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Spathodea campanulata P. Beauvois (Bignoniaceae) is a tree from the tropical and subtropical forests of Africa, used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases such as gastric pain, rheumatism, lumbago, cataracts and some intestinal parasites. In West Cameroon, traditional healers use a decoction of the bark of the trunk as an aphrodisiac in males. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the aphrodisiac activity of the aqueous extract of the trunk barks of S. campanulata in male rats. The male rats were divided into five lots: A, B, C, D and E of six animals each. Lot A received 5 ml/kg of distilled water daily for 8 days (negative control). Lot B received 5 mg/kg of Sildenafil Citrate (Viagra®) daily for 8 days (positive control). Lots C, D and E received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively of the aqueous extract of the trunk barks of S. campanulata daily for 8 days. On the first, fourth and eighth day of administration, the copulatory parameters were observed and recorded. The extract induced an increase in erectile function stimulation through the significant increase (p

A study was carried out in the Mounts Mandara to assess the diversity of edible plant species, to identify the use of the edible products, and to determine their socio-economic value. Interviews of a sampling population were conducted randomly in 5 zones with 5 villages each and in rural and urban markets; a sample of 1020 persons was interviewed to evaluate and quantify the various products and determine their flows. The results showed that the edible plant products used in the area were: fruits, leaves, flowers, seeds, tubers, roots, barks and stems. These products were harvested from 61 plant species belonging to 29 families in which 54 species were fruit trees, 11 species produced leaves and / or flowers, 4 species produced seeds. The total annual quantity of products harvested was 1080.9 t in which: fruit (725.62 t); leaves (97.5 t), flowers (1.96 t), and seeds (255.82 t). The seeds of Parkia biglobosa were the most useful part by the populations of Mounts Mandara making "dawa-dawa" some traditional aromatic for a sauce. Exploited products were an important source of food and income for the people. Annually, exploited products generated at whole of 60 783 975 F CFA. The fruits were sold for 17 542 375 F CFA, the seeds yielded 36 676 900 F CFA, the contribution of the leaves was 5 452 820 F CFA and that of the flowers was 724880 F CFA, "dawa-dawa" brought, very popular, bring in a modest sum of 787 000 F CFA. Local people were developing interest in exploiting different bush products. The exploitation activities of the various products were intensifying; the requested species must be domestication to ensure the sustainable management.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V82019082168 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.2168

Anarchical and galloping anthropization is increasingly degrading the wetlands. This study aimed at determining the structure, diversity and spatiotemporal variation of microalgae from a few canals in the vicinity of garbage dumps of the Bobongo basin to propose methods of ecological management of these risk areas. Sampling took place from March 2016 to April 2019. Pelagic algae as well as those attached to stones and macrophytes were sampled in 25 stations. These algae samples were brought back to laboratory for identification and counting. The specific richness amounts to 13 classes, 34 orders, 52 families, 69 genera and 116 species. The dominant class is that of Bacillariophyceae (33 species) with a proportion of 28.45%. Results based on correspondence factor analysis revealed 3 groups of stations (clusters): the group I from stations 16, 21 and 25 consisted of exclusive species such asCyclotella ocellata,Cymbella gamma,Gomphosphaeria natans,Navicula cryptocephallaandTabellaria flocculosa. Group II from stations 18, 22, 23 and 24 consisted of exclusive species such asAphanizomenon flosaquae,Aphanocapsa holsatica,Astasia limpidaandUlothrix zonata. Group III was made up of species common to all stations.Cyclotella ocellata,Cymbella gamma,Gomphosphaeriumnatans,Navicula cryptocephallaandTabellaria flocculosaare hydrocarbon-polluting species. Our analysis is, to our knowledge, the first demonstrate the use of microalgal species as indicators of pollution in the context of environmental management for better monitoring of the quality of watercourses. In addition, these species can be used as bio-purifiers of polluted water in hydrocarbon.

Objectif: le present travail consiste a evaluer les effets des sols salins et calcaires sur la croissance, la nutrition minerale et les composantes agronomiques de cinq varietes de niebe ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) var. Garoua PG, Mouola PG, Garoua GG, Mouola GG et Tsacre) dans trois zones agro-ecologiques du Cameroun. Methodologie et resultats: le dispositif experimental est un bloc completement randomise avec cinq repetitions. Les resultats obtenus revelent que la biomasse seche des feuilles des varietes Mouola PG a augmente significativement dans les sols calcaires de Bare comparativement aux sols temoins de Yagoua. Dans les sols salins de Kribi, elle baisse significativement chez les varietes Mouola PG, Garoua GG et Tsacre. Les rendements en graines augmentent significativement chez les varietes Garoua PG et Mouola GG dans les sols de Kribi d’une part et d’autre part chez la variete Mouola PG dans les sols de Bare. Les fortes concentrations en Na + des sols de Kribi ont entraine une baisse remarquable des concentrations en K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ et N dans les feuilles des varietes Mouola PG, Garoua GG et Tsacre. Par contre, dans le sol de Bare riche en Ca 2+ , les concentrations en Na + , K + , Mg 2+ et P ont augmente nettement chez les differentes varietes. Conclusion et application des resultats: l’examen de l’ensemble des parametres etudies revele que la zone agro-ecologique a pluviometrie uni-modale aux sols salins serait propice a la culture des varietes Mouola GG et Garoua PG tandis que la variete Mouola PG pousserait mieux dans la zone agro-ecologique des hauts plateaux aux sols calcaires. Mots cles: Niebe, croissance, nutrition minerale, rendement, sol salin, sol calcaire English Title: Effects of saline and calcareous soils on the growth, mineral nutrition and agronomic components of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in three agro-ecological areas of Cameroon English Abstract Objective: the present work evaluates the effects of saline and calcareous soils on the growth, mineral nutrition and agronomic components of five varieties of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) var. Garoua PG, Mouola PG, Garoua GG, Mouola GG and Tsacre) in three agro-ecological areas of Cameroon. Methodology and results: the experimental setup is a completely randomized block with five repetitions. The results obtained show that the dry biomass of the leaves of the Mouola PG varieties increased significantly in the calcareous soils (Bare) compared to the control soils of Yagoua. In saline soils of Kribi, the dry biomass decreases significantly in leaves of Mouola PG, Garoua GG and Tsacre. In Kribi soils, seed yields increased significantly in the Garoua PG and Mouola GG varieties, while in Bare, the Mouola PG variety grew better. The high Na + concentration of Kribi soils resulted in a remarkable reduction of K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and N concentrations in the leaves of the varieties Mouola PG, Garoua GG and Tsacre. On the other hand, in the soils of Bare rich in Ca 2+ , the concentrations in Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and P increased markedly in the different varieties. Conclusion and application of results: Examination of all the studied parameters reveals that the agroecological zone with a modal rainfall with saline soil would be favorable for the cultivation of the varieties Mouola GG and Garoua PG while the variety Mouola PG would grow better in the ecological highlands plateau with calcareous soils. Keywords: Cowpea, growth, mineral nutrition, yield, saline soil, calcareous soil

The present study was carried out in order to identify the ant fauna of cocoa fields leeched by Loranthaceae, genus Phragmanthera in Nkoemvone seed farms in the South region of Cameroon. The collection of ants was conducted between November 2013 and January 2014. A total of 15 ant species divided into two sub families (Formicinae and Myrmicinae) have been identified, the subfamily of Myrmicinae being the most represented with 8 genera and 13 species. Fourteen of the 15 ant species harvested, were found on infested cocoa trees. Tetramorium aculeatum has emerged as the most abundant ant species on infested cocoa trees with an index of Berger-Parker dominance equal to 0.32 and 0.34 for cocoa parasitized by Phragmanthera capitata and Phragmanthera nigritana, respectively. Key words: Ants, inventory, cocoa plants parasitized, Loranthaceae, Cameroon.

Human activities are causing wetland degradation. Macrophytes play an important role in the management of hydrosystems. They can therefore be used to restore a polluted environment. The aim of the study is to contribute to the phytorestoration of sewage sludge in nitrates, phosphates, cadmium, iron and lead from the Mangrove landfill of "Bois des singes" by planted filters of Pennisetum purpureum. A planted filter of P. purpureum was constructed. Sewages sludges samples were introduced into the device. Nitrates (NO3), phosphates (PO4), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) assays were carried out in water and plants at different levels of the filter (Settling basin B1, basin B2, basin B3, negative control and positive control) by absorption spectrophotometry flame atomic. The bioaccumulation and translocation factors as well as the bioaccumulation coefficient have been determined. The high contents of PO4 (4000 mg/l), NO3 (89 mg/l), Fe (5000 mg/l), Pb (20 mg/l) and Cd (0.08 mg/l) are greatly reduced by the filters at values below the tolerance threshold in B3 of 0.01 mg/l, 0.14 mg/l, 0.0002 mg/l, 0.0003 mg/l and 0.0003 mg/l respectively. The bioaccumulation factor shows that P. purpureum contained in barrels where the parameters are high is lead accumulator with a value of 1.305 (B2), hyperaccumulator of Fe and Cd with values of 10.05 (B2) and 13, 23 (B3). The leaf translocation is greater than 1 with Fe and Pb in the leaves of the boles. P. purpureum transfers Fe and Pb to the leaves. The planted filter of P. purpureum allows a restoration of this sewage sludge. This macrophyte extracts NO3, PO4, Cd, Fe and Pb and accumulates them in its vegetative system. P. purpureum cant be use to to restore the environment stressed by faecal sludge in the city of Douala.

Objectif : L’étude menée a été de contribuer à l’évaluation de la toxicité aiguë et subaiguë de l’extrait au vin depalme des graines de Cucurma longa Linn. (cucurma)Méthodologie et Résultats : L’extrait a subi un screening phytochimique et sa qualité microbiologique approuvéesuivant la Pharmacopée Européenne. L’essai de toxicité aiguë a été mené sur des souris femelles de Musmusculus à la dose 2000 mg/kg. L’essai de toxicité subaiguë a été réalisé sur une période de 28 jours, avec 4lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles albinos de la souche Wistar). Le lot I a reçu 1 ml/100 g d’eau distillée et les lots II, III et IV l’extrait aux doses 200, 400 et 800 mg/kg respectivement. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, phénols et sucres réducteurs. Les tests de qualité microbiologique n’ont révélé aucun germe. L’administration à dose unique de l’extrait n’a entrainé aucun décès. La DL50 de l’extrait est donc supérieure à 2000 mg/kg. A doses répétées pendant 28 jours, l’extrait a contribué à une croissance pondérale non significative chez les rats à toutes les la doses chez les rats mâles et femelles. En outre, il a engendré également chez une augmentation de l’aspartate aminotransférase (ASAT) et de l’alanine aminotransférase (ALAT) aux trois doses de l’extrait chez les deux.Conclusion et Application : L’étude a permis de montrer que l’extrait au vin de palme des rhizomes de Curcuma longa Linn. a une DL50 supérieure à 2000 mg/kg et est favorable à la production d’un médicament traditionnel amélioré, après les tests précliniques et cliniques.Mots clés : Curcuma longa, rhizomes, vin de palme, toxicité, souris, rats Study of acute and subacute toxicity of extract from the palm wine of rhizomes of Curcuma longa Linn.Objective: The study was to contribute to the evaluation of the acute and subacute toxicity of the palm wine extract of seeds of Carica papaya Linn.Methodology and Results: The extract underwent a phytochemical screening and its microbiological qualityapproved according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The acute toxicity test was conducted in female Mus musculus mice at a dose of 2000 mg/Kg. The subacute toxicity test was conducted over a 28-day period, with 4 batches of 6 rats (3 males and 3 albinos of the Wistar strain). Lot I received 1 mL/100 g of distilled water and lots II, III and IV extracted at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/Kg respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols and reducing sugars. Microbiological quality tests revealed no contamination. The single-dose administration of the extract resulted in no deaths. The LD50 of the extract was therefore greater than 2000 mg/Kg. At repeated doses for 28 days, the extract contributed to insignificant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in male and female rats. In addition, it also resulted in an increase of ASAT andALAT at all three doses of the extract in both.Conclusion and Application: The study showed that the palm wine extract of Curcuma longa Linn rhizomes has an LD50 greater than 2000 mg/Kg and is favorable to the production of an improved traditional medicine, after the preclinical and clinical tests.Keywords: Curcuma longa, rhizomes, palm wine, toxicity, mice, rats

L’agrobiodiversité joue un rôle important comme source de revenus, levier pour la résilience des systèmes agricoles aux changements climatiques, réservoir de nutriments, base de divers services écosystémiques tels que la pollinisation, la fertilité des sols et la régulation des cycles hydriques. Malgré ce potentiel, elle connaît une érosion importante, ces dernières années. Ce travail fait une caractérisation de l’agro-biodiversité au sein des paysages forestiers utilisés par les groupes ethniques Konabembé et Baka dans le Sud-Est Cameroun, et les implications pour la sécurité alimentaire des ménages. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été réalisées auprès de 42 ménages dont 17 Baka et 25 Konabembé et des relevés floristiques basés sur les données de présence-absence ont été effectués dans 161 exploitations agricoles. L’étude montre que l’insécurité alimentaire est une réalité chez les deux groupes ethniques. Elle est, cependant, plus marquée chez les Baka que chez les Konabembé. Les relevés floristiques ont permis de recenser un total de 170 espèces regroupées en 61 familles. Trente-quatre sont des plantes cultivées avec une présence marquée d’individus de la famille des Solanaceae (9 espèces) et 136 sont des espèces forestières sauvages accompagnant les cultures en champ, avec une grande richesse des individus de la famille des Sterculiaceae. Manihot esculenta est la culture la plus fréquente, tandis que Musanga cecropioides est l’espèce forestière la plus présente dans les exploitations. Au total 112 espèces dont 21 cultivées et 91 forestières forment le fonds floristique commun aux exploitations des Baka et des Konabembé. Cette communauté botanique masque tout de même quelques fines différences. Dix-neuf espèces sont présentes uniquement dans les exploitations Konabembé. Bien qu’il apparaisse très peu de différence en termes d’espèces cultivées entre les deux groupes ethniques, toutes espèces considérées, les exploitations des Baka sont floristiquement plus riches que celles des Konabembé.Bien que ces écosystèmes cultivés renferment une diversité floristique importante, cette agrobiodiversité a du mal à répondre aux exigences d’une alimentation équilibrée. Des actions sont nécessaires à divers niveaux pour promouvoir des pratiques d’agriculture durable qui concilient conservation de la biodiversité, gestion durable des terres, sécurité alimentaire et résilience aux effets des changements climatiques. Agrobiodiversity plays an important role as a source of income, a lever for the resilience of agricultural systems to climate change, a reservoir of nutrients, a basis for various ecosystem services such as pollination, soil fertility, and regulation of water cycles. Despite this potential, it is currently experiencing significant threat of erosion. This work characterizes agro-biodiversity in forest landscapes used by the Konabembe and the Baka ethnic groups in South-East Cameroon and the implications for household food security. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 42 households, including 17 Baka and 25 Konabembé, and floristic surveys based on presence-absence data were conducted to 161 farms. The study shows that food insecurity is a reality for both ethnic groups. It is, however, more marked among the Baka than the Konabembe. Floristic surveys allowed the identification of 170 species grouped in 61 families. Thirty four of them are cultivated crops mostly of Solanaceae family (9 espèces) and 136 are native forest species accompanying crops in farms, with a great richness of individuals of Sterculiaceae family. Manihot esculenta was the most frequent crop, while Musanga cecropioides was the native forest species most present in farms. Overall, 112 species (21 cultivated and 91 native forest species) form the common floristic pool of the Baka and Konabembé farms. This botanical community however masks some little differences. Nineteen species were present only in Konabembé farms. Although there is very little difference in terms of cultivated crops among the two ethnic groups, all species considered, Baka farms are floristically richer than those of Konabembé.Although these cultivated ecosystems contain a significant floristic diversity, this agrobiodiversity is still far from meeting the requirements of a balanced diet. Action is needed at various levels to promote sustainable agriculture practices that harness biodiversity conservation, sustainable land management, food security and resilience to the effects of climate change.

L’objectif de l’étude a été d’évaluer les activités anti-inflammatoire et antioxydante des tiges de Phragmanthera capitata très utilisée en médecine traditionnelle. La toxicité aigüe a été réalisée selon la ligne directrice 423 de l’OCDE. L’évaluation de l’activité anti-inflammatoire suivant le modèle de l’oedème plantaire induit chez le rat par la carraghénine. La DL 50 de l’extrait au vin de palme est supérieure à 5000 mg/kg de poids corporel. L’extrait au vin de palme possède une activité anti-inflammatoire dose dépendante plus précisément à la première heure avec des pourcentages d’inhibition respectifs aux doses 200 mg/kg et 300 mg/kg de 21,47% et 41,24% de poids corporel d’extrait. Le dosage des phénols par la méthode de Folin- Ciocalteu a montré que l’extrait au vin de palme avait une teneur élevée en phénols (2570 mg EAA/g ES). Le pouvoir antioxydant a été évalué par le test au diphényl-picryl (DPPH) qui a démontré l’existence d’une activité antioxydante avec une EC 50 de 0,049 mg/ml, alors que celle l’acide ascorbique standard de référence est de 0,033 mg/ml. Le présent travail a permis de démontrer que les extraits au vin de palme des tiges de Phragmanthera capitata est non toxique et possède des activités anti-inflammatoire et antioxydante, qui justifierait leur utilisation traditionnelle.Mots clés : Phragmanthera capitata, vin de palme, anti-inflammatoire, antioxydant.

Objectif: L’étude menée a été de contribuer à l’évaluation de la toxicité aiguë et subaiguë de l’extrait au vin des graines de Carica papaya Linn.Méthodes et Résultats: L’extrait a subi un screening phytochimique et sa qualité microbiologique approuvée suivant la Pharmacopée Européenne. L’essai de toxicité aiguë a été mené sur des souris femelles de Mus musculus à la dose 2000 mg/kg. L’essai de toxicité subaiguë a été réalisé sur une période de 28 jours, avec 4 lots de 6 rats (3 mâles et 3 femelles albinos de la souche Wistar). Le lot 1 a reçu 1 ml/100 g d’eau distillée et les lots 2, 3 et 4 l’extrait aux doses 200, 400 et 800 mg/kg respectivement. Le screening phytochimique a révélé la présence d’alcaloïdes, de tanins, phénols et sucres réducteurs. Les tests de qualité microbiologique n’ont révélé aucun germe. L’administration à dose unique de l’extrait n’a entrainé aucun décès. La DL50 serait comprise entre 2000 et 5000 mg/kg. A doses répétées pendant 28 jours, l’extrait a contribué à une importante croissance pondérale chez les rats à la dose 200 mg/kg et chez les rattes à la dose 400 mg/kg. En outre, il a engendré chez les deux sexes une augmentation de l’ASAT aux trois doses et une diminution de l’ALAT chez les mâles à la dose 800 mg/kg et chez les femelles à la dose 200 mg/kg.Conclusion et Application: L’étude a permis de montrer l'effet thérapeutique potentiel de l'extrait de vin de palme de Carica papaya sur la fonction hépatique et est favorable à la production d’un médicament traditionnel amélioré, après les tests précliniques et cliniques.Mots clés: Carica papaya, graines, vin de palme, toxicité, ratsEnglish Title: Study of acute and subacute toxicity of Carica papaya Linn. Seeds palm wine extractEnglish AbstractObjective: The study was to contribute to the evaluation of the acute and subacute toxicity of the of Carica papaya Linn. seeds palm wine extract.Methods and Results: This extract underwent a phytochemical screening and its microbiological quality approved following European Pharmacopeia. Acute toxicity trials were done on female mice Mus musculus with extract dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. During 28 days, a subacute toxicity essay was made on 4 groups of 6 Wistar rats (3 individuals per sex). Group I received distilled water and second, third and fourth group received 200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight respectively of extract. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols and reducer sugars. Microbiological quality tests revealed no germ. The administration with single dose of the extract caused no death. The DL50 dose would be between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. At repeated doses, extract caused an important weight growth of rats at 200 mg/kg body weight in males and 400mg/kg body in females. All extract doses generated an SGOT increase in both sex and SGPT decrease at 800 mg/kg for males and 200 mg/kg for females.Conclusion and Application of results: These showed the potential therapeutic effect of Carica papaya palm wine extract on hepatic function is favorable to the production of an improved traditional drug, after preclinical and clinical tests.Keywords: Carica papaya, seeds, palm wine, toxicity, rats

Objectif: La maladie hémorroïdaire désigne tous les états pathologiques résultant de la dilatation progressive ou de la rupture des plexus veineux hémorroïdaires. De nombreuses plantes sont citées dans la médecine traditionnelle contre les affections hémorroïdaires à l’instar de Mangifera indica et Alchornea cordifolia.Méthodologie et Résultats: Le matériel végétal a été collecté et préparé par décoction aqueuse. L’étude phytochimique des extraits s’est traduite premièrement par la caractérisation métabolites secondaires révélées par les tests de screening phytochimique et deuxièmement par le dosage des flavonoïdes par la méthode au trichlorure d’aluminium. Le matériel animal (rats et souris femelles) a été préparé pour l’étude pharmacologique. L’activité réductrice du radical libre 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine des extraits, les essais limites de toxicité aigüe réalisés sur des souris femelles et la détermination du pouvoir anti-inflammatoire des extraits in vivo réalisée suivant la méthode d’induction de l’oedème par la carraghénine sur des rats femelles. Les tanins et les flavonoïdes ont été révélés dans les extraits aqueux. Les teneurs des flavonoïdes d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica sont de 241 et 194 mg équivalent de catéchine respectivement. Les CE 50 des extraits ont montré un pouvoir antioxydant (0,02 mg/ml et 0,03 mg/ml) relativement faible par rapport à l’acide ascorbique avec une CE 50 de 0,003 mg/ml. L’innocuité des extraits aqueux d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica est démontrée pour une DL 50 › 5000 mg/ml. Le test anti-inflammatoire aux doses de 500 mg/kg et 1000 mg/kg d’extraits a confirmé le pouvoir inhibiteur des extraits sur les médiateurs de l’inflammation : l'histamine, la 5-hydroxytryptamine, les kinines et les prostaglandines.Conclusion et applications des résultats: La richesse des extraits aqueux d’Alchornea cordifolia et de Mangifera indica en constituants polyphénoliques capables de piéger les radicaux libres et augmentant le tonus veineux, empêcheraient aussi la formation des médiateurs qui provoquent l’inflammation.Mots clés: Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica, phytochimie, pharmacologieEnglish Title: Phytochemical and pharmacological study of Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Mull. Arg. and Mangifera indica in the traditional treatment of hemorrhoidal diseaseEnglish AbstractObjective: hemorrhoidal disease means all conditions resulting from the gradual expansion or rupture of hemorrhoidal venous plexus. Many plants are mentioned in traditional medicine against hemorrhoidal ailments like Mangifera indica and Alchornea cordifolia.Methodology and Results: The plant material was collected and prepared by aqueous decoction. The phytochemical study of extracts resulted firstly by characterizing secondary metabolites revealed by the tests of phytochemical screening and secondly by the assay by the method flavonoids aluminum trichloride. Animal material (rats and female mice) was prepared for the pharmacological study. The reducing activity of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine extracts, the acute toxicity limits tests on female mice and determination of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo extracts taken along the induction method edema by carrageenin in female rats. The tannins and flavonoids were revealed in the aqueous extracts. The contents of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica Flavonoids are 241 and 194 mg equivalent of catechin respectively. The CE 50 extracts showed an antioxidant (0.02 mg/ml and 0.03 mg/ml) relatively low compared to the ascorbic acid with an CE 50 of 0.003 50 mg/ml. The safety of aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica is demonstrated for DL 50> 5000 mg/ ml. The anti-inflammatory test with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of extracts confirmed the inhibitory power of the extracts on inflammatory mediators : histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kinins and prostaglandins.Conclusion and application of the Results: The rich aqueous extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and Mangifera indica polyphenolic constituents capable of trapping free radicals and increasing venous tone, also prevent the formation of mediators that cause inflammation.Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia, Mangifera indica, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology

Traditional knowledge is common and important among the tribal people but much of the information is empirical at best lacking logical validation. A number of ethnic communities residing in the study area are partially or fully dependent on the forest resources to meet their requirements. Plants have traditionally been used as a source of medicine in Cameroon since early times for the control of various ailments afflicting humans and their domestic animals. However, little work has been made in the past to properly document and promote that knowledge. Today medicinal plants and the associated knowledge in the country are threatened due to deforestation, environmental degradation and acculturation. The present study analyses traditional knowledge and utilization of 94 species belonging to 84 genera under 46 families in day-to-day life of ethnic communities in Douala region, Cameroon. The diverse ethnic communities such as Bamileke, Bassa, Beti, Haoussa, Douala, Bakoko, Bassolo, Ngumba, Dibom, Baya and Banen have a good association with plants and their potential role they use for different purposes and treatment of various ailments. The traditional knowledge on the utilization of these plants is widely accepted by the ethnic communities.

Plants have traditionally been used as a source of medicine in Cameroon since early times for the control of various ailments afflicting humans and their domestic animals. However, little work has been made in the past to properly document and promote the knowledge. Today medicinal plants and the associated knowledge in the country are threatened due to deforestation, environmental degradation and acculturation. Urgent ethnobotanical studies and subsequent conservation measures are, therefore, required to salvage these resources from further loss. The purpose of the present study was to record and analyse traditional medicinal plant knowledge of ethnic groups in Douala town, Cameroon. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants of 75 households selected during transect walks made to houses as well as those identified as knowledgeable and elders to gather data regarding local names of medicinal plants used, parts harvested, ailments treated, remedy preparation methods, administration routes, dosage and side effects. Purposive sampling method was used in the selection of study sites within the study region. The study revealed 94 medicinal plants that belonged to 46 families and 84 genera. The majority of medicinal plants were herbs and leaf was the most frequently used part in the preparation of remedies. Significantly higher average number of medicinal plants was claimed by men, older people and illiterate ones as compared to women, younger people and literate ones, respectively. The majority of the medicinal plants used in the study area were uncultivated ones. The study revealed acculturation as the major threat to the continuation of the traditional medical practice in the study area. Awareness should, therefore, be created among the ethnic groups, especially the young ones, by concerned organizations and individuals regarding the usefulness of the practice.

Chromolaena odorata is an Asteraceae with ill-fated consequences in some regions of Cameroon because of its high capacity of spreading and invasion.A study realized between Mabele and Meiganga, in the forest-savanna transition zones located on the right bank of the river Lom, concerns the spreading and the regeneration of C. odorata. The worry aroused after the laying of the pipeline is that the building works should have favoured the spreading of this Asteraceae which highly reduces pasture zones knowing that it is a breeding zone par excellence. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that this species was existing in this huge region which goes from the Central Africa Republic to Nigeria, quite before the beginning of the Chad-Cameroon pipeline building works in 2002.The inversion of soils’ polarity would have probably brought about the burying of some C. odorata’s spores. The study of the transect realized in the Mabele-Meiganga area indicates that two generation types of C. odorata coexist on the area: on areas that are not disrupted by the building construction work, are located very robust old stumps of C. odorata which easily reach two meters height; and on the ROW (Road Of Way), are located young stumps of this species with very fragile and willowy stems. Knowing also that C. odorata is pioneer species; its presence here seemed natural because it has been later replaced by typical forest or savanna’s species. This study shows that C. odorata’s density decreases as one goes along from the forest to the shrubby or grassy savanna. Although the pipeline building works should have favoured the burying of this Asteraceae’s spores, its presence should be linked to a climate zonation promoted by the C. odorata’s fact is also a pioneer species. This study shows that the impact of the Chad-Cameroon pipeline building works would probably be negligible.

Objectif: La présente étude s’intéresse au parasitisme des hévéas par les Loranthaceae dans les plantations de la Cameroon Development Coorporation (CDC) de la région du Sud-ouest du Cameroun.Méthodologie et résultats: L’étude a consisté à dénombrer les espèces de Loranthaceae parasitant les hévéas, le nombre de touffes par individu parasité afin de déterminer le taux ainsi que l’intensité du parasitisme dans les plantations. Les résultats montrent qu’une seule espèce de Loranthaceae a été rencontrée dans les parcelles étudiées, Phragmanthera capitata. Le taux de parasitisme varie significativement du village Sonne (65 %) au village Likomba (51,53 %). Le clone PB 217 est le plus -parasité (65,08 %), tandis que le clone PR 107 est le moins parasité (48,31 %).Conclusion et application des résultats: Les types de voies d’accès jouent un rôle important dans la propagation du parasitisme. Il serait judicieux dans un premier temps, afin de mieux contrôler le parasitisme, de planter les clones les moins sensibles en bordure des plantations. Toutefois, des méthodes de lutte efficaces devront être mises sur pied afin d’améliorer les rendements des plantations.Mots-clés : Hévéas, Loranthaceae, parasitisme, sud-ouestEnglish Title: Parasitism of rubber trees by Loranthaceae in the South-west region of CameroonEnglish AbstractObjective: The present work consists in looking for characterizing the parasitism of the rubber trees by the Loranthaceae in the plantations of the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) of the Southwest of Cameroon region.Methodology and results: The study consisted in counting the various species of Loranthaceae which lives as parasite on the seed fields, on the feet of infested rubber trees, and to determine the intensity of the parasitism of rubber trees. Results showed that only one species of Loranthaceae has been met in the studied areas. Phragmanthera capitata. The rate of parasitism varies from Sonne (65%) to Likomba villages (51,53%). The clone PB 217 was the most parasitized (65,08%), while the clone PR 107 was the less parasitized (48,31%).Conclusion and application of the results: The types of approach paths play an important role in the propagation of the parasitism. The clones least sensitive to the parasitism should be plant in border of the plantation to reduce the level of parasitism. However, appropriate control methods against the parasitism by Loranthaceae should be sought to increase plantation yields.Keywords: Loranthaceae, parasitism, rubber tree, south-west