocutors (in the first version of the record) or to reflect the memories of his family and his native village as fully as possible (in the second version).

The aim of this article is to propose a model for studying linguistic behavior and dialectality measurement for scientific discussion. To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set: 1) to briefly review and evaluate the previous studies on linguistic attitudes and linguistic behavior, 2) to systematize the methods of data collection and data analysis, 3) to develop a model for studying linguistic behavior and to present dialectality measurement for discussion. The proposed model for studying linguistic behavior and dialectality measurement has been partially verified through an exploratory study, but the results of this study will be discussed in another publication. Now the focus is only on methodological questions. The research model consists of two parts. The first is data collection the second is data analysis. The data collection part consists of two components: 1) selection of informants and 2) formation of a corpus of empirical material. The empirical material corpus formation component consists of five partly independent, partly interrelated points: 1) A questionnaire at the beginning of data collection, 2) Creative tasks, 3) Free conversation, 4) Detailed interview, 5) A questionnaire at the end of data collection. The data analysis part consists of three components: 1) Technical preparation of the recordings (texts) obtained during the creative task, free conversation and detailed interview, 2) Speech analysis, carried out after applying the distribution tables method, and 3) Dialectally measurement and calculating linguistic distance.

Southwestern Khanty is a dialect documented only in the 2008 PhD dissertation by Olga Vaysman. A previous study based on lexical data established that Southwestern Khanty is very close to Obdorsk Khanty. The current study explores the dialect's phonological and morphological features. Although some of these features are typical only of Obdorsk Khanty among the formerly known dialects, some features of Southwestern Khanty are unique among the Khanty dialects. These peculiarities of Southwestern Khanty are numerous and unsystematic, which makes it unlikely that the dialect developed from Obdorsk Khanty or a dialect near Obdorsk Khanty. Taking into account the obscurity of the metadata, it is questionable whether Vaysman's data on Southwestern Khanty really reflect the linguistic facts of an existing Khanty dialect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since no recent study has been done about Afrikaans Fisher language the aim of this article is to give an updated linguistic description of this variety.1 Heiberg (1957) conducted a previous study. Varieties change all the time (D'Arcy, 2015:484) and Afrikaans Fisher language is no exception. Due to Covid-19 the researchers were unable to focus exclusively on subsistence fisher communities. Covid anxiousness led to the fact that many fishers did not want to take part in this qualitative study, in which, inter alia, questionnaires and interviews were used (Blume, 2023:35). All fishers indicating their willingness to participate were chosen as respondents if they were between 18 and 75 years of age. The sample of forty fishers is therefore small but is supplemented by various other sources. The areas covered were the coastal areas of the Eastern, Southwestern and Western Cape (Blume, 2023:35). Afrikaans Fisher language has been influenced by different languages, especially Dutch, Portuguese, Malay and English and is recognised as a variety due to several unique words and expressions. Stell, Luffin and Rakiep (2008:293) indicate that the initial Malay and Creole Portuguese of the 20th century led to the development of Muslim Afrikaans. Heiberg (1957:96) explains that the names of certain types of fish have an Eastern origin and that they most probably show Malay or Portuguese influence, for example: daeraad: Portuguese, dorado, English dageraad (Blume, 2023:80). Dutch words like dòòdstròòm, kabbelau, omweer/onweer, platvisch (to mention a few) show remarkable similarities with Afrikaans (see Overdiep, 1940; Blume, 2023:108). The list below indicates examples of English influence: bait: something to lure the fish with bait caster: somebody who uses live bait to catch fish beaut: (noun) - a big or pretty fish beautiful: to describe a fish that is big or pretty bottom feeders: Amongst others steenbras, kapenaars, Rooi Roman, Miss Lucy, etcetera cast: fishing method using a hook, line, sinker and bait catch and release: catch fish and throw them back into the water chum, chumming: use bait to get a lot of fish in one place cob: kabeljou, Argyrosomus japonicus coffee grinder: a type of pulley drag, smooth drag: the breaks on the pulley - "die drag is smooth". dropshot: hook made of steel with a built-in sinker and bait which is used to catch fish edge - "daai edge gee": have a better chance of a catch happy days: exclamation of joy hook-up, double hook-up: when fish bite or when more than one fish is caught on one hook live bait: bait that is alive pink prawn: type of sand or mud prawn popper: artificial bait in the form of small fish pull: when you can see that a fish bites because of the movement of the line rocket: used to describe a fast fish - "Hy swem soos 'n rocket." run: when the fish bit but try to swim away with the hook and bait. The Afrikaans equivalents loop and hardloop are also used. single: when only one hook is used size: when a fish is legally big enough spinner: type of bait made of metal which turns around in the water tentacle: a type of bait, specifically octopus tentacle tooth wire: strong line used to catch fish trawl: method of pulling bait behind a boat trigger: "hongerkliertjie trigger": stimulation of the glands on certain types of fish, usually when the chum method is used try wind: used instead of probeer inkatrol unbelievable: emotional exclamation wangle: manipulate tools to function as they should Hybrid (English and Afrikaans) forms are frequently used: bait castertjie, baitjie, ball bearinkie, carbon leadertjie, cobbie, drop-offie, dropshot-hengel, dropshotjie, gecast, geretrieve, getrawl, ingeforce, leases, poppertjies, prawnpomp, swiveltjie, trawlnette. The following English fish names are used: banded galjoen: also known as bastard galjoen, demba. belman: other names are baardman, belvis, tasselfish. bronze bream: alternative names are hottentot, das, Jan Bruin, John Brown, fat fish, copper bream, Nyizala, butterfish, etcetera. bronzy: variant of bronze bream. cob: kabeljou flatty: frequently used in the Eastern Cape instead of Kaapse stompneus. garrick: also called leervis, leerfish grunter: instead of knorhaan gruntertjie: instead of knorhaan Miss Lucy: instead of rooistompneus pig/pig nose: instead of witneussteenbras pyltail (stingray): instead of pylstert, skerpneuspylstert, blou pylstert, vlinderrog raggie: from ragged toothed shark instead of yellow shark, brown shark shad: (Afrikaans: elf) swart musselcracker: (Afrikaans: poenskop). This fish is also known as black biskop, witbek, black steenbras, saqomolo, swartbiskop. Most fishers use either musselcracker or poenskop. tiger: instead of tiger shark wit musselcracker: Also known as brusher, mussel crusher, silver steenbras, white biskop. Most fishers use musselcracker instead of biskop. yellowtail: Seriola lalandi (Blume, 2023:155-157). Fisher language differs in terms of degrees of standardisation as certain words also occur in the general vocabulary, as indicated in the latest Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (HAT). Some words are not standardised as they are English words, for example shad (instead of elf) or they consist of hybrid forms, containing English and Afrikaans elements, like raggie for a specific type of shark. Other words and expressions are not included in the HAT, probably as they are not so well-known or frequently used in the general lexicon, for example bonnie/bonnietjie instead of bonito. Stylistic variation is evident in the usage of the frequently used informal word flattie instead of stompneus. The degree of education can also lead to variation, as in skuide for skuite and kiewe for kieue. Certain meaning distinctions relating to Fisher language do not occur in the HAT, for example mas used as a verb and the meaning distinction "small boat" at the lemma bakkie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic changes in the linguistic situation in the Polish countryside, described since the end of World War II, require a different view of the relationship between dialectology and sociolinguistics. Traditional dia- lectology, i.e. the one we owe to the works of Kazimierz Nitsch, exposed two factors: ruralness and geograph- ical diversity. At the same time, dialectology retained autonomy from sociolinguistics. Post-war changes in Polish borders and multi-million people migrations, as well as civilization changes, made the geographical aspect of the speech of the rural population fall into the background. Dialectology today focuses on genera- tionality, situationality and gender diversity, and these are strictly sociolinguistic factors. It follows, there- fore, that dialectology in the new linguistic conditions of the Polish countryside has become a subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dialectological record of wild bird names is scant. This article presents the Greater Polish material covering wild bird names obtained as part of the field research carried out in the Pobiedzisko commune (Poznan poviat) and completed in 2022. Contemporary names are juxtaposed with the dialectal material collected by Adam Tomaszewski (the 1930s) and the material found in Atlas jqzyka i kultury ludowej Wielkopolski (Atlas of Greater Poland's regional language and folk culture) (the 1970s and the 1980s) for the same area. The overview of the old and contemporary material allows conclusions on the functioning of dialectal and general Polish names of wild birds gathered by three generations of Poznan dialectologists and indication of the research needs as regards recording names from the thematic field NATURE (not only bird names). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The both familiar and quite different aspect of the Occitan dialects can lead us to ask : "what makes the unity of this language?". Its current linguistic definition clearly explains its proximity to catalan, with which it forms an original subgroup of romance languages. But the features that specifically characterize the Occitan language are often not clearly presented. In this article we try to identify the features that make Occitan appear as a coherent and particular linguistic area, limiting ourself to phonetics and lexical aspects. We map these elements using data from all the linguistic atlases concerning the Occitan-speaking space and its surroundings. Establishing this knowledge about the unity and particularity of the Langue d'oc drives us to discuss our perception of this language and its variation, especially as actors in its revitalization.

Southwestern Khanty is a dialect documented only in the 2008 PhD dissertation by Olga Vaysman. A previous study based on lexical data established that South­western Khanty is very close to Obdorsk Khanty. The current study explores the dia­lect’s phonological and morphological features. Although some of these features are typical only of Obdorsk Khanty among the formerly known dialects, some features of Southwestern Khanty are unique among the Khanty dialects. These peculiarities of Southwestern Khanty are numerous and unsystematic, which makes it unlikely that the dialect developed from Obdorsk Khanty or a dialect near Obdorsk Khanty. Taking into account the obscurity of the metadata, it is questionable whether Vaysman’s data on Southwestern Khanty really reflect the linguistic facts of an existing Khanty dialect. Kokkuvõte. László Fejes: “Edelahandi” paiknemine handi murrete hulgas: tõendid fonoloogiast ja morfoloogiast. Edelahandi murre on dokumenteeritud ainult Olga Vaysmani 2008. aasta doktoritöös. Eelmine, leksikaalsetel andmetel põhinev uuring näitas, et edelahandi on lähedane Obdorski handile. Käesolev uuring analüüsib edelahandi fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi tunnuseid. Kuigi mõned neist tunnustest on varem tuntud murrete hulgas tüüpiliseid ainult Obdorski handile, on mõned omadused handi murrete seas ainulaadsed. Need edelahantide eripärad on arvukad ja ebasüstemaatilised, mistõttu on ebatõenäoline, et edelahandi arenes välja Obdorski handi murdest või selle lähedasest murdest. Võttes arvesse metaandmete hämarust, on küsitav, kas Vaysmani andmed edelahandi kohta kajastavad tõesti olemasoleva handi murde keelelisi fakte.

The objective of this work is to offer a proposal for the dialectal classification of Colombian Spanish based on the dialectometric analysis of lexical data from the Atlas Lingüístico-Etnográfico de Colombia (ALEC). The study involvedtwo hundred lexical maps from the ALEC which were randomly selected and processed in the Gabmap dialectometric analysis software. The similarity measure used was the Relative Index of Identity (Goebl 1984) and the visualization was carried out using the fuzzy clustering method. Based on the analysis of the results, the division of Colombian Spanish into three superdialects is proposed: central-eastern Andean, central-western Andean and Coastal. The Andean superdialects are divided from north to south (taking into account the dialect continuum) into high, middle and low dialects, while the Coastal superdialect distinguishes Caribbean and Pacific varieties. Finally, twenty-two subdialects corresponding to specific regions of the country are presented, along with their respective municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview on the recovery of Tuscan data (audio and accompanying materials) of the Carta dei Dialetti Italiani (CDI). The study aims at showing the challenges met during the realisation of the CDI and highlighting the importance of recovering and safeguarding a research project largely forgotten by the very same Italian linguistic community. The relationship between oral sources and written documentation collected in the project allows us to observe the construction of the 'linguistic data' precisely from the recovered audio materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]