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Cartilage hypoplasia syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by short stature, hypoplastic hair and a variable degree of immunodeficiency. Noninfectious cutaneous granulomas represent an uncommon yet well‐recognized manifestation within the spectrum of primary immunodeficiency diseases. However, cutaneous granulomas as a manifestation of cartilage‐hair hypoplasia syndrome, are extremely rare. We present a case of a middle‐aged man with cartilage hypoplasia syndrome featuring cutaneous granulomas, manifesting as chronic, extensive and deep cutaneous ulcers. The patient was treated with anti‐TNF‐alpha adalimumab with partial improvement. Our case underscores the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with cartilage hypoplasia syndrome and adds new evidence to the potential therapeutic efficacy of anti‐TNF‐alpha drugs in its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate real-world outcomes of patients receiving ACTIS, a medial collared, triple-tapered (MCTT) hip system vs. other implants, for primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patients with THA between 2016–2021 from Mercy Healthcare Systems–Orthopedics Database were evaluated. The primary outcome was the 2-year revision. Secondary outcomes included operating room (OR) time, length of stay (LOS), and discharge disposition. Fine Stratification and Weighting (FSW) controlled for baseline characteristic differences between ACTIS and other implant groups. Cox proportional regression evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) for revision. Among 9,225 patients with 10,205 THAs (mean [SD] age 66.8 [11.3] years, 56.0% female), MCTT was implanted in 1,591 hips and other implants in 8,614 hips. The balanced cohort included all 10,205 procedures (54.2% female; age 65.5 [11.3]; 14.1% Elixhauser index ≥5; 84.5% MCTT, 82.2% other since 2018; obesity 43.6% MCTT, 43.0% other). Two-year revision was 0.9% for MCTT and 1.8% for other implants (p =.021). HR for revision MCTT vs. other was 0.53 (95% CI 0.30–0.92; p =.023). Mean (SD) OR time was 69.07 (18.93) minutes for MCTT, 83.69 (43.88) for other implants (p <.001). LOS was 1.99 (1.15) days for MCTT, 2.45 (2.91) for other implants (p <.001). MCTT patients were more likely to be discharged home (90.7% vs 33.8%, p <.001) and less likely to be discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNF) (4.2% vs 9.6%, p <.001). One-year cost savings per patient with MCTT was projected at $2,342. MCTT patients had fewer revisions, reduced OR time, shorter LOS, more home and less SNF discharge, leading to cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple importations of Lilioceris cheni, a defoliating beetle of the invasive air potato plant, were received by the ARS-Invasive Plant Research Laboratory from 2002 to 2012. The last two, in 2011 (China) and 2012 (Nepal), formed the basis of two colonies from which releases were made into six Southeastern U.S. States. Colony populations were examined using the mitochondrial COI sequence. Phylogenetics, evolutionary divergence, a haplotype network, population statistics, and migration models were generated for the two colonies, countries of origin, and the inferred populations (clades). Phylogenetics eliminated the possibility of cryptic speciation and alleviated the need for host-range testing of the 2012 Nepalese samples. Evolutionary divergence showed the Chinese colony was 1.65X as divergent as the Nepalese, but one Nepalese clade was the most distinctly different of all clades. AMOVA showed most (>70%) genetic variation resided within rather than between colonies. In contrast, AMOVAs showed high levels (>61.5%) of genetic variation between underlying clades with proportionally less variation within. The haplotype network showed broad agreement with the phylogeny. Clade C, from China, displayed the largest number of haplotypes and the largest mutation-scaled effective population size in MIGRATE software. The best MIGRATE models indicated that migration and descent followed the order of phylogenetic descent. The results suggest that the genetic diversity being offered to the adventive range by these very divergent colonies (and clades) is large and should support great ecological flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive floating aquatic macrophyte giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) can rapidly alter ecosystem stability by forming a thick vegetative mat on the water surface. Management efforts are often required to clear waterways, and field releases of the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae) has been successful in restoring aquatic systems. Measuring weevil densities is critical to determine the success of this agent, thus routine Berlese funnel extractions from salvinia should be conducted. A laboratory study was designed to examine how to optimise adult weevil extraction under realistic salvinia biomasses and light intensities (heat source), and a second lab study was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and relative humidity on adult weevil behaviour. The objectives were to improve recommendations to ensure accurate population estimates in a reasonable period and understand what may drive adult weevil movement. We found that weevil movement from salvinia was initiated by increasing temperature above 40°C and decreasing relative humidity below 40%. For the purpose of expediting management decisions, we suggest completing extractions between 48 and 72 h, which requires biomass to be between 0.3 and 0.6 kg with halogen light bulbs of 60 or 75 watts. Additionally, we discovered that thermal stress to the insect was buffered by relative humidity, with individuals showing signs of stress at 3.5°C less when subjected to low initial humidity (∼55%), relative to high (100%). The change in thermal tolerance under different humidity scenarios may be explained by the weevil being a semi-aquatic insect that requires an aquatic plant host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perioperative pain management in small infants weighing <10 kg undergoing liver transplantation is challenging. The use of TEA in this setting has not been reported, as well as its potential role to facilitate IE, ie, in the OR. Methods: We describe here the use of TEA in two small infants who had IE after a LDLT procedure. Results: TEA was successfully performed and IE was achieved in both cases. Postoperative analgesia assessment in the OR was satisfactory according to the FLACC pain scale, with scores of 2 and 3 for each patient, respectively. There were no major complications in the postoperative period, and the two children were discharged home uneventfully. Conclusions: The use of TEA and its influence on IE rate and other perioperative outcomes should be more explored in small infants undergoing LDLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasion from giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell, Salviniaceae) blocks sunlight entering waterbodies, reducing submerged aquatic macrophytes, thus lowering dissolved oxygen and stressing aquatic organisms. Due to its rapid growth and ease of dispersal through fragmentation, giant salvinia can quickly become problematic and difficult to eradicate. Since invasion of giant salvinia is persistent, land managers need a cost-effective method of control. Biological control by the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has proven successful in controlling giant salvinia, and at a fraction of the cost of chemical and mechanical control. To maintain a source of salvinia weevils for field releases, mass rearing in outdoor ponds by natural resource managers is common practice in tropical regions. Using number of freezing hours and degree-day calculator, we examined how winter and spring conditions impacted the production of weevils in mass rearing ponds across southern Louisiana, USA. We found that winter temperature determined adult weevil mortality while spring temperature dictated reproduction, larval appearance, and timing of pond harvest. During winters with <55 h of freezing temperatures, ponds maintained densities of at least 13 adult salvinia weevils kg−1. Winter with >200 hours of freezing temperature reduced adult density in the ponds nearly extirpating the population. Larvae were found on samples on average at 89 degree-days which began accumulating in January 1st. This study suggested that winter and spring conditions are critical for mass rearing operations and population growth of C. salviniae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological control agent, Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (salvinia weevil), is being used for management of the highly invasive fern Salvinia molesta Mitchell (Salvinaceae) in Louisiana and Texas, USA. The weevils and plants are transported from the nurseries and rearing facilities to the field release sites in plastic totes. Despite the increased transport of weevil-infested plants during the warmer months, limited data exist on the impact of heat stress and survivability of adult C. salviniae. Therefore, research was conducted to determine temperatures inside totes during summer transport, and to determine the upper temperature threshold for adult weevil survival. Field data demonstrated that temperatures within the totes were capable of exceeding 35 °C, and the type of lid used to secure plant material influenced internal temperature. In addition, there were no differences in temperature within the totes. Growth chamber trials determined the upper lethal time to kill 50 and 90% of the test population (ULt50 and ULt90) at 35 °C was 27.5 and 42.8 hours, respectively, while at 40 °C, the ULt50 and ULt90 was 15.0 and 25.0 hours, respectively. As the temperature increased to 50 °C, the calculated ULt50 and ULt90 values were 5.0 and 11.0 minutes, respectively. These data provided evidence that C. salviniae mortality occurs more rapidly as the temperature increases, especially > 45 °C, and that extreme temperatures can occur within transportation totes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia) is a highly problematic, non-native, invasive species in the southeastern United States. Other than introduced biological control agents, observations of natural enemies to Giant Salvinia are rare within the United States. We observed a native crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Red Swamp Crayfish), feeding on Giant Salvinia in outdoor ponds that are typically utilized for mass-rearing Cyrtobagous salviniae (Salvinia Weevil), a Giant Salvinia biological control agent. Red Swamp Crayfish consumed the roots and leaves of Giant Salvinia, which greatly reduced its biomass. To our knowledge this is the first documented observation of the Red Swamp Crayfish consuming Giant Salvinia. This observation increases our knowledge about species that can consume Giant Salvinia and is a potential new pest of concern for managers of Salvinia Weevil rearing operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the cold tolerance of three populations of the salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae. When exposed to 0°C, lethal time to kill 90% of adults from the Bayou Nicholas population was greater than the Houma and Natchitoches populations. This weevil exhibited phenotypic plasticity which could be used in mass rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schinus terebinthifoliaRaddi (Anacardiaceae) (Brazilian peppertree) is one of the most serious terrestrial invasive plants in Florida. The leaf galling psyllid,Calophya latiforcepsBurckhardt (Hemiptera: Calophyidae), was discovered feeding on the Brazilian peppertree in Bahia, Brazil, in 2010, and is being evaluated for release as a biological control agent. In order to understand how this candidate biological control agent affects the growth ofS. terebinthifolia, we measured the effect of the psyllid on photosynthesis, leaf chlorophyll content and plant growth. Infested plants had lower photosynthesis compared to uninfested plants 30 and 45 days after gall initiation, and chlorophyll content was lower over a 70-d period. Plant height was reduced 31% and biomass 11% after three months of infestation. Results of these studies suggest thatC. latiforcepswill negatively affect the growth of the Brazilian peppertree if released in Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria associated with sap-feeding insect herbivores include not only symbionts that may increase their hosts’ fitness but also harmful plant pathogens. Calophya spp. gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) are being investigated for their potential as biological control agents of the noxious weed, Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia), in Florida. Although there are no examples of plant pathogen transmission by members of the family Calophyidae, several insects in the superfamily Psylloidea are known to transmit pathogenic bacteria in the genera Candidatus Liberibacter and Candidatus Phytoplasma. To determine whether Calophya spp. harbor potentially harmful plant pathogenic bacteria, we sequenced small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons generated from individuals from four Calophya spp. populations. All microbial SSU gene sequences fell into the bacterial domain, with 98-99% belonging to the Proteobacteria. The Calophya microbiomes contained a relatively simple community, with 49-79 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97%) detected, and only 5-8 OTUs with greater than 1% abundance. Candidatus Carsonella showed the highest relative abundance, with OTUs from this candidate genus representing between 51 – 65% of all recovered sequences. The next most abundant clade observed was an unclassified Enterobacteriacae group closely related to bacteria from the genera Buchnera and Blochmannia that ranged from 20-31% in relative abundance. Wolbachia populations were the third most abundant group and represented 7-27% of the diversity in microbial OTUs. No SSU rRNA gene sequences from putative pathogenic bacteria from the genera Ca. Liberibacter or Ca. Phytoplasma were detected in the microbiomes of the four Calophya populations. The probability that infected psyllids were present in our colonies, but were not sampled, was extremley low (1.39 x 10-10). As far as we are aware, our study is the first to characterize the microbiome of a candidate biological control agent, and coupled with previous work demonstrating a high degree of host specificity and absence of plant viruses, suggests that releasing Calophya spp. in United States poses minimal risk to non-target plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi ( Anacardiaceae), is one of the worst upland exotic weeds in Florida, USA. Foreign exploration for natural enemies led to the discovery of a pit-galling psyllid, Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt ( Hemiptera: Calophyidae), in the state of Bahia, Brazil, in 2010. Crawlers of C. latiforceps stimulate the formation of galls on the leaves of S. terebinthifolia resulting in leaf discoloration and in some cases leaf abscission. To determine whether C. latiforceps is a safe candidate for biological control of S. terebinthifolia, host specificity and the presence of selected plant pathogens were examined. Adult oviposition, gall formation, and adult survival of C. latiforceps were examined on 89 plant species under no-choice and choice conditions. We found that C. latiforceps laid eggs on plants in seven families; however, crawlers stimulated gall formation and completed development to adult only on S. terebinthifolia. All crawlers on non-target plants died, likely due to starvation caused either by the absence of a feeding stimulus or by a hypersensitive plant response. Under no-choice conditions, 10% of adults lived for 19 days on the target weed, but adult survival was reduced to <3 days on non-target plants. Choice testing revealed that females preferred to oviposit on S. terebinthifolia compared to non-target plants. Molecular methods and indicator host inoculations did not detect the presence of ' Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum', ' Ca. L. asiaticus', ' Ca. L. americanus', ' Ca. L. africanus', or plant viruses in adult C. latiforceps. We conclude that releasing C. latiforceps in the USA will have extremely low risk to non-target plants, and provides another tool for the management of S. terebinthifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 40 phr carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubber has been submitted to several experiments in order to identify the physical damage responsible for the mechanical softening recorded upon first stretch. Damage in the rubber matrix was determined by swelling. The filler structure alteration was monitored by electrical conductivity measurements. Both damages are shown to be of minor importance compared to the substantial mechanical softening undergone by the material. Degradation at the rubber–filler interface may be recovered by exposing the material at high temperatures in vacuo. The chain mobility in such storage conditions promotes free chain adsorption at the filler surface. The existence of a layer of polymer whose movements are hindered adds to the filler reinforcement and its desorption creates Mullins softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native range and life history studies of an agent provide critical information during the early stages of a weed biological control programme. Brazilian peppertree is considered to be one of the worst invasive trees of Florida uplands because of negative environmental impacts and lack of effective long-term control methods. A potential biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree,Calophya latiforcepsBurckhardt (Hemiptera: Calophyidae), was recently discovered in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Leaf feeding by the nymphs ofC. latiforcepsstimulates the tree to form pit galls. The objectives of this study were to quantify gall densities in Bahia and to study the life history adaptations ofC. latiforcepsunder greenhouse conditions. Densities of galls and their mortality sources were recorded in August 2012 and March 2013 from trees located along linear transects. Gall density per leaf ranged from 1.6 to 37.5 and 0.3 to 12.8, in August and March, respectively. Nymphal mortality due to parasitism and entomopathogens ranged from 1.2 to 13.8%. Greenhouse observations of host colonisation and evaluations of immature survival and adult performance were conducted using plants from Bahia. A critical step for host colonisation was gall initiation in response to nymphal feeding. Herbivory byC. latiforcepsresulted in stunted growth, leaf deformation, yellowing and shedding of leaves. Immature survival and development time were influenced by tree, and ranged from 11 to 75% (average 40%), and 35 to 53 days (average 38.6 days), respectively. Adults lived in average for 9.3 ± 0.6 days; and females laid 85.8 ± 16.4 eggs.C. latiforcepsappears to have characteristics of a promising candidate for biological control of Brazilian peppertree. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Brazilian peppertree,Schinus terebinthifoliaRaddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) (hereafterSchinus), is one of the worst invasive species in Florida and Hawaii. The thripsPseudophilothrips ichiniHood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) is being considered as a potential biological control agent ofSchinus. Two populations of this thrips were collected in the weed's native range; one from central-east Brazil (Ouro Preto thrips) and a second from north-east Brazil (Salvador thrips). Temperature requirements, adult fecundity and impact on different plant haplotypes byP. ichiniwere examined in the laboratory. Complete development of thrips from both populations occurred at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30°C. Two approaches were used to model the predicted distributions of the thrips populations in the USA: the physiological model (NAPPFAST) based on cold tolerance and the ecological niche model based on climatic variables (MaxEnt). The physiological model predicted that both populations ofP. ichinimay establish in similar areas of the USA, overlapping with the distribution ofSchinus. However, the niche model predicted that only the Ouro Preto thrips could establish in the USA. The difference in model predictions suggests an apparent preadaptation of the Salvador thrips to lower temperatures than those experienced at the locations they were collected in Brazil. The Ouro Preto thrips had similar fecundity on two FloridaSchinushaplotypes, whereas lower fecundity on haplotype A was found for the Salvador thrips. Based on these results, the Ouro Preto population may be better adapted to the climatic conditions and plant haplotypes found in Florida. Moreover, greenhouse studies indicated thatSchinusgrowth was greatly reduced by thrips feeding, which may result in lower weed reproduction and densities in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tropical soda apple (Solarium viarum Dunal) is a major exotic weed in pastures and conservation areas in subtropical regions. Anthonomus tenebrosus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was found feeding on the flowers of tropical soda apple in southern Brazil and was considered a potential biological control agent. The objectives of this study were to examine the life history and host specificity of A. tenebrosus. The development from egg to adult was measured at eight constant temperatures in growth chambers. The presence of reproductive diapause was measured by using a two-way factorial design with three temperatures (20, 22.5, and 25°C) and two photoperiods (14:10 and 10:14 [L:D] h). Temperature influenced the developmental time from egg to adult of A. tenebrosus, which ranged from 49.6 d at 16°C to 13.6 d at 28°C. The longevity of males ranged from 64 to 190 d, whereas females lived from 44 to 204 d. When exposed to 10:14 (L:D) h and 20°C, 35% of females entered reproductive diapause. The fundamental host range of A. tenebrosus--based on several life-history aspects, including adult longevity, oogenesis, and oviposition--and immature development of A. tenebrosus were studied. Under no-choice conditions, «80% of adults survived for 30 d on several Solanum melongena L. varieties, Solanum capsicoides, S. viarum, and Solanum carolinense L. A. tenebrosus completed development from egg to adult on a number of S. melongena varieties, the native plant S. carolinense, and the exotic plants S. capsicoides All., S. viarum, and Solanum tampicense Dunal. Under paired-choice conditions, adult feeding occurred on all species, whereas oviposition occurred only on S. viarum, S. capsicoides, and S. carolinense. Because of the nontarget attack to S. melongena and a native plant, A. tenebrosus should not be considered for release as a biological control agent of tropical soda apple in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Cremastobombycia chromolaenae, is described from Florida and Texas, USA. The larva is a leaf miner on Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and H. Robinson, a 2-3 m tall perennial shrub of the family Asteraceae, whose native range extends from southern Florida south to northern Argentina (Fig. 1). The plant is also known to occur in Africa, Asia, and Australia where it is considered exotic and in some countries has become a major weed. The larvae of C. chromolaenae are hypometamorphic and possess two distinct larval body forms and feeding behaviors-an early stage sap-feeding form with a flattened body and prognathous mouthparts and a later stage tissue-feeding form with a more cylindrical body and possessing hypognathous mouthparts. Based on head capsule counts and measurements, the larvae undergofive instars, with the first three instars being of the sap-feeding form and the last two tissue-feeding instars. The larval mine begins as a short, serpentine track which enlarges to a rounded, whitish, and eventually tentiform blotch. Cremastobombycia chromolaenae may have value as a biocontrol agent in those areas where the host plant has become a major problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yellowmargined leaf beetle, Microtheca ochroloma (Stal) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an adventive pest of cruciferous crops in the southeastern United States. Despite its pest status, there is limited information about the influence of temperature on development and survival of M. ochroloma. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of temperature on the development and survival of immature stages, and determine the cold tolerance of immature and adult stages. Development was evaluated at 15,20,25, and 30°C, and cold tolerance was measured at 5,0, and -5°C inside environmentally controlled chambers. Survival of M. ochroloma from egg to adult was ≈80% at 15,20, and 25°C, but only 24% at 30°C. Mean developmental time was longest at 15°C (57 d) and shortest at 30°C (17 d). Leaf area consumed by the fourth instar was 7.4-fold lower at 30°C compared with consumption at 15, 20, or 25°C. The lower developmental threshold varied from 7.3 to 9.8°C and the total degree-days required to complete development from egg to adult was 333. At 5,0, and -- 5°C, the LT90 values for the first instar were shorter compared with all other stadia, suggesting that the first instar is the most susceptible to cold temperatures. Eggs were most cold tolerant, followed by pupae and adults. Based on the LT50 (13d) and LT90 (38d) of eggs at 0°C, the predicted northern distribution of M. ochroloma extends to Kansas, Illinois, Kentucky, and Virginia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising atmospheric CO2 levels could have drastic effects on the performance of invasive weeds and their insect herbivores. Despite the importance of biological control as an effective management tool for environmental weeds, there have been few studies on the potential impact of climate change on the future efficacy of biological control. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of elevated CO2 on the performance of tropical soda apple Solanum viarum (Solanaceae) and its biological control agent Gratiana boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). We established three levels of CO2 in environmental growth chambers: ambient (400 ppm), medium (580 ppm) and high (780 ppm). Plants growing at the high level had greater biomass compared to those growing at the ambient and medium levels of CO2. Leaf water content and the amount of leaf nitrogen were reduced at high compared to ambient or medium CO2 levels. G. boliviana immature survival and developmental time were negatively affected at high CO2 but not at medium or ambient levels. Adults were lighter and smaller when reared at the high CO2 level compared to ambient and medium treatments, while adult fecundity was higher at the medium CO2 level. Leaf area consumed by fifth instars was lower when feeding on plants grown at the high CO2 level either inside a Petri dish or on potted plants. These results suggest that beetle performance may be diminished under future climate. However, further studies should incorporate other factors such as temperature and precipitation as well as the evolutionary potential of herbivores and plants to adapt to a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), native to South America, has invaded different habitats throughout south and central Florida. In recent surveys of natural enemies conducted in Salvador, Brazil (native range), a new species in the genus Paectes (Lepidoptera: Euteliidae) was found feeding on foliage of Brazilian peppertree. The objectives of this study were to describe the adult, larva and pupa and to examine the life history parameters of the new species, Paectes longiformis Pogue, a potential biocontrol agent of Brazilian peppertree. Survival and development of immature stages were examined at six constant temperatures (ranging from 16 to 34°C). All stages of P. longiformis were exposed to 0°C for 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 d, and lethal times were calculated (Ltime50, Ltime90). Paectes longiformis laid eggs singly on the plant foliage and completed five instars including a non-feeding pre-pupal stage that moved to the soil where it spun a cocoon. Complete development occurred at temperatures from 19 to 31°C, the lower developmental threshold was estimated to be 11.5°C and 454 degree-days were required to complete development from egg to adult. The lethal times at 0°C (Ltime50=1 d, Ltime90=5 d) were used to construct isothermal lines to predict areas of establishment in the continental US. The predicted distribution includes the southeastern states including Florida, in addition to southern Texas and Arizona, and California. Overall, this study provides a species description, along with baseline information about the biology and temperature requirements of P. longiformis, a potential biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Tropical soda apple (TSA), Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae), has invaded many pastures and natural areas in Florida. The biological control agent Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) is providing adequate control of TSA stands in South and Central Florida. However, poor or no establishment of this agent has occurred in northern Florida. The goal of this study was to examine the mortality factors that influence the population dynamics of G. boliviana in Florida. Horizontal life tables were constructed by following cohorts of individuals in the laboratory and inside closed and open cages at field sites in Central and North Florida. Fertility life table parameters were estimated using laboratory and field data. In addition, as part of a vertical life table analysis, TSA plants were sampled every two weeks in pastures in Central Florida, and counts of all G. boliviana and other herbivores and predators were recorded. Survival to adulthood was similar between Central and North Florida (open cages: 12–19%). Intrinsic mortality (laboratory data) and biotic factors (predation) together accounted for 75% of the mortality of immature stages. Survival of beetles in a natural population determined from vertical life tables was 5%. A complex of three mirid species (Engytatus modesta Distant, Tupiocoris notatus Distant, and Macrolophus sp.) were the most abundant predators found in the field, and are known to feed on G. boliviana eggs and larvae. Positive growth rates (r m =0.3) during the summer and early fall allow the beetle population to increase and provide suppression of TSA in Central Florida. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The South American leaf-feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has been released since 2003 in the southeastern United States to control the invasive weed tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae). Successful establishment of a biological control agent in temperate and subtropical regions depends on several life-history adaptations, including winter diapause. The timing of diapause allows the syncronization of insect herbivores with the phenology of plants, and field observations in Florida suggested that G. boliviana overwinters as an adult in diapause. The objectives of this study were to describe the diapause of G. boliviana and determine the effect of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction. Compared with non-diapause adults, diapausing adults were yellow rather than green, had hypertrophied fat bodies, contained little food in the digestive tract, showed negligible ovarian development, and minimal movement of the hind wings when the beetles were placed on their dorsal sides. Although all nondiapause females laid eggs during a 30-d period, only five of 76 diapausing females laid eggs and this occurred only during the first 15 d of the treatment period. Consistent with morphological indicators of diapause, the respiration rate was 2.3 times lower and fat content was 2-3 times greater in diapausing adults compared with nondiapause adults. In a laboratory study, the critical daylength for diapause induction was found to be 12 h:28 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Life history parameters of the sap-feeding bug Ischnodemus variegatus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Blissidae) were compared between the invasive Neotropical grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees and the Australian native Hymenachne acutigluma (Steudel) Guilliland. Development of immatures, adult longevity, ovipositional preference and population growth of I. variegatus were compared on H. amplexicaulis and H. acutigluma under choice and no-choice conditions. Third-instar nymphs developed on both hosts but individuals reared on H. acutigluma had a 40% lower survival rate to the adult stage, 40% longer developmental time, a 9% reduction in length and a 30% reduction in weight of females compared to those reared on H. amplexicaulis. The no-choice adult longevity and oviposition study indicated that individuals feeding on H. acutigluma had half the lifespan, 62% as many ovipositing females, 52% longer time to first oviposition and only 14% as many eggs per female. Under choice conditions, females laid only 37% as many eggs on H. acutigluma as on H. amplexicaulis. Population growth of I. variegatus was slower on H. acutigluma compared to H. amplexicaulis over a 60day period resulting in negative population increase on H. acutigluma but positive increase on H. amplexicaulis. These results reflect an overall poorer performance of I. variegatus on H. acutigluma for most life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of herbivory by Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on the invasive, tropical soda apple (TSA) (Solanum viarum Dunal, Solanaceae), was investigated using exclusion methods and by monitoring the density of G. boliviana and the weed at four locations over a period of 40 months. TSA plants protected by insecticide were taller, wider, and had greater canopy cover that unprotected plants, and plants in closed cages were taller and wider than those in open cages. Survival of plants was higher in plots protected with insecticide than in unprotected plots in both years of a 2-year study. In the population dynamics study, the initial density of TSA was 4-5 times higher at one of the locations than at the other three sites, but within 3 years, TSA density at the high density site had declined by 90%. At the three sites which initially had a low abundance of TSA, density remained low throughout the study. The intrinsic rate of increase of G. boliviana varied between -3.9 and 4.5, but over the 3-year study, was not different from zero, indicating a stable population. The intrinsic rate of increase was lower than zero for the period from October to January, and greater than zero during the January to April period. In the periods from April to July and July to October, the rate of increase was not different from zero. The implications of these results for biological control of TSA in Florida are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bug Ischnodemus variegatus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Blissidae) is an adventive herbivore, native to South America that feeds in the invasive grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees (Poaceae). This grass is a problematic weed in Florida and Australia, but it is a highly valued forage in Mexico, Cuba, and Venezuela. We studied the influence of nine constant temperatures (8-38°C) on the developmental time and survival of!. variegatus. Complete egg and nymphal mortality occurred at temperatures ≤20.5°C and at 38°C. Developmental time decreased linearly with temperature until 28-30°C and then increased at 33°C. Mortality of first, second, and third instars was high across all temperatures. Developmental time across all temperatures was greatest for eggs, first and fifth instars compared with other stages. Linear and Bribre-1 nonlinear models were used to determine the lower temperature threshold at which the developmental rate (1/D) approached zero. The lower thresholds to complete development (egg to adult) estimated with the linear and nonlinear model were 14.6 and 17.4°C, respectively. The total degree-days required to complete development estimated by the linear model was 588. Using temperature data from Florida, a map was generated to project a prediction grid of I. variegatus generations per yr. Based on these predictions, the insect can complete three to five generations per year in areas currently invaded in Florida. Results of this study will be used to understand the potential distribution and population growth of I. variegatus in H. amplexicaulis infested regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf beetle Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was introduced from South America into the southeastern United States in 2003 as a classical biological control agent of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae). Temperature-dependent development and survival studies revealed that development was completed at temperatures >16°C and ≤34°C. The number of degree-days required to complete one generation was 341 and the estimated lower developmental threshold was 13.37°C. Using nonlinear regression, the upper lethal threshold was estimated to be 34-35°C. Cold tolerance studies revealed that the lethal time for 90% of adults (LT90) was 12.6 days at 5°C and 8.68 days at 0°C. Based on the developmental and cold tolerance data, a map predicting the areas of establishment and number of generations per year was generated, which suggests that the northern extent of the G. boliviana range in the USA will be near 32-33° north latitude. Fewer generations per year in more northern areas of the southeastern USA may decrease the effectiveness of this biological control agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four populations of Calophya spp. (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) collected in Brazil were characterized using molecular and morphological methods. Examination of adults revealed the presence of 2 morphotypes, which were identified as C. latiforceps and C. terebinthifolii. However, morphological examination of 5th instar nymphs detected differences within C. latiforceps, with a population from Ubu, Espírito Santo, being distinct from the other 2 populations. Molecular characterization of the mitochondrial CO1 gene supported the presence of a new species of Calophya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Privets (Ligustrum spp.) are popular hedge shrubs that escape from gardens and cause negative impacts by invading forests in the United States. The narrow host specificity of the seed-feeding weevil, Ochyromera ligustri, suggests that this weevil could be considered a fortuitous biological control agent of privets. To find out the host range of this weevil, time-consuming experiments involving rearing and dissections are often conducted. Herein, we developed PCR primers to rapidly and accurately detect the presence of the weevil in privet fruits. We confirmed that the novel PCR primers specifically work for O. ligustri even with a small quantity of DNA, which was 0.01 ng. Using the newly developed PCR-based detection saves time and labor in research related to the detection and impact of this weevil. Ligustrum spp. (Oleaceae) have become invasive species in the US and negatively affect native plant diversity and richness in forests. Ochyromera ligustri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a potential biological control agent in the US because adults feed on the foliage and larvae are seed-feeders of Ligustrum spp. To discover the relationships between O. ligustri and Ligustrum spp., fruit dissections or rearing and field observations are required. In the current research project, novel PCR primers were developed to rapidly detect the DNA of O. ligustri in molecular analyses without rearing and observation. The developed PCR primers worked even with 0.01 ng of DNA and did not amplify the DNA of the other five curculionid species tested. When the novel primers were tested with three Ligustrum spp. species common in the southeastern US, the DNA of O. ligustri was detected from all three species. We expect that the novel primers will be utilized to find out the presence and impact of O. ligustri on Ligustrum spp rapidly and accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents suggestions to libraries interested in developing outreach programs for farm workers. Goals for developing outreach programs; Organizations that deal with farm workers; Methods that can be used to monitor the programs.

Schoenlandella Cameron, 1905 is the second largest genus of Cardiochilinae. Most members are recorded from the Old World, with a small number of species in the New World. Herein, the New World species of Schoenlandella are revised based on morphological data. This work entails a description of a new species: S. montserratensis Kang, sp. nov. and potential lepidopteran host information of the new species associated with bitter gourds on the Caribbean Island of Montserrat. Schoenlandella diaphaniae (Marsh, 1986) and S. gloriosa Mercado & Wharton, 2003 are re-described, and a key to species of New World Schoenlandella is provided. The taxonomic status of Schoenlandella is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-native aquatic fern giant salvinia, Salvinia molesta Mitchell (Salviniaceae), poses a risk to freshwater ecosystems through limiting light penetration, decreasing submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) abundance, altering water quality, and potentially leading to changes in macroinvertebrate community structure. Here, we conducted repeated quarterly field surveys and measured light, nutrients, water quality, and aquatic macroinvertebrate community composition and energetic value to detect effects from giant salvinia invasion. Giant salvinia reduced dissolved oxygen, pH and light availability in the aquatic environment, and increased the concentration of orthophosphate and ammonium. Following initial colonization, macroinvertebrate communities in giant salvinia resembled SAV communities dominated by aquatic insects, however, richness and relative abundance in giant salvinia decreased over time, resulting in a community populated by few taxa, primarily crustaceans. Total macroinvertebrate energetic value in giant salvinia was significantly lower than SAV communities. Giant salvinia invasion changed habitat composition, triggered internal nutrient loading, and reduced macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, and ecosystem productivity. Our findings demonstrate larger ecological impacts from giant salvinia than previously reported, including potential disruption to the transfer of energy between trophic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) is considered a new epidemic. FXII deficiency is supposed to be a cause of thrombosis. To search for unknown causes of thrombosis in our population, our aim was to determine if FXII deficiency can be considered a risk factor for VTD. Young adult Mexican patients with at least one VTD episode and healthy controls were included in this prospective, observational, controlled study. Liver and renal function tests, blood cytometry, and blood coagulation assays were performed. Plasma FXII activity and its concentration were evaluated. Over a two-year period, 250 patients and 250 controls were included. FXII activity was significantly lower in the control group compared to patients with VTD (p = 0.005). However, percentage of patients and controls with FXII deficiency was 8.8 and 9.2%, respectively (p = 1.000). No significant association was found between FXII deficiency and VTD (p = 1.0). FXII plasma concentration was lower in controls vs. patients with VTD: 4.05 vs. 6.19 ng/mL (p <0.001). Percentage of patients with low FXII plasma concentration was 1.6% and 6.0% in patients and controls, respectively (p = 0.010). FXII deficiency is a frequent finding in patients with VTD and controls in Mexico. Some patients with FXII deficiency had normal APTT result, an effect not described above. FXII plasma concentration was lower in patients with low activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae), is an invasive vine that climbs into vegetation outcompeting native species and altering ecosystems in the southeastern USA. The biological control agent, Lilioceris cheni Gressitt and Kimoto (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), has been released in Florida since 2011 and in other states including Georgia (2015), Louisiana (2016), Texas (2017), Mississippi (2018), and Alabama (2018) to manage air potato. Despite the wide distribution of the weed and mass rearing efforts, there are no studies documenting the establishment of L. cheni outside of Florida. The objectives of this study were to document the beetle release efforts by several agencies and determine the establishment and impact of L. cheni across the southeastern USA. Using community science reports and field surveys, we documented the distribution of air potato and L. cheni. Results demonstrated that the distribution of air potato extends to temperate regions from South Carolina and Georgia to subtropical regions of Louisiana, Texas, and Florida. Surveys showed that the beetle is present across all states with releases, and numbers fluctuated between 6 and 37 beetles counted per 30-surveyor-minutes. Most sites sampled had moderate to high beetle damage (scales of 3–4 out of 5), and air potato cover was low to moderate (2–3 out of 5). However, air potato was still abundant in some areas, which suggests the need for additional beetle releases and/or the use of other tactics to achieve management goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this position paper is two-fold: first, to describe the state of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation education worldwide, noting current limitations and challenges; and second, to put forth an educational agenda regarding opportunities for an international collaborative approach toward standardization.Design: Relevant medical literature was reviewed through literature search, and materials from national organizations were accessed through the Internet. Taskforce members generated a consensus statement using an iterative consensus process through teleconferences and electronic communication.Setting: In 2018, the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization convened the ECMOed Taskforce at two structured, face-to-face meetings of 40 healthcare practitioners and educators with expertise in caring for the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient and in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation education.Patients: None.Interventions: None.Measurements and Main Results: The ECMOed Taskforce identified seven educational domains that would benefit from international collaborative efforts. Of primary importance, the Taskforce outlined actionable items regarding 1) the creation of a standardized extracorporeal membrane oxygenation curriculum; 2) defining criteria for an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course as a vehicle for delivering the curriculum; 3) outlining a mechanism for evaluating the quality of educational offerings; 4) utilizing validated assessment tools in the development of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation practitioner certification; and 5) promoting high-quality educational research to guide ongoing educational and competency assessment development.Conclusions: Significant variability and limitations in global extracorporeal membrane oxygenation education exist. In this position paper, we outline a road map for standardizing international extracorporeal membrane oxygenation education and practitioner certification. Ongoing high-quality educational research is needed to evaluate the impact of these initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolome represents an important functional trait likely important to plant invasion success, but we have a limited understanding of whether the entire metabolome or targeted groups of compounds confer an advantage to invasive as compared to native taxa. We conducted a lipidomic and metabolomic analysis of the cosmopolitan wetland grass Phragmites australis. We classified features into metabolic pathways, subclasses, and classes. Subsequently, we used Random Forests to identify informative features to differentiate five phylogeographic and ecologically distinct lineages: European native, North American invasive, North American native, Gulf, and Delta. We found that lineages had unique phytochemical fingerprints, although there was overlap between the North American invasive and North American native lineages. Furthermore, we found that divergence in phytochemical diversity was driven by compound evenness rather than metabolite richness. Interestingly, the North American invasive lineage had greater chemical evenness than the Delta and Gulf lineages but lower evenness than the North American native lineage. Our results suggest that metabolomic evenness may represent a critical functional trait within a plant species. Its role in invasion success, resistance to herbivory, and large-scale die-off events common to this and other plant species remain to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is an invasive pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. L. (Lythraceae) in the southeastern USA. Information about its temperature-dependent development and host range is limited. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of temperature on the immature development of A. lagerstroemiae, and to determine plant species suitable for immature development and reproduction. Developmental time and survival of eggs were evaluated at 7 constant temperatures from 17.5 to 32 °C, and of nymphs at 20, 25, and 30 °C. Results suggested that 27.5 °C was the optimum temperature for egg hatching with the shortest time (10 d) and the highest hatching rate (95%). The developmental time for A. lagerstroemiae from nymph to prepupa and gravid female was 56 d and 68 d at 30 °C, respectively. Five plant species besides crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei L.) were able to support the immature development and reproduction of A. lagerstroemiae under no-choice conditions, including Lawsonia inermis L., Heimia salicifolia Link, Punica granatum L., Lythrum alatum Pursh (all Lythraceae), and Callicarpa americana L. (Lamiaceae). At wk 12 from inoculation, the density of gravid females was 482 ± 92 (mean ± standard error) on L. indica × fauriei, 200 ± 70 on C. americana, and < 150 on other species. Using data from developmental time and host range, integrated pest management (IPM) practitioners can implement preventive strategies for A. lagerstroemiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • This is the first study of cold tolerance mechanisms in the superfamily Coccoidea. • Reduced body water content and increased energy reserve were found in winter insects. • Short-chain fatty acids accumulated in triacylglycerol in winter insects. • d -Mannitol is the major cryoprotectant. Abstract Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors influencing the adaptation and diversification of insects. Diverse and complex physiological mechanisms have evolved to help insects adapt to seasonal changes in temperature and prevent cold injury. Although the mechanisms of seasonal adaptation to low temperatures have been studied for insects in different taxa, none of these mechanisms have been investigated in scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea. The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae), is a newly introduced scale pest of crapemyrtles, Lagerstroemia spp. (Myrtales: Lythraceae). Our previous study concerning the cold tolerance of this pest suggested that, from summer to winter, A. lagerstroemiae seasonally adapted to lower temperature with a 5 °C reduction of supercooling points. In addition, time required to achieve the same levels of mortality at lower temperatures also increased. In this study, we used A. lagerstroemiae as a model system to investigate the physiological mechanisms correlated with changes in cold tolerance in scale insects, by measuring water content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and cryoprotective polyols and sugars every other month. Results suggested that water content was lower in winter and early spring than in summer and early fall (40.8% vs. 63.3%). The proportions of the fatty acids in PL were similar over seasons, but in TAG, shorter chain fatty acids (from C6:0 to C10:0) increased in winter as longer chain fatty acids (from C14:0 to C18:0) decreased. Among all measured polyols and sugars, including glycerol, d -mannitol, myo -inositol, and d -trehalose, the levels of d -mannitol were the highest in January 2016, which were 19-times of those in March 2016 and 4.5-times of those in September 2016. Results from this study provide a better understanding on how A. lagerstroemiae overwinters, which may give insights into the overwintering strategies of other scale insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Anacardaceae), native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, is one of the most invasive weeds in Florida. In its native range, at least 4 psyllid species of the genus Calophya (Hemiptera: Calophyidae) are associated with it. All 4 species are monophagous and constitute a likely monophyletic group that induce pit galls, usually on the upper leaf surface. Here we revise the taxonomy of these species, 2 of which are described as new, viz. C. lutea sp. nov. and C. praestigiator sp. nov. Morphological differences between the 4 species are detailed and relevant structures are figured. Keys for adults and the fifth instars are provided for the identification of the 8 species known to induce pit galls on Schinus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studied and optimized devulcanization process is known as “High Shear Mixing” (HSM) recycling process. In the process the rubber is sheared between two metallic cones with special geometries. One cone is static as the other one rotates simultaneously and applies pressure to the material. Among the different parameters that are controlled and/or measured during the process two are highlighted for their importance: the temperature of the rubber, and the specific mechanical energy consumed during the process. It is shown that the energy consumed by the rotor can be correlated to the degree of devulcanization of the rubber which is measured by means of physicochemical analyses. An optimal state of surface activation on the treated rubber is also described. A physical model of the rubber network evolution along the HSM treatment is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pathophysiology of advanced liver cirrhosis may induce alterations in the circulatory system that may be challenging for the anesthesiologist to manage intraoperatively, and perioperative cardiovascular events are associated with worse outcomes in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. It remains controversial whether right ventricular function is impaired during this procedure. Studies using transesophageal echocardiography for quantitative analysis of the right ventricle remain scarce in this setting, yielding conflicting results. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative assessment of right ventricular function with two parameters derived from transesophageal echocardiography during liver transplantation. Methods: Nineteen adult patients of both genders undergoing liver transplantation were evaluated in this observational study. The exclusion criteria were age under 18 or above 65 years old, fulminant hepatic failure, hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, cardiopulmonary disease, and contraindications to the transesophageal echocardiogram. Right ventricular function was assessed at five stages during liver transplantation: baseline, hepatectomy, anhepatic, postreperfusion, and closure by measuring tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right ventricular fractional area change obtained with transesophageal echocardiography. Results: Right ventricular function was found to be normal throughout the procedure. The tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion showed a trend toward a decrease in the anhepatic phase compared to baseline (2.0 ± 0.9 cm vs. 2.4 ± 0.7 cm; P = 0.24) but with full recovery after reperfusion. Right ventricular fractional area change remained nearly constant during all stages studied (minimum: 50% ± 10 at baseline and anhepatic phase; maximum: 56% ± 12 at postreperfusion; P = 0.24). Conclusions: Right ventricular function was preserved during liver transplantation at the time points evaluated by two quantitative parameters derived from transesophageal echocardiogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used for patients with severe respiratory failure and has received particular attention during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Evidence from two key randomized controlled trials, a subsequent post hoc Bayesian analysis, and meta-analyses support the interpretation of a benefit of ECMO in combination with ultra-lung-protective ventilation for select patients with very severe forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During the pandemic, new evidence has emerged helping to better define the role of ECMO for patients with COVID-19. Results from large cohorts suggest outcomes during the first wave of the pandemic were similar to those in non-COVID-19 cohorts. As the pandemic continued, mortality of patients supported with ECMO has increased. However, the precise reasons for this observation are unclear. Known risk factors for mortality in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients are higher patient age, concomitant extra-pulmonary organ failures or malignancies, prolonged mechanical ventilation before ECMO, less experienced treatment teams and lower ECMO caseloads in the treating center. ECMO is a high resource-dependent support option; therefore, it should be used judiciously, and its availability may need to be constrained when resources are scarce. More evidence from high-quality research is required to better define the role and limitations of ECMO in patients with severe COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Over the past few years, liver surgery has been in constant evolution and gained many improvements that helped surgeons push limits further. A complex procedure such as left extended trisectionectomy, as described by Makuuchi in 1987, may be performed in selected cases. Aim. Describe a case of successful resection of a huge bilobar liver sarcoma involving all hepatic veins from a young female patient, in which the blood outflow was preserved through an inferior right hepatic vein, leaving only segment 6 as liver remnant. Case Report. A 19-year-old female with a 3-month history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss was referred for our evaluation. CT scan and MRI revealed a heterogeneous and bulky expansive hepatic lesion, sparing only segment 6, with an estimated volume of 530 cm3, corresponding to a 1.2 FLR/BW ratio. The tumor involved the three major hepatic veins, but an inferior right hepatic vein was present, draining the spared segment 6. She was submitted to a left trisectionectomy extended to the caudate lobe and segment 7, including resection of all hepatic veins and lymphadenectomy of the hepatic pedicle. She was discharged on the 7th postoperative day without complications. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver. Conclusion. Inferior right hepatic vein-preserving left extended trisectionectomy is a safe and feasible procedure that should be performed by a hepatobiliary team experienced in major complex hepatectomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case report, we describe a child with biliary atresia who underwent a living LDLT and developed severe coagulopathy after reperfusion of the graft. The ROTEM® analysis strongly suggested the presence of either a heparin effect or severe deficiency of coagulation factors. The former diagnosis was supported by a subsequent in-vitro HEPTEM. A small dose of protamine sulphate was then administered, which promptly restored hemostasis. The remainder of the procedure was uneventful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg duration period, immature development time, and pre-oviposition period of the cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi, were measured at 9 constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg duration period ranged from 15 d at 20°C to 7 d at 30°C. First instar development time was 30 d at 18°C but only 4 d at 35°C. No first instars completed development below 18°C or above 35°C. Development time of second instar females ranged from 19 d at 18 and 20°C to 9 d at 30°C. Development time of male second instar + pupa ranged from 15 d at 20°C to 9-10 d at 25-32°C. Pre-oviposition period averaged 14 d at 20°C to 8 d at 25- 32°C; no females laid eggs at 18 and 35°C. The lowest temperature threshold for all stages ranged from 8 to 12°C and 538 degree-days were required for female immature development in a linear model. Development rates of the scale are compared to those of 3 of its natural enemies, Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, Rhyzobius lophanthae (Blaisdell), and Coccobius fulvus (Compere and Annecke). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, the care of patients with COVID-19 has changed and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has increased. We aimed to examine patient selection, treatments, outcomes, and ECMO centre characteristics over the course of the pandemic to date.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry and COVID-19 Addendum to compare three groups of ECMO-supported patients with COVID-19 (aged ≥16 years). At early-adopting centres-ie, those using ECMO support for COVID-19 throughout 2020-we compared patients who started ECMO on or before May 1, 2020 (group A1), and between May 2 and Dec 31, 2020 (group A2). Late-adopting centres were those that provided ECMO for COVID-19 only after May 1, 2020 (group B). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality in a time-to-event analysis assessed 90 days after ECMO initiation. A Cox proportional hazards model was fit to compare the patient and centre-level adjusted relative risk of mortality among the groups.Findings: In 2020, 4812 patients with COVID-19 received ECMO across 349 centres within 41 countries. For early-adopting centres, the cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after ECMO initiation was 36·9% (95% CI 34·1-39·7) in patients who started ECMO on or before May 1 (group A1) versus 51·9% (50·0-53·8) after May 1 (group A2); at late-adopting centres (group B), it was 58·9% (55·4-62·3). Relative to patients in group A2, group A1 patients had a lower adjusted relative risk of in-hospital mortality 90 days after ECMO (hazard ratio 0·82 [0·70-0·96]), whereas group B patients had a higher adjusted relative risk (1·42 [1·17-1·73]).Interpretation: Mortality after ECMO for patients with COVID-19 worsened during 2020. These findings inform the role of ECMO in COVID-19 for patients, clinicians, and policy makers.Funding: None. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• COVID-19 is associated with vascular endothelial damage and thrombosis. • ECFCs from recovered COVID-19 patients are abnormal and have no proliferative capacity. • Plasma from COVID-19 patients induces dysfunction of ECFCs obtained from controls and VTD patients. • Our date may help to explain the increased frequency of thrombotic episodes in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems have been widely deployed as a powerful tool to prevent, detect, and react against cyber-attacks. SIEM solutions have evolved to become comprehensive systems that provide a wide visibility to identify areas of high risks and proactively focus on mitigation strategies aiming at reducing costs and time for incident response. Currently, SIEM systems and related solutions are slowly converging with big data analytics tools. We survey the most widely used SIEMs regarding their critical functionality and provide an analysis of external factors affecting the SIEM landscape in mid and long-term. A list of potential enhancements for the next generation of SIEMs is provided as part of the review of existing solutions as well as an analysis on their benefits and usage in critical infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A methodology was developed to quantify postharvest economic losses due to bean hardening, and was used to predict losses in the main variety of beans consumed in Chile. Losses caused by bean hardening during storage in Chile were determined from a survey and a model of the post‐production trade system. The survey involved nine farmers and four wholesalers in the bean growing area. After one year of storage, losses due to hardening were significant at both ends of the commercialization chain. The model used dynamic simulation of the post‐harvest trade chain of beans in Chile to predict the losses. The overall economical loss due to this defect in tortola beans only, was estimated at almost US$4 million per annum. Of this loss, 34% was attributable to physical losses, 41% to nutritional losses and 24% to extra energy required to cook beans. Alternatives to reduce energy consumption were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Biotic and abiotic influences on weed biological control vary geographically. • Literature and a global database on weed biological control were reviewed. • Abiotic limitations such as temperature and precipitation were most common. • Biogeographical studies will inform predictions and manage control expectations. The impacts of different biotic and abiotic limiting factors on introduced biological control agents and their weed targets may result in geographically variable control, with implications for ongoing management and plans to improve efficacy. Geographic variability in control successes, however, may be underreported. Using the comprehensive catalogue, "Biological control of weeds: A world catalogue of agents and their target weeds", we assessed whether geographic variability in successful control is common, whether variability in programs could be attributed to limiting factors, and which factors were most likely responsible for variable success. In 38% of all reviewed programs, success was deemed spatially variable but nearly half of variable programs had unknown or unreported limiting factors. We discuss the factors that can contribute to geographic variability in agent abundance and associated success of weed biological control, provide case studies and current biological control practices, and finally discuss the potential ecological and evolutionary consequences of this variability. Published data to assess whether geographic patterns of variability were predictable, or to quantify variability along environmental gradients are lacking. Research that addresses the strength of agent-host interactions across environmental gradients, such as temperature or precipitation, or examines spatial variability in a metapopulation or landscape context may provide the best understanding of control failures and contribute to a biogeographic framework within which to evaluate ongoing and future biological control projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple major health organisations recommend the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for COVID-19-related acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. However, initial reports of ECMO use in patients with COVID-19 described very high mortality and there have been no large, international cohort studies of ECMO for COVID-19 reported to date.Methods: We used data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry to characterise the epidemiology, hospital course, and outcomes of patients aged 16 years or older with confirmed COVID-19 who had ECMO support initiated between Jan 16 and May 1, 2020, at 213 hospitals in 36 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital death in a time-to-event analysis assessed at 90 days after ECMO initiation. We applied a multivariable Cox model to examine whether patient and hospital factors were associated with in-hospital mortality.Findings: Data for 1035 patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO support were included in this study. Of these, 67 (6%) remained hospitalised, 311 (30%) were discharged home or to an acute rehabilitation centre, 101 (10%) were discharged to a long-term acute care centre or unspecified location, 176 (17%) were discharged to another hospital, and 380 (37%) died. The estimated cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after the initiation of ECMO was 37·4% (95% CI 34·4-40·4). Mortality was 39% (380 of 968) in patients with a final disposition of death or hospital discharge. The use of ECMO for circulatory support was independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio 1·89, 95% CI 1·20-2·97). In the subset of patients with COVID-19 receiving respiratory (venovenous) ECMO and characterised as having acute respiratory distress syndrome, the estimated cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after the initiation of ECMO was 38·0% (95% CI 34·6-41·5).Interpretation: In patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO, both estimated mortality 90 days after ECMO and mortality in those with a final disposition of death or discharge were less than 40%. These data from 213 hospitals worldwide provide a generalisable estimate of ECMO mortality in the setting of COVID-19.Funding: None. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]