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Aristóteles dedica dos libros completos de la Ética Nicomaquea (EN) a la amistad (φιλία) y a las cuestiones que han generado opiniones contrarias y diversas sobre ella. Entre dichas problemáticas está la de si la amistad es una sola o varias. Aristóteles considera que son tres los tipos de amistad: aquella que se funda en el bien o la virtud, otra que se basa en el placer, y una última que refiere a la utilidad. Sin embargo, ha sido objeto de discusión entre los comentadores del autor el tipo de unidad conceptual que tendría la amistad. En el presente trabajo se pretende mostrar que el tipo de unidad conceptual que tiene la amistad es el de la analogía que se da en base a la semejanza entre los tipos de amistad. Para ello en una primera sección se abordará la distinción entre homonimia y sinonimia además de la noción de unidad para así comprender el problema. Junto con ello se tratará la cuestión de qué es la amistad y en cuántos sentidos se dice. En la última sección discutirá la vinculación de la semejanza y la analogía y luego el uso de la expresión ‘por semejanza’ (καθ’ ὁμοιότητα) para finalmente mostrar cómo se aplicaría la unidad analógica al caso de la amistad.

The geodynamic complexity in the western Mexican margin is controlled by the multiple interactions between the Rivera, Pacific, Cocos, and North American plates, as evidenced by a high seismicity rate, most of whose hypocenters are poorly located. To mitigate this uncertainty with the aim of improving these hypocentral locations, we undertook the TsuJal Project, a passive seafloor seismic project conducted from April to November 2016. In addition to the Jalisco Seismic Network, 10 LCHEAPO 2000 Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBSs) were deployed by the BO El Puma in a seafloor array from the Islas Marías Archipelago (Nayarit) to the offshore contact between the states of Colima and Michoacan. We located 445 earthquakes in four or more OBSs within the deployed array. Most of these earthquakes occurred in the contact region of the Rivera, Pacific, and Cocos plates, and a first analysis suggests the existence of three seismogenic zones (West, Center, and East) along the Rivera Transform fault that can be correlated with its morphological expression throughout the three seismogenic zones. The seismicity estimates that the Moho discontinuity is located at 10 km depth and supports earlier works regarding the West zone earthquake distribution. Subcrustal seismicity in the Central zone suggests that the Intra-Transform Spreading Basin domain is an ultra-low spreading ridge. A seismic swarm occurred during May and June 2016 between the eastern tip of the Paleo-Rivera Transform fault and the northern tip of the East Pacific Rise-Pacific Cocos Segment, illuminating some unidentified tectonic feature.

The crustal structure around the Islas Marías Archipelago has been debated for a long time. An important unresolved question is where the Rivera-North American plate subduction ends and the Tamayo fracture zone begins, from SE to NW. Results from the TsuJal project have shed light on the northwesternmost part of the Jalisco block structure. It is now clear that Sierra de Cleofas and the Islas Marías Escarpment comprise the northwestern continuation of the Middle America trench. However, other questions remain. In this paper, we present the structure of the shallow and deep crust and the upper mantle of the Islas Marías western region through the integration of multichannel seismic reflection, wide-angle seismic bathymetric and seismicity data, including records of an amphibious seismic network, OBS, and portable seismic stations, purposely deployed for this project, providing an onshore-offshore transect of 310 km length. Our findings disclose new evidence of the complex structure of the Rivera plate that dips 8°–9° underneath the NW Jalisco block as revealed by two seismic profiles parallel to the Islas Marías Escarpment. Moreover, we find five sedimentary basins and active normal faults at the edges of tectonic structures of the E-W oriented West Ranges and the N-S trending Sierra de Cleofas. Furthermore, the Sierra de Cleofas is the beginning of the active subduction of the Rivera plate beneath North America. The oceanic crust thickens and submerges towards the south while is coupled with the continental crust, from 6 km at the northern ends of the seismic profiles to 15 km in the contact region and 24 km at the coast and southern ends of them. The continental Moho was not fully characterized because of the geometry of the seismic transects, but a low-velocity layer associated with Rivera Plate subduction was observed beneath the Jalisco Block. Our results constrain the complexity of the area and reveal new structural features from the oceanic to continental crust and will be pivotal to assess geohazards in this area.

The tectonic interaction between the Rivera and North American plates north of the Bahía de Banderas is poorly understood. The nature of the crust and where the subduction ends in the western part of the Islas Marias Archipelago are still controversial. Based on new geophysical data provided by the TsuJal project, we present the shallow and deep crustal structure of the Rivera–North American plate contact zone along two seismic transects, TS09b and RTSIM01b, and the bathymetry obtained across the northern region of María Madre Island. Detailed bathymetric analysis allowed mapping of a series of lineaments along the study region, with two main preferred tendencies (020–050° and 290–320°) associated with the evolution of the Pacific-Rivera rise and the transform faults of the Gulf of California, respectively. The shallow structure is characterized by five sedimentary basins without deformation, whose horizons are subparallel, suggesting that the sediment deposition occurred after the extension process ended. The deep structure corresponds to a transition between oceanic crust (Rivera Plate), with an average thickness of ∼10 km to the Islas Marías Escarpment, and a thinned continental crust, whose thickness increases toward the continent until it reaches 28 km, with a dip angle of 7–10°. The absence of an accretionary prism suggests that the subduction process of the Rivera Plate beneath the North American Plate to the north of Islas Marías has ceased. In this study, we determined that the morphological expression of the northern limit of the Rivera Plate corresponds to the Islas Marías Escarpment.

Determining hydrogeological properties of the rock materials that constitute an aquifer through stress tests or laboratory tests presents inherent complications. An alternative tool that has significant advantages is the study of the groundwater-level response as a result of the pore-pressure variation caused by the internal structure deformation of the aquifer induced by barometric pressure and solid Earth tide. The purpose of this study was to estimate the values of the physical/hydraulic properties of the geological materials that constitute the Guadalupe Valley Aquifer based on the analysis of the groundwater-level response to barometric pressure and solid Earth tide. Representative values of specific storage (1.27 × 10−6 to 2.78 × 10−6 m−1), porosity (14–34%), storage coefficient (3.10 × 10−5 to 10.45 × 10−5), transmissivity (6.67 × 10−7 to 1.29 × 10−4 m2∙s−1), and hydraulic conductivity (2.30 × 10−3 to 2.97 × 10−1 m∙d−1) were estimated. The values obtained are consistent with the type of geological materials identified in the vicinity of the analyzed wells and values reported in previous studies. This analysis represents helpful information that can be considered a framework to design and assess management strategies for groundwater resources in the overexploited Guadalupe Valley Aquifer.

El estroma es un importante elemento para el tejido epitelial, capa sub-epitelial compuesta de matriz extracelular y de varios tipos de células. El estroma es mantenido, remodelado y reparado por fibroblastos residentes, apoya e instruye al epitelio, y es esencial para la función epitelial. Actualmente se reconoce que los cambios del estroma son necesarios para el establecimiento de cáncer ya que anteriormente se consideraba como un espectador frente a la expansión clonal y a la adquisición de características malignas de las células tumorales. La mayoría de estudios sobre el estroma y su relación con la generación, progresión y metástasis de neoplasias se han centrado especialmente en canceres como el de mama, próstata, gástrico, colorectal y cáncer cervical. Los reportes sobre cáncer cervical abordan específicamente aspectos como rasgos genómicos y clonalidad en carcinogénesis cervical. Sin embargo, la presencia de mutaciones en oncogenes Ha-ras en células estromales y su contribución a la generación y progresión de neoplasias escamosas cervicales aun no ha sido reportada. El propósito de este estudio fue detectar la presencia de mutaciones Ha-RAS en fibroblastos del estroma de biopsias de la zona de transformación del cuello uterino. Se seleccionaron ocho muestras de tejido fresco congelado de pacientes diagnosticadas con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de tipo escamoso (NIC I, NIC II, NIC III), cáncer in situ y carcinoma escamocelular infiltrante, tejido en el cual solo se encontraba representado el estroma sin evidencia de componente epitelial tumoral residual, y para cada uno de los cuales se contaba con el tejido cervical de control incluido en parafina que confirmaba la presencia de proceso neoplásico escamoso cervical. La detección de mutaciones Ha-ras codón 12 fue realizada mediante un PCR-SSCP no radioactivo y análisis enzimático de restricción. La mutación hallada para un cambio de una glicina por una valina en el codón 12 del oncogén Haras fue detectada en una sola muestra (12.5%), NIC III. La presencia de una mutación puntual del oncogén Ha-ras en el estroma de uno de estos casos analizados, representa un cambio importante, y sugiere una vía alterna que podría involucrar inestabilidad genética estromal en la generación de neoplasias intraepiteliales y progresión del cáncer de cuello uterino.

In this paper, we propose an improvement in the preprocessing stage of the reversible data hiding method based on contrast enhancement applied to grayscale digital images. In conventional proposals, the preprocessing stage plays a fundamental role in the performance of the data hiding algorithm in terms of capacity and visual quality. Thus, this work presents two improvements to the preprocessing stage based on the analysis, merging, and shifting the image histogram, which, in conjunction with the data hiding stage, maximize the embedding capacity while keeping the visual distortion at a minimum. The proposed algorithm was implemented on two image datasets and compared with several related works previously reported in the scientific literature. The experimental results show that the visual quality can be preserved after data have been concealed when employing different embedding rates. Either of the preprocessing techniques presented in this paper can be adopted considering the application scenario and the priority of the requirements of the capacity and visual quality needed.

A reversible data hiding in the encrypted domain (RDH-ED) aims to hide data within encrypted images, protecting its content, while allowing additional information to be distributed. This paper presents a complete separable RDH-ED scheme, whose main contribution is allowing the receiver to extract data and restore the image, either from the cryptogram with hidden data or from the directly decrypted version. With versatile bit-depth management, the most significant bits of each pixel are encrypted with AES-CTR cipher algorithm, while the additional data will be inserted inside the least significant bit planes of the encrypted pixels, by means of the code division multiplexing technique. Considering the marked/encrypted images, and encryption/data-hiding keys, a receiver could: (a) directly decrypt the encrypted image and obtain its approximate version, (b) extract the error-free hidden data, and (c) recover the data and original image. Considering an image approximation version and the data hiding key, a receiver could: (d) extract the hidden data from the plaintext domain, and (e) restore the image to its original state, while accessing the hidden data without any loss. Experimental results show the performance of the developed algorithm, evaluating the capacity and imperceptibility of the proposed scheme with respect to current state of the art.