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2. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M

Published
2017

3. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Kassebaum, NJ, Arora, M, Barber, RM, Brown, J, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Charlson, FJ, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, DJ, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fullman, N, Goldberg, EM, Graetz, N, Haagsma, JA, Hay, SI, Johnson, CO, Kemmer, L, Khalil, IA, Kinfu, Y, Kutz, MJ, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Lim, SS, Lozano, R, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Mooney, MD, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Pigott, DM, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Sorensen, RJD, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, BA, Troeger, C, VanderZanden, A, Wagner, JA, Wanga, V, Whiteford, HA, Zhou, M, Zoeckler, L, Achoki, T, Afshin, A, Alexander, LT, Allen, C, Anderson, GM, Bell, B, Bienhoff, K, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Estep, K, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Liu, PY, Masiye, F, Millear, A, Mirarefin, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mumford, JE, Ng, M, Reitsma, MB, Reynolds, A, Roth, GA, Sur, PJ, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Ellenbogen, RG, Mock, CN, Anderson, BO, Futran, ND, Bhutta, ZA, Nisar, MI, Akseer, N, deVeber, GA, Abajobir, AA, Knibbs, LD, Lalloo, R, Alam, NKM, Gouda, HN, Guo, Y, McGrath, JJ, Jeemon, P, Kassebaum, NJ, Arora, M, Barber, RM, Brown, J, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Charlson, FJ, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, DJ, Erskine, HE, Ferrari, AJ, Fitzmaurice, C, Foreman, K, Forouzanfar, MH, Fullman, N, Goldberg, EM, Graetz, N, Haagsma, JA, Hay, SI, Johnson, CO, Kemmer, L, Khalil, IA, Kinfu, Y, Kutz, MJ, Kyu, HH, Leung, J, Lim, SS, Lozano, R, Mikesell, J, Mokdad, AH, Mooney, MD, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Pigott, DM, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Sorensen, RJD, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, BA, Troeger, C, VanderZanden, A, Wagner, JA, Wanga, V, Whiteford, HA, Zhou, M, Zoeckler, L, Achoki, T, Afshin, A, Alexander, LT, Allen, C, Anderson, GM, Bell, B, Bienhoff, K, Biryukov, S, Blore, JD, Estep, K, Friedman, J, Frostad, J, Godwin, WW, Liu, PY, Masiye, F, Millear, A, Mirarefin, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Mumford, JE, Ng, M, Reitsma, MB, Reynolds, A, Roth, GA, Sur, PJ, Vollset, SE, Vos, T, Lopez, AD, Murray, CJL, Ellenbogen, RG, Mock, CN, Anderson, BO, Futran, ND, Bhutta, ZA, Nisar, MI, Akseer, N, deVeber, GA, Abajobir, AA, Knibbs, LD, Lalloo, R, Alam, NKM, Gouda, HN, Guo, Y, McGrath, JJ, and Jeemon, P

Published
2016

4. Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, Violante, FS, Kassebaum, NJ, Barber, RM, Bhutta, ZA, Dandona, L, Gething, PW, Hay, SI, Kinfu, Y, Larson, HJ, Liang, X, Lim, SS, Lopez, AD, Lozano, R, Mensah, GA, Mokdad, AH, Naghavi, M, Pinho, C, Salomon, JA, Steiner, C, Vos, T, Wang, H, Abajobir, AA, Abate, KH, Abbas, KM, Abd-Allah, F, Abdallat, MA, Abdulle, AM, Abera, SF, Aboyans, V, Abubakar, I, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Achoki, T, Adebiyi, AO, Adedeji, IA, Adelekan, AL, Adou, AK, Afanvi, KA, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, AA, Ajala, ON, Akinyemiju, TF, Akseer, N, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, NKM, Alasfoor, D, Aldhahri, SF, Aldridge, RW, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Al-Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Martin, EA, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, AT, Amberbir, A, Amegah, AK, Ammar, W, Amrock, SM, Andersen, HH, Anderson, GM, Antoine, RM, Antonio, CAT, Aregay, AF, Arnlov, J, Arora, M, Arsenijevic, VSA, Al, A, Asayesh, H, Atique, S, Avokpaho, EFGA, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, BPA, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Bahit, MC, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Bayou, TA, Bayou, YT, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Beardsley, J, Bedi, NW, Bekele, T, Bell, ML, Bennett, DA, Bensenor, IM, Berhane, A, Bernabe, E, Betsu, BD, Beyene, AS, Biadgilign, S, Bikbov, B, Bin Abdulhak, AA, Biroscak, BJ, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, JD, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, NJK, Brugha, TS, Butt, ZA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Campuzano, JC, Cardenas, R, Carrero, JJ, Carter, A, Casey, DC, Castaneda-Oquela, CA, Castro, RE, Catala-Lopez, F, Cavalleri, F, Chang, H-Y, Chang, J-C, Chavan, L, Chibueze, CE, Chisumpa, VH, Choi, J-YJ, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Ciobanu, LG, Cirillo, M, Coates, MM, Coggeshall, M, Colistro, V, Colquhoun, SM, Cooper, C, Cooper, LT, Cortinovis, M, Dahiru, T, Damasceno, A, Danawi, H, Dandona, R, Das Neves, J, De Leo, D, Dellavalle, RP, Deribe, K, Deribew, A, Jarlais, DCD, Dharmaratne, SD, Dicker, DJ, Ding, EL, Dossou, E, Dubey, M, Ebel, BE, Ellingsen, CL, Elyazar, I, Endries, AY, Ermakov, SP, Eshrati, B, Esteghamati, A, Faraon, EJA, Farid, TA, Farinha, CSES, Faro, A, Farvid, MS, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Fernandes, JC, Fischer, F, Fitchett, JRA, Fleming, T, Gt, NF, Franca, EB, Franklin, RC, Fraser, MS, Friedman, J, Pullman, N, Furst, T, Futran, ND, Gambashidze, K, Gamkrelidze, A, Gebre, T, Gebrehiwot, TT, Gebremedhin, AT, Gebremedhin, M, Gebru, AA, Geleijnse, JM, Gibney, KB, Giref, AZ, Giroud, M, Gishu, MD, Glaser, E, Goenka, S, Gomez-Dantes, H, Gona, P, Goodridge, A, Gopalani, SV, Goto, A, Graetz, N, Gugnani, HC, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, AD, Hailu, GB, Hamadeh, RR, Hamidi, S, Hancock, J, Handal, AJ, Hankey, GJ, Harb, HL, Harikrishnan, S, Harun, KM, Havmoeller, R, Hoek, HW, Horino, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, HD, Hoy, DG, Htet, AS, Hu, G, Huang, H, Huang, JJ, Huybrechts, I, Huynh, C, Iannarone, M, Iburg, KM, Idrisov, BT, Iyer, VJ, Jacobsen, KH, Jahanmehr, N, Jakovljevic, MB, Javanbakht, M, Jayatilleke, AU, Jee, SH, Jeemon, P, Jha, V, Jiang, G, Jiang, Y, Jibat, T, Jonas, JB, Kabir, Z, Kamal, R, Kan, H, Karch, A, Karletsos, D, Kasaeian, A, Kaul, A, Kawakami, N, Kayibanda, JF, Kazanjan, K, Kazi, DS, Keiyoro, PN, Kemmer, L, Kemp, AH, Kengne, AP, Keren, A, Kereselidze, M, Kesavachandran, CN, Khader, YS, Khan, AR, Khan, EA, Khang, Y-H, Khonelidze, I, Khosravi, A, Khubchandani, J, Kim, YJ, Kivipelto, M, Knibbs, LD, Kokubo, Y, Kosen, S, Koul, PA, Koyanagi, A, Krishnaswami, S, Defo, BK, Bicer, BK, Kudom, AA, Kulikoff, XR, Kulkarni, C, Kumar, GA, Kutz, MJ, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lam, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Lan, Q, Larsson, A, Laryea, DO, Leigh, J, Leung, R, Li, Y, Lipshultz, SE, Liu, PY, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lloyd, BK, Lotufo, PA, Lunevicius, R, Ma, S, El Razek, HMA, El Razek, MMA, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mapoma, CC, Marcenes, W, Margolis, DJ, Marquez, N, Masiye, F, Marzan, MB, Mason-Jones, AJ, Mazorodze, TT, Meaney, PA, Mehari, A, Mehndiratta, MM, Mena-Rodriguez, F, Mekonnen, AB, Melaku, YA, Memish, ZA, Mendoza, W, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mhimbira, FA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Mirarefin, M, Misganaw, A, Ibrahim, NM, Mohammad, KA, Mohammadi, A, Mohammed, S, Mola, GLD, Monasta, L, Monis, JDLC, Hernandez, JCM, Montero, P, Montico, M, Mooney, MD, Moore, AR, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Morawska, L, Mori, R, Mueller, U, Murthy, GVS, Murthy, S, Nachega, JB, Naheed, A, Naldi, L, Nand, D, Nangia, V, Nash, D, Neupane, S, Newton, JN, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, FN, Nguhiu, P, Nguyen, G, Le Nguyen, Q, Nisar, MI, Nomura, M, Norheim, OF, Norman, RE, Nyakarahuka, L, Obermeyer, CM, Ogbo, FA, Oh, I-H, Ojelabi, FA, Olivares, PR, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Opio, JN, Oren, E, Ota, E, Oyekale, AS, Pa, M, Pain, A, Papantoniou, N, Park, E-K, Park, H-Y, Caicedo, AJP, Patten, SB, Paul, VK, Pereira, DM, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petzold, M, Phillips, MR, Pillay, JD, Pishgar, F, Polinder, S, Pope, D, Pourmalek, F, Qorbani, M, Rafay, A, Rahimi, K, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, SU, Rai, RK, Ram, U, Ranabhat, CL, Rangaswamy, T, Rao, PV, Refaat, AH, Remuzzi, G, and Violante, FS

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. METHODS: We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10-54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. FINDINGS: Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy

Published
2016

5. The burden of cancer in Mexico, 1990-2013

Author

Gomez-Dantes, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Silverman-Retana, O, Montero, P, Cecilia Gonzalez-Robledo, M, Fitzmaurice, C, Pain, A, Allen, C, Dicker, DJ, Hamavid, H, Lopez, A, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, Lozano, R, Gomez-Dantes, H, Lamadrid-Figueroa, H, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Silverman-Retana, O, Montero, P, Cecilia Gonzalez-Robledo, M, Fitzmaurice, C, Pain, A, Allen, C, Dicker, DJ, Hamavid, H, Lopez, A, Murray, C, Naghavi, M, and Lozano, R

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To analyze mortality and incidence for 28 cancers by deprivation status, age and sex from 1990 to 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data and methodological approaches provided by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2013) were used. RESULTS: Trends from 1990 to 2013 show important changes in cancer epidemiology in Mexico. While some cancers show a decreasing trend in incidence and mortality (lung, cervical) others emerge as relevant health priorities (prostate, breast, stomach, colorectal and liver cancer). Age standardized incidence and mortality rates for all cancers are higher in the northern states while the central states show a decreasing trend in the mortality rate. The analysis show that infection related cancers like cervical or liver cancer play a bigger role in more deprived states and that cancers with risk factors related to lifestyle like colorectal cancer are more common in less marginalized states. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of cancer in Mexico shows complex regional patterns by age, sex, types of cancer and deprivation status. Creation of a national cancer registry is crucial.

Published
2016

6. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nicholas, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikolas, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Francis, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, McGarvey, Stephen Theodore, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McMahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Millear, Anoushka, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rios, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lars, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Denis, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Murray, Christopher J L, Vos, T, Allen, C, Arora, M, Barber, Rm, Bhutta, Za, Brown, A, Carter, A, Casey, Dc, Charlson, Fj, Chen, Az, Coggeshall, M, Cornaby, L, Dandona, L, Dicker, Dj, Dilegge, T, Erskine, He, Ferrari, Aj, Fitzmaurice, C, Fleming, T, Forouzanfar, Mh, Fullman, N, Gething, Pw, Goldberg, Em, Graetz, N, Haagsma, Ja, Johnson, Co, Kassebaum, Nj, Kawashima, T, Kemmer, L, Khalil, Ia, Kinfu, Y, Kyu, Hh, Leung, J, Liang, X, Lim, S, Lopez, Ad, Lozano, R, Marczak, L, Mensah, Ga, Mokdad, Ah, Naghavi, M, Nguyen, G, Nsoesie, E, Olsen, H, Pigott, Dm, Pinho, C, Rankin, Z, Reinig, N, Salomon, Ja, Sandar, L, Smith, A, Stanaway, J, Steiner, C, Teeple, S, Thomas, Ba, Troeger, C, Wagner, Ja, Wang, H, Wanga, V, Whiteford, Ha, Zoeckler, L, Abajobir, Aa, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Abbas, Km, Abd Allah, F, Abraham, B, Abubakar, I, Abu Raddad, Lj, Abu Rmeileh, Nm, Ackerman, In, Adebiyi, Ao, Ademi, Z, Adou, Ak, Afanvi, Ka, Agardh, Ee, Agarwal, A, Kiadaliri, Aa, Ahmadieh, H, Ajala, On, Akinyemi, Ro, Akseer, N, Al Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, Nk, Aldhahri, Sf, Alegretti, Ma, Alemu, Za, Alexander, Lt, Alhabib, S, Ali, R, Alkerwi, A, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al Raddadi, R, Alsharif, U, Altirkawi, Ka, Alvis Guzman, N, Amare, At, Amberbir, A, Amini, H, Ammar, W, Amrock, Sm, Andersen, Hh, Anderson, Gm, Anderson, Bo, Antonio, Ca, Aregay, Af, Ärnlöv, J, Artaman, A, Asayesh, H, Assadi, R, Atique, S, Avokpaho, Ef, Awasthi, A, Quintanilla, Bp, Azzopardi, P, Bacha, U, Badawi, A, Balakrishnan, K, Banerjee, A, Barac, A, Barker Collo, Sl, Bärnighausen, T, Barregard, L, Barrero, Lh, Basu, A, Bazargan Hejazi, S, Bell, B, Bell, Ml, Bennett, Da, Bensenor, Im, Benzian, H, Berhane, A, Bernabé, E, Betsu, Bd, Beyene, A, Bhala, N, Bhatt, S, Biadgilign, S, Bienhoff, K, Bikbov, B, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D, Bjertness, E, Blore, J, Borschmann, R, Boufous, S, Brainin, M, Brazinova, A, Breitborde, Nj, Brown, J, Buchbinder, R, Buckle, Gc, Butt, Za, Calabria, B, Campos Nonato, Ir, Campuzano, Jc, Carabin, H, Cárdenas, R, Carpenter, Do, Carrero, Jj, Castañeda Orjuela, Ca, Rivas, Jc, Catalá López, F, Chang, Jc, Chiang, Pp, Chibueze, Ce, Chisumpa, Vh, Choi, Jj, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, H, Christopher, Dj, Ciobanu, Lg, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Mm, Colquhoun, Sm, Cooper, C, Cortinovis, M, Crump, Ja, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Health Services Management & Organisation (HSMO), Public Health, Psychiatry, Vos, Theo, Allen, Christine, Arora, Megha, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Brown, Alexandria, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Coggeshall, Megan, Cornaby, Leslie, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Dilegge, Tina, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Tom, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kawashima, Toana, Kemmer, Laura, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kyu, Hmwe H, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Olsen, Helen, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Rankin, Zane, Reinig, Nikola, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Smith, Alison, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Zoeckler, Leo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Jonathan, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Gobbo, Liana C Del, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endres, Matthia, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Estep, Kara, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Fox, Jordan, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gabbe, Belinda, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Grainger, Rebecca, Greaves, Felix, Guillemin, Franci, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Lavados, Pablo M, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Liang, Juan, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Mackay, Mark T, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Massano, João, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Mooney, Meghan D, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin, Mumford, John Everett, Murdoch, Michele E, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolla, Joan M, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Norrving, Bo, Nunes, Bruno P, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, de Azeredo Passos, Valéria Maria, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Ram, Usha, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Upasana, Shen, Jiabin, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Sivonda, Anna, Skirbekk, Vegard, Skogen, Jens Christoffer, Sligar, Amber, Sliwa, Karen, Soljak, Michael, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Timothy J, Steinke, Sabine, Stovner, Lar, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Takala, Jukka S, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Gool, Coen H, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Woodbrook, Rachel, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L

Subjects
Medicine(all), VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, Incidence, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Bayes Theorem, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Articles, Department of Error, Global Health, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cost of Illness, disability, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Prevalence, Humans, Disabled Person, Disabled Persons, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, Human
Abstract

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60 900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 15·4–19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30–2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35–2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20–30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Open Access funded by Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationUnder a Creative Commons license Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published
2016

7. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Author

Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, Barregard L, Bhutta ZA, Brenner H, Dicker DJ, Chimed-Orchir O, Dandona R, Dandona L, Fleming T, Forouzanfar MH, Hancock J, Hay RJ, Hunter-Merrill R, Huynh C, Hosgood HD, Johnson CO, Jonas JB, Khubchandani J, Kumar GA, Kutz M, Lan Q, Larson HJ, Liang X, Lim SS, Lopez AD, MacIntyre MF, Marczak L, Marquez N, Mokdad AH, Pinho C, Pourmalek F, Salomon JA, Sanabria JR, Sandar L, Sartorius B, Schwartz SM, Shackelford KA, Shibuya K, Stanaway J, Steiner C, Sun J, Takahashi K, Vollset SE, Vos T, Wagner JA, Wang H, Westerman R, Zeeb H, Zoeckler L, Abd-Allah F, Ahmed MB, Alabed S, Alam NK, Aldhahri SF, Alem G, Alemayohu MA, Ali R, Al-Raddadi R, Amare A, Amoako Y, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Atnafu N, Awasthi A, Saleem HB, Barac A, Bedi N, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabé E, Betsu B, Binagwaho A, Boneya D, Campos-Nonato I, Castañeda-Orjuela C, Catalá-López F, Chiang P, Chibueze C, Chitheer A, Choi JY, Cowie B, Damtew S, das Neves J, Dey S, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Driscoll T, Ekwueme D, Endries AY, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fernandes J, Fischer F, G/Hiwot TT, Gebru A, Gopalani S, Hailu A, Horino M, Horita N, Husseini A, Huybrechts I, Inoue M, Islami F, Jakovljevic M, James S, Javanbakht M, Jee SH, Kasaeian A, Kedir MS, Khader YS, Khang YH, Kim D, Leigh J, Linn S, Lunevicius R, El Razek HMA, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Marcenes W, Markos D, Melaku YA, Meles KG, Mendoza W, Mengiste DT, Meretoja TJ, Miller TR, Mohammad KA, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Nagel G, Nand D, Le Nguyen Q, Nolte S, Ogbo FA, Oladimeji KE, Oren E, Pa M, Park EK, Pereira DM, Plass D, Qorbani M, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rahman M, Rana SM, Søreide K, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sepanlou SG, Shaikh MA, She J, Shiue I, Shore HR, Shrime MG, So S, Soneji S, Stathopoulou V, Stroumpoulis K, Sufiyan MB, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tadese F, Tedla BA, Tessema GA, Thakur JS, Tran BX, Ukwaja KN, Uzochukwu BSC, Vlassov VV, Weiderpass E, Wubshet Terefe M, Yebyo HG, Yimam HH, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki MES, Zenebe ZM, Murray CJL, and Naghavi M

Subjects
Age Distribution, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Sex Distribution, Time Factors, Global Burden of Disease trends, Neoplasms epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Current estimates on the burden of cancer are needed for cancer control planning., Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 32 cancers in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015., Evidence Review: Cancer mortality was estimated using vital registration system data, cancer registry incidence data (transformed to mortality estimates using separately estimated mortality to incidence [MI] ratios), and verbal autopsy data. Cancer incidence was calculated by dividing mortality estimates through the modeled MI ratios. To calculate cancer prevalence, MI ratios were used to model survival. To calculate YLDs, prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights. The YLLs were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the reference life expectancy. DALYs were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Countries were categorized by SDI quintiles to summarize results., Findings: In 2015, there were 17.5 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.7 million deaths. Between 2005 and 2015, cancer cases increased by 33%, with population aging contributing 16%, population growth 13%, and changes in age-specific rates contributing 4%. For men, the most common cancer globally was prostate cancer (1.6 million cases). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer was the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs in men (1.2 million deaths and 25.9 million DALYs). For women, the most common cancer was breast cancer (2.4 million cases). Breast cancer was also the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs for women (523 000 deaths and 15.1 million DALYs). Overall, cancer caused 208.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2015 for both sexes combined. Between 2005 and 2015, age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 174 of 195 countries or territories. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) for all cancers combined decreased within that timeframe in 140 of 195 countries or territories. Countries with an increase in the ASDR due to all cancers were largely located on the African continent. Of all cancers, deaths between 2005 and 2015 decreased significantly for Hodgkin lymphoma (-6.1% [95% uncertainty interval (UI), -10.6% to -1.3%]). The number of deaths also decreased for esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and chronic myeloid leukemia, although these results were not statistically significant., Conclusion and Relevance: As part of the epidemiological transition, cancer incidence is expected to increase in the future, further straining limited health care resources. Appropriate allocation of resources for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and curative and palliative care requires detailed knowledge of the local burden of cancer. The GBD 2015 study results demonstrate that progress is possible in the war against cancer. However, the major findings also highlight an unmet need for cancer prevention efforts, including tobacco control, vaccination, and the promotion of physical activity and a healthy diet.

Published
2017
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8. The burden of cancer in Mexico, 1990-2013.

Author

Gómez-Dantés H, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Silverman-Retana O, Montero P, González-Robledo MC, Fitzmaurice C, Pain A, Allen C, Dicker DJ, Hamavid H, López A, Murray C, Naghavi M, and Lozano R

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Medical, Humans, Infant, Male, Mexico epidemiology, Middle Aged, Morbidity trends, Organ Specificity, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Social Marginalization, Young Adult, Neoplasms epidemiology
Abstract

Objective: To analyze mortality and incidence for 28 cancers by deprivation status, age and sex from 1990 to 2013., Materials and Methods: The data and methodological approaches provided by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2013) were used., Results: Trends from 1990 to 2013 show important changes in cancer epidemiology in Mexico. While some cancers show a decreasing trend in incidence and mortality (lung, cervical) others emerge as relevant health priorities (prostate, breast, stomach, colorectal and liver cancer). Age standardized incidence and mortality rates for all cancers are higher in the northern states while the central states show a decreasing trend in the mortality rate. The analysis show that infection related cancers like cervical or liver cancer play a bigger role in more deprived states and that cancers with risk factors related to lifestyle like colorectal cancer are more common in less marginalized states., Conclusions: The burden of cancer in Mexico shows complex regional patterns by age, sex, types of cancer and deprivation status. Creation of a national cancer registry is crucial.

Published
2016
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