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5. Three Old Letters

Author

Locke, John, Green, Nath, and Dickinson, John

Published
2012

12. Researching COVID to enhance recovery (RECOVER) adult study protocol: Rationale, objectives, and design

Author

Horwitz, Leora I, Thaweethai, Tanayott, Brosnahan, Shari B, Cicek, Mine S, Fitzgerald, Megan L, Goldman, Jason D, Hess, Rachel, Hodder, SL, Jacoby, Vanessa L, Jordan, Michael R, Krishnan, Jerry A, Laiyemo, Adeyinka O, Metz, Torri D, Nichols, Lauren, Patzer, Rachel E, Sekar, Anisha, Singer, Nora G, Stiles, Lauren E, Taylor, Barbara S, Ahmed, Shifa, Algren, Heather A, Anglin, Khamal, Aponte-Soto, Lisa, Ashktorab, Hassan, Bassett, Ingrid V, Bedi, Brahmchetna, Bhadelia, Nahid, Bime, Christian, Bind, Marie-Abele C, Black, Lora J, Blomkalns, Andra L, Brim, Hassan, Castro, Mario, Chan, James, Charney, Alexander W, Chen, Benjamin K, Chen, Li Qing, Chen, Peter, Chestek, David, Chibnik, Lori B, Chow, Dominic C, Chu, Helen Y, Clifton, Rebecca G, Collins, Shelby, Costantine, Maged M, Cribbs, Sushma K, Deeks, Steven G, Dickinson, John D, Donohue, Sarah E, Durstenfeld, Matthew S, Emery, Ivette F, Erlandson, Kristine M, Facelli, Julio C, Farah-Abraham, Rachael, Finn, Aloke V, Fischer, Melinda S, Flaherman, Valerie J, Fleurimont, Judes, Fonseca, Vivian, Gallagher, Emily J, Gander, Jennifer C, Gennaro, Maria Laura, Gibson, Kelly S, Go, Minjoung, Goodman, Steven N, Granger, Joey P, Greenway, Frank L, Hafner, John W, Han, Jenny E, Harkins, Michelle S, Hauser, Kristine SP, Heath, James R, Hernandez, Carla R, Ho, On, Hoffman, Matthew K, Hoover, Susan E, Horowitz, Carol R, Hsu, Harvey, Hsue, Priscilla Y, Hughes, Brenna L, Jagannathan, Prasanna, James, Judith A, John, Janice, Jolley, Sarah, Judd, SE, Juskowich, Joy J, Kanjilal, Diane G, Karlson, Elizabeth W, Katz, Stuart D, Kelly, J Daniel, Kelly, Sara W, Kim, Arthur Y, Kirwan, John P, Knox, Kenneth S, Kumar, Andre, Lamendola-Essel, Michelle F, Lanca, Margaret, Lee-lannotti, Joyce K, Lefebvre, R Craig, and Levy, Bruce D

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Prevention, Clinical Research, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Good Health and Well Being
Abstract

Abstract: Importance: SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects after the acute phase of infection; termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID. The characteristics, prevalence, trajectory and mechanisms of PASC are ill-defined. The objectives of the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Multi-site Observational Study of PASC in Adults (RECOVER-Adult) are to: (1) characterize PASC prevalence; (2) characterize the symptoms, organ dysfunction, natural history, and distinct phenotypes of PASC; (3) identify demographic, social and clinical risk factors for PASC onset and recovery; and (4) define the biological mechanisms underlying PASC pathogenesis. Methods: RECOVER-Adult is a combined prospective/retrospective cohort currently planned to enroll 14,880 adults aged ≥18 years. Eligible participants either must meet WHO criteria for suspected, probable, or confirmed infection; or must have evidence of no prior infection. Recruitment occurs at 86 sites in 33 U.S. states, Washington, DC and Puerto Rico, via facility– and community-based outreach. Participants complete quarterly questionnaires about symptoms, social determinants, vaccination status, and interim SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, participants contribute biospecimens and undergo physical and laboratory examinations at approximately 0, 90 and 180 days from infection or negative test date, and yearly thereafter. Some participants undergo additional testing based on specific criteria or random sampling. Patient representatives provide input on all study processes. The primary study outcome is onset of PASC, measured by signs and symptoms. A paradigm for identifying PASC cases will be defined and updated using supervised and unsupervised learning approaches with cross– validation. Logistic regression and proportional hazards regression will be conducted to investigate associations between risk factors, onset, and resolution of PASC symptoms. Discussion: RECOVER-Adult is the first national, prospective, longitudinal cohort of PASC among US adults. Results of this study are intended to inform public health, spur clinical trials, and expand treatment options.

Published
2023

15. Faricimab Treat-and-Extend for Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results from the Randomized Phase 3 YOSEMITE and RHINE Trials

Author

Aaberg, Thomas, Jr., Abbey, Ashkan, Abdulaeva, Elmira, Abengoechea, Santiago, Abraham, Prema, Ach, Thomas, Adams, Serrhel, Adan Civera, Alfredo, Adrean, Sean, Agostini, Hansjurgen, Alam, Suhail, Alezzandrini, Arturo, Alfaro, Virgil, Aliseda, Daniel, Almony, Arghavan, Amat, Pedro, Amini, Payam, Antoszyk, Andrew, Arias, Luis, Asaria, Riaz, Avila, Marcos, Awh, Carl C., Bafalluy, Joaquin, Baker, Carl, Bandello, Francesco, Barakat, Mark, Barraza, Karen, Bator, Gyorgy, Baumal, Caroline, Belfort, Rubens, Jr., Bergstrom, Chris, Bertolucci, George, Bochow, Thomas, Bolz, Matthias, Borcz, Emilia, Bordon, Arnaldo, Boyer, David, Bratko, Galina, Brent, Michael, Brown, Jamin, Brown, David M., Budzinskaya, Maria, Buffet, Sylvia, Burgess, Stuart, Burton, Ben, Busquets, Miguel, Cabrera, Francisco, Cagini, Carlo, Calzada, Jorge, Campochiaro, Peter, Carlson, John, Castellarin, Alessandro, Cava, Carlos, Chaikitmongkol, Voraporn, Chan, Clement, Chang, Emmanuel, Chang, Jonathan, Chang, Andrew, Charles, Steve, Chaudhry, Nauman, Chee, Caroline, Chen, Judy, Chen, Fred, Chen, Shih-Jen, Cheong-Leen, Richard, Chiang, Allen, Chittum, Mark, Chow, David, Connolly, Brian, Cornut, Pierre Loic, Csaky, Karl, Danzig, Carl, Das, Arup, Daskalov, Vesselin, Desco, Carmen, Dessouki, Amr, Dickinson, John, Do, Brian, Dollin, Michael, Dugel, Pravin, Dusova, Jaroslava, Eichenbaum, David, Eldem, Bora, Engstrom, Robert, Ernest, Jan, Escobar, Joan Josep, Esposti, Simona, Eter, Nicole, Falk, Naomi, Farkas, Andrej, Feiner, Leonard, Feltgen, Nicolas, Fernandez, Carlos, Fernandez Vega, Alvaro, Ferrone, Philip, Figueira, Joao, Figueroa, Marta, Findl, Oliver, Fine, Howard, Fortun, Jorge, Fox, Gregory M., Foxman, Scott, Framme, Carsten, Fraser-Bell, Samantha, Fu, Arthur, Fukutomi, Akira, Fung, Nicholas, Furno Sola, Federico, Gallego-Pinazo, Roberto, Garcia, Renata, Garcia-Layana, Alfredo, Gawecki, Maciej, George, Sheen, Ghanchi, Faruque, Ghorayeb, Ghassan, Goldberg, Roger, Goldstein, Michaella, Gomes, Nuno, Ulla, Francisco Gomez, Gonzalez, Victor, Greven, Craig, Gupta, Sunil, Guzman, Miguel, Harris, Martin, Hatz, Katja, Hau, Vivienne, Hau, Vincent, Hayashi, Ken, Heier, Jeffrey, Herba, Ewa, Hershberger, Vrinda, Higgins, Patrick, Hirakata, Akito, Ho, Allen, Holekamp, Nancy, Honda, Shigeru, Hsu, Jason, Hu, Allen, Hurcikova, Maria, Ikeda, Yasuhiro, Isernhagen, Ricky, Ito, Yasuki, Jackson, Tim, Jacoby, Rachael, Jafree, Afsar, Javey, Golnaz, Javid, Cameron, Jhaveri, Chirag, Johnson, Mark, Kacerík, Marek, Kaluzny, Jakub, Kampik, Daniel, Kang, Se Woong, Kapoor, Kapil, Karabas, Levent, Kawasaki, Tsutomu, Kerenyi, Agnes, Khanani, Arshad, Khurana, Rahul, Kim, Brian, Kimura, Kazuhiro, Kishino, Genichiro, Kitano, Shigehiko, Klein-Mascia, Kendra, Kokame, Gregg, Korobelnik, Jean Francois, Kulikov, Alexey, Kuriyan, Ajay, Kwong, Henry, Kwun, Robert, Lai, Timothy, Lai, Chi-Chun, Laird, Philip, Lalonde, Laurent, Lanzetta, Paolo, Larsen, Michael, Laugesen, Caroline, Lavinsky, Daniel, Lebreton, Olivier, Lee, Seong, Levy, Jaime, Lipkova, Blandina, Liu, Mimi, Liu, Judy, Lohmann, Chris P., London, Nikolas, Lorenz, Katrin, Lotery, Andrew, Lozano Rechy, David, Lujan, Silvio, Ma, Patrick, Maeno, Takatoshi, Mahmood, Sajjad, Makkouk, Fuad, Malik, Khurram, Marcus, Dennis, Margherio, Alan, Mastropasqua, Leonardo, Maturi, Raj, McCabe, Frank, McKibbin, Martin, Mehta, Hemal, Menon, Geeta, Mentes, Jale, Michalska-Malecka, Katarzyna, Misheva, Aneta, Mitamura, Yoshinori, Mitchell, Paul, Modi, Yasha, Mohamed, Quresh, Montero, Javier, Moore, Jeffrey, Morales Canton, Virgilio, Morori-Katz, Haia, Morugova, Tatiana, Murakami, Tomoaki, Muzyka-Wozniak, Maria, Nardi, Marco, Nemcansky, Jan, Nester-Ostrowska, Kamila, Neto, Julio, Newell, Charles, Nicolo, Massimo, Nielsen, Jared, Noda, Kousuke, Obana, Akira, Ogata, Nahoko, Oh, Hideyasu, Oh, Kean, Ohr, Matthew, Oleksy, Piotr, Oliver, Scott, Olivier, Sebastien, Osher, James, Ozcalışkan, Sehnaz, Ozturk, Banu, Papp, Andras, Park, Kyu Hyung, Parke, D. Wilkin, Parravano, Maria Cristina, Patel, Sugat, Patel, Sunil, Pearce, Ian, Pearlman, Joel, Penha, Fernando, Perente, Irfan, Perkins, Stephen, Pertile, Grazia, Petkova, Iva, Peto, Tunde, Pieramici, Dante, Pollreisz, Andreas, Pongsachareonnont, Pear, Pozdeyeva, Nadezhda, Priglinger, Siegfried, Qureshi, Jawad, Raczynska, Dorota, Rajagopalan, Rajesh, Ramirez Estudillo, Juan, Raskauskas, Paul, Rathod, Rajiv, Razavi, Hessam, Regillo, Carl, Ricci, Federico, Rofagha, Soraya, Romanczak, Dominika, Romanowska-Dixon, Bożena, Rosberger, Daniel, Rosenblatt, Irit, Rosenblatt, Brett, Ross, Adam, Ruamviboonsuk, Paisan, Ruiz Moreno, Jose Maria, Salomão, Gustavo, Sandhu, Sukhpal, Sandner, Dirk, Sararols, Laura, Sawada, Osamu, Schadlu, Ramin, Schlottmann, Patricio, Schuart, Claudia, Seitz, Berthold, Seres, András, Sermet, Figen, Shah, Sandeep, Shah, Ankur, Shah, Rohan, Sharma, Sumit, Sheidow, Thomas, Sheth, Veeral, Shimouchi, Akito, Shimura, Masahiko, Sikorski, Bartosz, Silva, Rufino, Singer, Michael, Singerman, Lawrence, Singh, Rishi, Souied, Eric, Spinak, David J., Spital, Georg, Steinle, Nathan, Stern, Jeffrey, Stoller, Glenn, Stoltz, Robert, Stone, Cameron, Stone, Amy, Suan, Eric, Sugimoto, Masahiko, Sugita, Iichiro, Sun, Jennifer, Sun, Xiaodong, Suner, Ivan, Szalczer, Lajos, Szecsko, Timea, Tabassian, Ali, Tadayoni, Ramin, Takagi, Hitoshi, Takayama, Kei, Taleb, Alexandre, Talks, James, Tan, Gavin, Tanabe, Teruyo, Taylor, Stanford, Thach, Allen, Thompson, John, Tlucek, Paul, Torti, Robert, Tosheva Guneva, Daniela, Toth-Molnar, Edit, Uchiyama, Eduardo, Vajas, Attila, Varma, Deepali, Varsanyi, Balazs, Vassileva, Petja, Vaz-Pereira, Sara, Veith, Miroslav, Vela, Jose Ignacio, Viola, Francesco, Virgili, Gianni, Vogt, Gábor, Vorum, Henrik, Weber, Pamela, Wecke, Thoalf, Wee, Raymond, Weger, Martin, Weishaar, Paul, Wells, John A., Wickremasinghe, Sanjeewa, Williams, Thomas Reginald, Williams, Thomas, Williams, Geoff, Wolf, Armin, Wolfe, Jeremy, Wong, James, Wong, David, Wong, Ian, Wong, Robert, Wowra, Bogumil, Wykoff, Charles C., Wylęgała, Edward, Yang, Chang-Hao, Yasukawa, Tsutomu, Yates, Paul, Yilmaz, Gursel, Yiu, Glenn, Yoon, Young Hee, Yoreh, Barak, Yoshida, Shigeo, Yu, Hyeong Gon, Yu, Seung Young, Yurieva, Tatiana, Zacharias, Leandro, Zaczek Zakrzewska, Karolina, Zambrano, Alberto, Zatorska, Barbara, Zeolite, Carlos, Zheutlin, Jeffrey, Wong, Tien Y., Haskova, Zdenka, Asik, Kemal, Baumal, Caroline R., Csaky, Karl G., Ives, Jane A., Jaffe, Glenn J., Korobelnik, Jean-François, Lin, Hugh, Murata, Toshinori, Schlottmann, Patricio G., Seres, András I., Silverman, David, and Tang, Yannan

Published
2024
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18. The Relationship between Classified Difficulty and Implausible Distractors in Multiple-Choice Questions

Author

Smith, J. Alexander and Dickinson, John R.

Abstract

Published banks of multiple-choice questions are ubiquitous, the questions in those banks often being classified into levels of difficulty. The specific level of difficulty into which a question is classified might or should be a function of the question's substance. Possibly, though, insubstantive aspects of the question, such as the incidence of incorrect answers that are readily dismissed, also affect the difficulty level into which a question is classified. The present research investigates the relationship between classified question difficulty and the incidence of implausible incorrect answer options.

Published
2017

19. Breathing pattern changes in response to bronchoconstriction in physically active adults.

Author

Dickinson, John W., Smyth, Carol M. E., and Winter, Samantha L.

Subjects
*EXERCISE-induced asthma, *MOTION capture (Human mechanics), *RESPIRATORY diseases, *BRONCHOCONSTRICTION, *PLETHYSMOGRAPHY
Abstract

Objectives: To determine whether Opto-Electronic Plethysmography (OEP) can distinguish Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) breathing patterns by comparing individuals with and without EIB, and between broncho-constriction and recovery. Breathing pattern was quantified in terms of regional contribution, breathing timing, and the phase between chest sub-compartments which indicates the synchronization in movement of the different sub-compartments. Methods: Individuals (n = 47) reporting no respiratory symptoms and no history of any respiratory disease or disorder were assumed to have a healthy breathing pattern. Of 38 participants reporting respiratory symptoms during exercise, and/or a previous diagnosis of asthma or EIB, 10 participants had a positive result to the Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperpnea test, defined as a fall of at least 10% in FEV1 from baseline at two consecutive time points and were classified into the EIB group. OEP data was obtained from 89 markers and an 11-camera motion capture system operating at 100 Hz as follows: pre- and post-EVH challenge, and post-inhaler in participants who experienced a bronchoconstriction, and 2) for the healthy group during tidal breathing. Results: RCpRCa-Phase (upper versus lower ribcage), RCaS-Phase (lower ribcage versus shoulders), and RCpS-Phase (upper ribcage versus shoulders) differed between bronchoconstriction and rest in athletes with EIB and rest in healthy participants (p < 0.05), in all cases indicating greater asynchrony post-bronchoconstriction, and later movement of the abdominal ribcage (RCa) post-bronchoconstriction. RCpS-Phase was different (p < 0.05) between all conditions (rest, post-bronchoconstriction, and post-inhaler) in EIB. Conclusions: OEP can characterize and distinguish EIB-associated breathing patterns compared to rest and individuals without EIB at rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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20. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: A review of ARDS across the life course.

Author

Cave, Caleb, Samano, Dannielle, Sharma, Abhineet M., Dickinson, John, Salomon, Jeffrey, and Mahapatra, Sidharth

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a multifactorial, inflammatory lung disease with significant morbidity and mortality that predominantly requires supportive care in its management. Although initially described in adult patients, the diagnostic definitions for ARDS have evolved over time to accurately describe this disease process in pediatric and, more recently, neonatal patients. The management of ARDS in each age demographic has converged in the application of lung-protective ventilatory strategies to mitigate the primary disease process and prevent its exacerbation by limiting ventilator-induced lung injury. However, differences arise in the preferred ventilatory strategies or adjunctive pulmonary therapies used to mitigate each type of ARDS. In this review, we compare and contrast the epidemiology, common etiologies, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and outcomes of ARDS across the lifespan. Additionally, we discuss in detail the different management strategies used for each subtype of ARDS and spotlight how these strategies were applied to mitigate poor outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review is geared toward both clinicians and clinician-scientists as it not only summarizes the latest information on disease pathogenesis and patient management in ARDS across the lifespan but also highlights knowledge gaps for further investigative efforts. We conclude by projecting how future studies can fill these gaps in research and what improvements may be envisioned in the management of NARDS and PARDS based on the current breadth of literature on adult ARDS treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials

Author

Aaberg, Thomas, Jr, Abbey, Ashkan, Abdulaeva, Elmira, Abengoechea, Santiago, Abraham, Prema, Ach, Thomas, Adams, Serrhel, Adan Civera, Alfredo, Adrean, Sean, Agostini, Hansjurgen, Alam, Suhail, Alezzandrini, Arturo, Alfaro, Virgil, Aliseda, Daniel, Almony, Arghavan, Amat, Pedro, Amini, Payam, Antoszyk, Andrew, Arias, Luis, Asaria, Riaz, Avila, Marcos, Awh, Carl C, Bafalluy, Joaquin, Baker, Carl, Bandello, Francesco, Barakat, Mark, Barraza, Karen, Bator, Gyorgy, Baumal, Caroline, Belfort Jr, Rubens, Bergstrom, Chris, Bertolucci, George, Bochow, Thomas, Bolz, Matthias, Borcz, Emilia, Bordon, Arnaldo, Boyer, David, Bratko, Galina, Brent, Michael, Brown, Jamin, Brown, David M, Budzinskaya, Maria, Buffet, Sylvia, Burgess, Stuart, Burton, Ben, Busquets, Miguel, Cabrera, Francisco, Cagini, Carlo, Calzada, Jorge, Campochiaro, Peter, Carlson, John, Castellarin, Alessandro, Cava, Carlos, Chaikitmongkol, Voraporn, Chan, Clement, Chang, Emmanuel, Chang, Jonathan, Chang, Andrew, Charles, Steve, Chaudhry, Nauman, Chee, Caroline, Chen, Judy, Chen, Fred, Chen, Shih-Jen, Cheong-Leen, Richard, Chiang, Allen, Chittum, Mark, Chow, David, Connolly, Brian, Cornut, Pierre Loic, Csaky, Karl, Danzig, Carl, Das, Arup, Daskalov, Vesselin, Desco, Carmen, Dessouki, Amr, Dickinson, John, Do, Brian, Dollin, Michael, Dugel, Pravin, Dusova, Jaroslava, Eichenbaum, David, Eldem, Bora, Engstrom, Robert, Ernest, Jan, Escobar, Joan Josep, Esposti, Simona, Eter, Nicole, Falk, Naomi, Farkas, Andrej, Feiner, Leonard, Feltgen, Nicolas, Fernandez, Carlos, Fernandez Vega, Alvaro, Ferrone, Philip, Figueira, Joao, Figueroa, Marta, Findl, .Oliver, Fine, Howard, Fortun, Jorge, Fox, Gregory M, Foxman, Scott, Framme, Carsten, Fraser-Bell, Samantha, Fu, Arthur, Fukutomi, Akira, Fung, Nicholas, Furno Sola, Federico, Gallego-Pinazo, Roberto, Garcia, Renata, Garcia-Layana, Alfredo, Gawecki, Maciej, George, Sheen, Ghanchi, Faruque, Ghorayeb, Ghassan, Goldberg, Roger, Goldstein, Michaella, Gomes, Nuno, Gomez Ulla, Francisco, Gonzalez, Victor, Greven, Craig, Gupta, Sunil, Guzman, Miguel, Harris, Martin, Hatz, Katja, Hau, Vivienne, Hau, Vincent, Hayashi, Ken, Heier, Jeffrey, Herba, Ewa, Hershberger, Vrinda, Higgins, Patrick, Hirakata, Akito, Ho, Allen, Holekamp, Nancy, Honda, Shigeru, Hsu, Jason, Hu, Allen, Hurcikova, Maria, Ikeda, Yasuhiro, Isernhagen, Ricky, Ito, Yasuki, Jackson, Tim, Jacoby, Rachael, Jafree, Afsar, Javey, Golnaz, Javid, Cameron, Jhaveri, Chirag, Johnson, Mark, Kacerík, Marek, Kaluzny, Jakub, Kampik, Daniel, Kang, Se Woong, Kapoor, Kapil, Karabas, Levent, Kawasaki, Tsutomu, Kerenyi, Agnes, Khanani, Arshad, Khurana, Rahul, Kim, Brian, Kimura, Kazuhiro, Kishino, Genichiro, Kitano, Shigehiko, Klein-Mascia, Kendra, Kokame, Gregg, Korobelnik, Jean Francois, Kulikov, Alexey, Kuriyan, Ajay, Kwong, Henry, Kwun, Robert, Lai, Timothy, Lai, Chi-Chun, Laird, Philip, Lalonde, Laurent, Lanzetta, Paolo, Larsen, Michael, Laugesen, Caroline, Lavinsky, Daniel, Lebreton, Olivier, Lee, Seong, Levy, Jaime, Lipkova, Blandina, Liu, Mimi, Liu, Judy, Lohmann, Chris P, London, Nikolas, Lorenz, Katrin, Lotery, Andrew, Lozano Rechy, David, Lujan, Silvio, Ma, Patrick, Maeno, Takatoshi, Mahmood, Sajjad, Makkouk, Fuad, Malik, Khurram, Marcus, Dennis, Margherio, Alan, Mastropasqua, Leonardo, Maturi, Raj, McCabe, Frank, McKibbin, Martin, Mehta, Hemal, Menon, Geeta, Mentes, Jale, Michalska-Malecka, Katarzyna, Misheva, Aneta, Mitamura, Yoshinori, Mitchell, Paul, Modi, Yasha, Mohamed, Quresh, Montero, Javier, Moore, Jeffrey, Morales Canton, Virgilio, Morori-Katz, Haia, Morugova, Tatiana, Murakami, Tomoaki, Muzyka-Wozniak, Maria, Nardi, Marco, Nemcansky, Jan, Nester-Ostrowska, Kamila, Neto, Julio, Newell, Charles, Nicolo, Massimo, Nielsen, Jared, Noda, Kousuke, Obana, Akira, Ogata, Nahoko, Oh, Hideyasu, Oh, Kean, Ohr, Matthew, Oleksy, Piotr, Oliver, Scott, Olivier, Sebastien, Osher, James, Ozcalişkan, Sehnaz, Ozturk, Banu, Papp, Andras, Park, Kyu Hyung, Parke, D Wilkin, Parravano, Maria Cristina, Patel, Sugat, Patel, Sunil, Pearce, Ian, Pearlman, Joel, Penha, Fernando, Perente, Irfan, Perkins, Stephen, Pertile, Grazia, Petkova, Iva, Peto, Tunde, Pieramici, Dante, Pollreisz, Andreas, Pongsachareonnont, Pear, Pozdeyeva, Nadezhda, Priglinger, Siegfried, Qureshi, Jawad, Raczynska, Dorota, Rajagopalan, Rajesh, Ramirez Estudillo, Juan, Raskauskas, Paul, Rathod, Rajiv, Razavi, Hessam, Regillo, Carl, Ricci, Federico, Rofagha, Soraya, Romanczak, Dominika, Romanowska-Dixon, Bożena, Rosberger, Daniel, Rosenblatt, Irit, Rosenblatt, Brett, Ross, Adam, Ruamviboonsuk, Paisan, Ruiz Moreno, Jose Maria, Salomão, Gustavo, Sandhu, Sukhpal, Sandner, Dirk, Sararols, Laura, Sawada, Osamu, Schadlu, Ramin, Schlottmann, Patricio, Schuart, Claudia, Seitz, Berthold, Seres, András, Sermet, Figen, Shah, Sandeep, Shah, Ankur, Shah, Rohan, Sharma, Sumit, Sheidow, Thomas, Sheth, Veeral, Shimouchi, Akito, Shimura, Masahiko, Sikorski, Bartosz, Silva, Rufino, Singer, Michael, Singerman, Lawrence, Singh, Rishi, Souied, Eric, Spinak, David J, Spital, Georg, Steinle, Nathan, Stern, Jeffrey, Stoller, Glenn, Stoltz, Robert, Stone, Cameron, Stone, Amy, Suan, Eric, Sugimoto, Masahiko, Sugita, Iichiro, Sun, Jennifer, Sun, Xiaodong, Suner, Ivan, Szalczer, Lajos, Szecsko, Timea, Tabassian, Ali, Tadayoni, Ramin, Takagi, Hitoshi, Takayama, Kei, Taleb, Alexandre, Talks, James, Tan, Gavin, Tanabe, Teruyo, Taylor, Stanford, Thach, Allen, Thompson, John, Tlucek, Paul, Torti, Robert, Tosheva Guneva, Daniela, Toth-Molnar, Edit, Uchiyama, Eduardo, Vajas, Attila, Varma, Deepali, Varsanyi, Balazs, Vassileva, Petja, Vaz-Pereira, Sara, Veith, Miroslav, Vela, Jose Ignacio, Viola, Francesco, Virgili, Gianni, Vogt, Gábor, Vorum, Henrik, Weber, Pamela, Wecke, Thoalf, Wee, Raymond, Weger, Martin, Weishaar, Paul, Wells, John A, Wickremasinghe, Sanjeewa, Williams, Thomas Reginald, Williams, Thomas, Williams, Geoff, Wolf, Armin, Wolfe, Jeremy, Wong, James, Wong, David, Wong, Ian, Wong, Robert, Wowra, Bogumil, Wykoff, Charles C, Wylęgała, Edward, Yang, Chang-Hao, Yasukawa, Tsutomu, Yates, Paul, Yilmaz, Gursel, Yiu, Glenn, Yoon, Young Hee, Yoreh, Barak, Yoshida, Shigeo, Yu, Hyeong Gon, Yu, Seung Young, Yurieva, Tatiana, Zacharias, Leandro, Zaczek Zakrzewska, Karolina, Zambrano, Alberto, Zatorska, Barbara, Zeolite, Carlos, Zheutlin, Jeffrey, Abreu, Francis, Adamis, Anthony P, Basu, Karen, Eichenbaum, David A, Haskova, Zdenka, Lin, Hugh, Loewenstein, Anat, Mohan, Shaun, Pearce, Ian A, Sakamoto, Taiji, Schlottmann, Patricio G, Silverman, David, Sun, Jennifer K, and Willis, Jeffrey R

Published
2022
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22. The Self-Taught and the Tutored

Author

BASSETT, RICHARD, primary, BLOUNT, WILLIAM, additional, CARROLL, DANIEL, additional, CLYMER, GEORGE, additional, DICKINSON, JOHN, additional, ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, additional, FEW, WILLIAM, additional, FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, additional, GERRY, ELBRIDGE, additional, HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, additional, JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, additional, LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM, additional, MADISON, JAMES, additional, MASON, GEORGE, additional, MERCER, JOHN FRANCIS, additional, MORRIS, ROBERT, additional, PINCKNEY, CHARLES, additional, RUTLEDGE, JOHN, additional, SHERMAN, ROGER, additional, STRONG, CALEB, additional, WASHINGTON, GEORGE, additional, and WYTHE, GEORGE, additional

Published
2022
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23. The Inns of Court and Legal Apprenticeship

Author

BALDWIN, ABRAHAM, primary, BASSETT, RICHARD, additional, BEDFORD, GUNNING, additional, BLAIR, JOHN, additional, BREARLEY, DAVID, additional, DAVIE, WILLIAM RICHARDSON, additional, DAYTON, JONATHAN, additional, DICKINSON, JOHN, additional, ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, additional, FEW, WILLIAM, additional, HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, additional, HOUSTON, WILLIAM CHURCHILL, additional, HOUSTOUN, WILLIAM, additional, INGERSOLL, JARED, additional, JOHNSON, WILLIAM SAMUEL, additional, KING, RUFUS, additional, LANSING, JOHN, additional, LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM, additional, MARTIN, ALEXANDER, additional, MARTIN, LUTHER, additional, MERCER, JOHN FRANCIS, additional, MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, additional, PATERSON, WILLIAM, additional, PINCKNEY, CHARLES, additional, PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH, additional, RANDOLPH, EDMUND, additional, READ, GEORGE, additional, RUTLEDGE, JOHN, additional, SHERMAN, ROGER, additional, STRONG, CALEB, additional, WILSON, JAMES, additional, WYTHE, GEORGE, additional, and YATES, ROBERT, additional

Published
2022
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24. Asthma

Author

Dickinson, John, primary and Rajput, Suraj, additional

Published
2022
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27. Why ePortfolios? Student Perceptions of ePortfolio Use in Continuing Education Learning Environments

Author

Wuetherick, Brad and Dickinson, John

Abstract

Over the past decade, there has been an increased exploration of ePortfolios in higher education across disciplines at both the undergraduate and graduate level. ePortfolios have been significantly under-explored, however, in the context of non-traditional continuing education environments within higher education. This paper explores students' perceptions of ePortfolios in a non-credit continuing education environment in three programs--Fine Arts, Writing and Editing, and Residential Interiors--unpacking some of the opportunities, challenges, and barriers associated with ePortfolio use. It concludes that continuing education students, at least in programs where traditional (hard copy) portfolios are commonplace, are positively inclined towards the introduction and use of ePortfolios, though the study still identifies two major concerns that need to be addressed--the level of computer literacy in the student body due to their variability in age and previous educational backgrounds, and the support for and portability of the ePortfolios for students and instructors.

Published
2015

33. Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with Intravitreal Aflibercept: The AQUA Study

Author

Adan, Alfredo, Alexik, Mikulas, Ali, Fareed, Amaro, Miguel, Balciuniene, Vilma-Jurate, Bandello, Francesco M., Arias Barquet, Lluis, Beck, Anna, Bell, Katharina, Boscia, Francesco, Bures, Anniken, Carneiro, Ângela, Chow, David R., Cimbalas, Andrius, Dahlke, Claudia, Deepali, Varma, Dickinson, John D., Dollin, Michael, Eandi, Chiara, Emmerich, Karl-Heinz, Feltgen, Nicolas, Pereira Figueira, João, Findl, Oliver, Gajdošová, Monika, Gale, Richard P., John Galic, Ivan, Garweg, Justus, Gasser-Steiner, Vanessa, Giunta, Michel, Gonder, John R., Grzybowski, Andrzej, Hamouz, Jan, Hattenbach, Lars-Olof, Holz, Frank G., Jesia, Hasan, Kaluzny, Jozef, Kerenyi, Agnes, Kertes, Peter J., Koch, Frank, Kodjikan, Laurent, Lederer, David E., Liehneova, Ivana, Lorenz, Katrin, Lotery, Andrew J., McKibbin, Martin, Menon, Geeta V., Michalewska, Zofia, Midena, Edoardo, Nicolo, Massimo, Papp, Andras, Pavlovičová, Gabriela, Peiretti, Enrico, Vaz-Pereira, Sara, Perri, Paolo, Petropoulos, Ioannis, Queguiner, Frederic, Raczynska, Krystyna, Sararols-Ramsay, Laura, Rękas, Marek, Ricci, Federico, Romanowska-Dixon, Bozena, Sachs, Helmut G., Mohand-Said, Saddek, Sandner, Dirk, Schmidt-Erfurth, Ursula, Sekundo, Walter, Seres, Andras, Sivaprasad, Sobha, Souied, Eric, Castro de Sousa, João, Stankiewicz, Andrzej, Štefaničková, Jana, Struhárová, Katarína, Studnicka, Jan, Cervera Taulet, Enrique, Taylor, Simon, Teper, Slawomir, Vajas, Attila, Cava Valenciano, Carlos, Varsányi, Balázs, Viola, Francesco, Virgili, Gianni, Wagenfeld, Lars, Walters, Gavin, Wiedemann, Peter, Zarnowski, Tomasz, Garweg, Justus G., Stefanickova, Jana, Hoyng, Carel, Schmelter, Thomas, Niesen, Tobias, and Sowade, Olaf

Published
2019
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37. Faricimab Treat-and-Extend for Diabetic Macular Edema

Author

Wong, Tien Y., primary, Haskova, Zdenka, additional, Asik, Kemal, additional, Baumal, Caroline R., additional, Csaky, Karl G., additional, Eter, Nicole, additional, Ives, Jane A., additional, Jaffe, Glenn J., additional, Korobelnik, Jean-François, additional, Lin, Hugh, additional, Murata, Toshinori, additional, Ruamviboonsuk, Paisan, additional, Schlottmann, Patricio G., additional, Seres, András I., additional, Silverman, David, additional, Sun, Xiaodong, additional, Tang, Yannan, additional, Wells, John A., additional, Yoon, Young Hee, additional, Wykoff, Charles C., additional, Aaberg, Thomas, additional, Abbey, Ashkan, additional, Abdulaeva, Elmira, additional, Abengoechea, Santiago, additional, Abraham, Prema, additional, Ach, Thomas, additional, Adams, Serrhel, additional, Adan Civera, Alfredo, additional, Adrean, Sean, additional, Agostini, Hansjurgen, additional, Alam, Suhail, additional, Alezzandrini, Arturo, additional, Alfaro, Virgil, additional, Aliseda, Daniel, additional, Almony, Arghavan, additional, Amat, Pedro, additional, Amini, Payam, additional, Antoszyk, Andrew, additional, Arias, Luis, additional, Asaria, Riaz, additional, Avila, Marcos, additional, Awh, Carl C., additional, Bafalluy, Joaquin, additional, Baker, Carl, additional, Bandello, Francesco, additional, Barakat, Mark, additional, Barraza, Karen, additional, Bator, Gyorgy, additional, Baumal, Caroline, additional, Belfort, Rubens, additional, Bergstrom, Chris, additional, Bertolucci, George, additional, Bochow, Thomas, additional, Bolz, Matthias, additional, Borcz, Emilia, additional, Bordon, Arnaldo, additional, Boyer, David, additional, Bratko, Galina, additional, Brent, Michael, additional, Brown, Jamin, additional, Brown, David M., additional, Budzinskaya, Maria, additional, Buffet, Sylvia, additional, Burgess, Stuart, additional, Burton, Ben, additional, Busquets, Miguel, additional, Cabrera, Francisco, additional, Cagini, Carlo, additional, Calzada, Jorge, additional, Campochiaro, Peter, additional, Carlson, John, additional, Castellarin, Alessandro, additional, Cava, Carlos, additional, Chaikitmongkol, Voraporn, additional, Chan, Clement, additional, Chang, Emmanuel, additional, Chang, Jonathan, additional, Chang, Andrew, additional, Charles, Steve, additional, Chaudhry, Nauman, additional, Chee, Caroline, additional, Chen, Judy, additional, Chen, Fred, additional, Chen, Shih-Jen, additional, Cheong-Leen, Richard, additional, Chiang, Allen, additional, Chittum, Mark, additional, Chow, David, additional, Connolly, Brian, additional, Cornut, Pierre Loic, additional, Csaky, Karl, additional, Danzig, Carl, additional, Das, Arup, additional, Daskalov, Vesselin, additional, Desco, Carmen, additional, Dessouki, Amr, additional, Dickinson, John, additional, Do, Brian, additional, Dollin, Michael, additional, Dugel, Pravin, additional, Dusova, Jaroslava, additional, Eichenbaum, David, additional, Eldem, Bora, additional, Engstrom, Robert, additional, Ernest, Jan, additional, Escobar, Joan Josep, additional, Esposti, Simona, additional, Falk, Naomi, additional, Farkas, Andrej, additional, Feiner, Leonard, additional, Feltgen, Nicolas, additional, Fernandez, Carlos, additional, Fernandez Vega, Alvaro, additional, Ferrone, Philip, additional, Figueira, Joao, additional, Figueroa, Marta, additional, Findl, Oliver, additional, Fine, Howard, additional, Fortun, Jorge, additional, Fox, Gregory M., additional, Foxman, Scott, additional, Framme, Carsten, additional, Fraser-Bell, Samantha, additional, Fu, Arthur, additional, Fukutomi, Akira, additional, Fung, Nicholas, additional, Furno Sola, Federico, additional, Gallego-Pinazo, Roberto, additional, Garcia, Renata, additional, Garcia-Layana, Alfredo, additional, Gawecki, Maciej, additional, George, Sheen, additional, Ghanchi, Faruque, additional, Ghorayeb, Ghassan, additional, Goldberg, Roger, additional, Goldstein, Michaella, additional, Gomes, Nuno, additional, Ulla, Francisco Gomez, additional, Gonzalez, Victor, additional, Greven, Craig, additional, Gupta, Sunil, additional, Guzman, Miguel, additional, Harris, Martin, additional, Hatz, Katja, additional, Hau, Vivienne, additional, Hau, Vincent, additional, Hayashi, Ken, additional, Heier, Jeffrey, additional, Herba, Ewa, additional, Hershberger, Vrinda, additional, Higgins, Patrick, additional, Hirakata, Akito, additional, Ho, Allen, additional, Holekamp, Nancy, additional, Honda, Shigeru, additional, Hsu, Jason, additional, Hu, Allen, additional, Hurcikova, Maria, additional, Ikeda, Yasuhiro, additional, Isernhagen, Ricky, additional, Ito, Yasuki, additional, Jackson, Tim, additional, Jacoby, Rachael, additional, Jafree, Afsar, additional, Javey, Golnaz, additional, Javid, Cameron, additional, Jhaveri, Chirag, additional, Johnson, Mark, additional, Kacerík, Marek, additional, Kaluzny, Jakub, additional, Kampik, Daniel, additional, Kang, Se Woong, additional, Kapoor, Kapil, additional, Karabas, Levent, additional, Kawasaki, Tsutomu, additional, Kerenyi, Agnes, additional, Khanani, Arshad, additional, Khurana, Rahul, additional, Kim, Brian, additional, Kimura, Kazuhiro, additional, Kishino, Genichiro, additional, Kitano, Shigehiko, additional, Klein-Mascia, Kendra, additional, Kokame, Gregg, additional, Korobelnik, Jean Francois, additional, Kulikov, Alexey, additional, Kuriyan, Ajay, additional, Kwong, Henry, additional, Kwun, Robert, additional, Lai, Timothy, additional, Lai, Chi-Chun, additional, Laird, Philip, additional, Lalonde, Laurent, additional, Lanzetta, Paolo, additional, Larsen, Michael, additional, Laugesen, Caroline, additional, Lavinsky, Daniel, additional, Lebreton, Olivier, additional, Lee, Seong, additional, Levy, Jaime, additional, Lipkova, Blandina, additional, Liu, Mimi, additional, Liu, Judy, additional, Lohmann, Chris P., additional, London, Nikolas, additional, Lorenz, Katrin, additional, Lotery, Andrew, additional, Lozano Rechy, David, additional, Lujan, Silvio, additional, Ma, Patrick, additional, Maeno, Takatoshi, additional, Mahmood, Sajjad, additional, Makkouk, Fuad, additional, Malik, Khurram, additional, Marcus, Dennis, additional, Margherio, Alan, additional, Mastropasqua, Leonardo, additional, Maturi, Raj, additional, McCabe, Frank, additional, McKibbin, Martin, additional, Mehta, Hemal, additional, Menon, Geeta, additional, Mentes, Jale, additional, Michalska-Malecka, Katarzyna, additional, Misheva, Aneta, additional, Mitamura, Yoshinori, additional, Mitchell, Paul, additional, Modi, Yasha, additional, Mohamed, Quresh, additional, Montero, Javier, additional, Moore, Jeffrey, additional, Morales Canton, Virgilio, additional, Morori-Katz, Haia, additional, Morugova, Tatiana, additional, Murakami, Tomoaki, additional, Muzyka-Wozniak, Maria, additional, Nardi, Marco, additional, Nemcansky, Jan, additional, Nester-Ostrowska, Kamila, additional, Neto, Julio, additional, Newell, Charles, additional, Nicolo, Massimo, additional, Nielsen, Jared, additional, Noda, Kousuke, additional, Obana, Akira, additional, Ogata, Nahoko, additional, Oh, Hideyasu, additional, Oh, Kean, additional, Ohr, Matthew, additional, Oleksy, Piotr, additional, Oliver, Scott, additional, Olivier, Sebastien, additional, Osher, James, additional, Ozcalışkan, Sehnaz, additional, Ozturk, Banu, additional, Papp, Andras, additional, Park, Kyu Hyung, additional, Parke, D. Wilkin, additional, Parravano, Maria Cristina, additional, Patel, Sugat, additional, Patel, Sunil, additional, Pearce, Ian, additional, Pearlman, Joel, additional, Penha, Fernando, additional, Perente, Irfan, additional, Perkins, Stephen, additional, Pertile, Grazia, additional, Petkova, Iva, additional, Peto, Tunde, additional, Pieramici, Dante, additional, Pollreisz, Andreas, additional, Pongsachareonnont, Pear, additional, Pozdeyeva, Nadezhda, additional, Priglinger, Siegfried, additional, Qureshi, Jawad, additional, Raczynska, Dorota, additional, Rajagopalan, Rajesh, additional, Ramirez Estudillo, Juan, additional, Raskauskas, Paul, additional, Rathod, Rajiv, additional, Razavi, Hessam, additional, Regillo, Carl, additional, Ricci, Federico, additional, Rofagha, Soraya, additional, Romanczak, Dominika, additional, Romanowska-Dixon, Bożena, additional, Rosberger, Daniel, additional, Rosenblatt, Irit, additional, Rosenblatt, Brett, additional, Ross, Adam, additional, Ruiz Moreno, Jose Maria, additional, Salomão, Gustavo, additional, Sandhu, Sukhpal, additional, Sandner, Dirk, additional, Sararols, Laura, additional, Sawada, Osamu, additional, Schadlu, Ramin, additional, Schlottmann, Patricio, additional, Schuart, Claudia, additional, Seitz, Berthold, additional, Seres, András, additional, Sermet, Figen, additional, Shah, Sandeep, additional, Shah, Ankur, additional, Shah, Rohan, additional, Sharma, Sumit, additional, Sheidow, Thomas, additional, Sheth, Veeral, additional, Shimouchi, Akito, additional, Shimura, Masahiko, additional, Sikorski, Bartosz, additional, Silva, Rufino, additional, Singer, Michael, additional, Singerman, Lawrence, additional, Singh, Rishi, additional, Souied, Eric, additional, Spinak, David J., additional, Spital, Georg, additional, Steinle, Nathan, additional, Stern, Jeffrey, additional, Stoller, Glenn, additional, Stoltz, Robert, additional, Stone, Cameron, additional, Stone, Amy, additional, Suan, Eric, additional, Sugimoto, Masahiko, additional, Sugita, Iichiro, additional, Sun, Jennifer, additional, Suner, Ivan, additional, Szalczer, Lajos, additional, Szecsko, Timea, additional, Tabassian, Ali, additional, Tadayoni, Ramin, additional, Takagi, Hitoshi, additional, Takayama, Kei, additional, Taleb, Alexandre, additional, Talks, James, additional, Tan, Gavin, additional, Tanabe, Teruyo, additional, Taylor, Stanford, additional, Thach, Allen, additional, Thompson, John, additional, Tlucek, Paul, additional, Torti, Robert, additional, Tosheva Guneva, Daniela, additional, Toth-Molnar, Edit, additional, Uchiyama, Eduardo, additional, Vajas, Attila, additional, Varma, Deepali, additional, Varsanyi, Balazs, additional, Vassileva, Petja, additional, Vaz-Pereira, Sara, additional, Veith, Miroslav, additional, Vela, Jose Ignacio, additional, Viola, Francesco, additional, Virgili, Gianni, additional, Vogt, Gábor, additional, Vorum, Henrik, additional, Weber, Pamela, additional, Wecke, Thoalf, additional, Wee, Raymond, additional, Weger, Martin, additional, Weishaar, Paul, additional, Wickremasinghe, Sanjeewa, additional, Williams, Thomas Reginald, additional, Williams, Thomas, additional, Williams, Geoff, additional, Wolf, Armin, additional, Wolfe, Jeremy, additional, Wong, James, additional, Wong, David, additional, Wong, Ian, additional, Wong, Robert, additional, Wowra, Bogumil, additional, Wylęgała, Edward, additional, Yang, Chang-Hao, additional, Yasukawa, Tsutomu, additional, Yates, Paul, additional, Yilmaz, Gursel, additional, Yiu, Glenn, additional, Yoreh, Barak, additional, Yoshida, Shigeo, additional, Yu, Hyeong Gon, additional, Yu, Seung Young, additional, Yurieva, Tatiana, additional, Zacharias, Leandro, additional, Zaczek Zakrzewska, Karolina, additional, Zambrano, Alberto, additional, Zatorska, Barbara, additional, Zeolite, Carlos, additional, and Zheutlin, Jeffrey, additional

Published
2023
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40. Epilogue

Author

Dickinson, John W., primary, Greenwell, Jon, additional, and Hull, James H., additional

Published
2020
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49. Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of exercise induced asthma in elite athletes

Author

Dickinson, John, nnell, A., and Whyte, G.

Subjects
616.238
Abstract

An acute asthmatic episode can occur following exercise and is termed exercise induced asthma (EIA). The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of EIA in elite British athletes. The addition of objective pulmonary function assessment to the criteria an athlete must submit to use inhaled 02-agonists at Olympic Games may result in a change in the prevalence of asthma within elite athletes. The purpose of study 1 was to compare the prevalence of asthma at the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games in the Great British Olympic team (Team GB). The asthma prevalence of Team GB reported in 2000 (21.2%) was similar to the asthma prevalence reported in 2004 (20.7%). 13 out of 62 (21.0%) athletes, from 2004 Team GB with a previous diagnosis of asthma failed to present evidence of EIA. The overall asthma prevalence of Team GB remained unchanged between 2000 and 2004. Mid-expiratory airflow measurements may improve the diagnosis of EIA in elite athletes. Study 2 investigated the response of Forced Expiratory Flow at 50% vital capacity (FEFso) following eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) and exercise challenge, in elite athletes, as an adjunct to Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEVI). 66 male and 50 female athletes were tested for EIA. Sixty athletes demonstrated a fall in FEVI >10% leading to the diagnosis of EIA. Using the FEF50 criteria (1FEF50 >-26%) led to 21 (35%) asthmatic athletes receiving false negative diagnosis. The addition of FEF50 failed to enhance the diagnosis of EIA in elite athletes. It is unclear, between exercise and EVH challenges as to which one provides the greatest sensitivity and most suitable method of EIA diagnosis in elite athletes. Study 3 investigated the response of elite winter athletes to EVH and two exercise challenges (laboratory-based [LB] and sport-specific [SS]). 14 athletes from the British Short-track Speed Skating and Biathlon teams volunteered for the study. Ten athletes presented with a positive response to EVH (71%); of these, only 3 (21%) had a positive response to the SS challenge. No athletes had a positive test to the LB challenge. Our results suggest that the EVH challenge is more sensitive, compared with either LB or SS exercise challenge, to diagnose EIA in elite winter athletes. A limited number of studies exist examining the optimal pharmacotherapy for elite athletes with EIA. The purpose of study 4 was to examine the effects of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in the control of EIA in athletes. Eight athletes were prescribed 200mcg fluticasone propionate (FLU), 50mcg Salmeterol (SAL), 250mcg fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in combination (FXS) or placebo (PLA), in a randomised double blind design. No significant (p=0.07) differences were observed in the FEV1 change (zFEV1) following EVH challenge between the 4 treatments. Baseline eNO for both FXS (20.3 +/- 8.2ppb) and FLU (19.7 +/- 9.2 ppb) were significantly (p=0.02) lower than SAL (39.3 +/- 26.7ppb) or PLA (46.3 +/- 26.8ppb). Four athletes were prescribed FLU, 2 athletes were prescribed FXS and 2 athletes were prescribed SAL. The results of this study demonstrate the heterogeneity of response in elite athletes with EIA to the three medication regimes employed. Therefore, suggesting differences in the pathogenesis of EIA in this population. This thesis is the first to investigate EIA within elite British athletes. The prevalence of asthma within elite athletes is greater than that of the British general population. Optimal EIA diagnostic methods should include EVH challenges using FEV1 as the criterion measurement. Treatment for athletes with EIA should be taken on an individual basis due to the heterogeneity of response to medications that attenuate EIA in elite athletes.

Published
2006

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