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A europium(III) coordination compound based on thio-phene-acrylic acid (Htpa), tri-aqua-tris-[3-(thio-phen-2-yl)prop-2-enoato-κ 2 O , O ']europium(III)-3-(thio-phen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid (1/3), [Eu(C 7 H 5 O 2 S) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ]·3C 7 H 6 O 2 S or [Eu(tpa) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ]·3(Htpa) ( 1 ), where tpa is the conjugate base of Htpa, has been synthesized and structurally characterized. Compound 1 crystallizes in the trigonal space group R 3. The structure of 1 consists of a discrete mol-ecular complex [Eu(tpa) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] species and the Htpa mol-ecule. In the crystal, the two components are involved in O-H⋯O [ring motif R 2 2 (8)] and C-H⋯π hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. These inter-actions were further investigated by Hirshfeld surface analysis, which showed high contributions of H⋯H, H⋯C/C⋯H and H⋯O/O⋯H contacts to the total Hirshfeld surfaces., (© Jiajaroen et al. 2023.)

Zilpaterol and clenbuterol are two β-adrenergic agonist drugs used in animal production. Both drugs have anabolic effects with advantages on carcass yield. Meanwhile, zilpaterol is approved for animal feed in authorized countries. Clenbuterol is a banned substance due to the risk of toxicity; however, it is still being used in unknown dose levels in many farm species. Therefore, the use and abuse of these substances should be closely monitored, considering the clenbuterol ability and the not proved yet of zilpaterol to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Regarding glutathione which is the main intracellular antioxidant plays detoxification functions on liver metabolism; in this work, it is our interest to know the capacity of chitosan-glutathione nanoparticles (CS/GSH-NP) as a complementary source of exogenous GSH to modify the oxide-reduction status on bovine precision-cut liver slice cultures (PCLS) exposed to clenbuterol and zilpaterol. A single drug assay was performed in first instance by adding clenbuterol, zilpaterol, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP), and CS/GSH-NP. Then combinate drug assay was carried out by testing clenbuterol and zilpaterol combined with CS-NP or CS/GSH-NP. The results showed that both β-adrenergic agonists modify in a dose-dependent manner in oxide-reduction response through ROS generation. The activity or content of glutathione peroxidase activity, intracellular GSH, gamma glutamyl-transpeptidase, aspartate aminotrasnferase and alanine aminotrasnferase were modified. The exogenous GSH delivered by nanoparticles could be used to modulate these markers.