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The World Cup of the International Association Football Federation (FIFA) is a tournament that alters the routines of most countries and more so if the national team is part of the participating leagues. Ecuador experienced an atmosphere of that nature after waiting for eight years following its team’s last participation in Brazil 2014. In this context, the objective of the present study is to reveal the sporting and consumption expectations that Ecuadorians had before the participation of their soccer team in the Qatar 2022 tournament. The application of a simple random survey to 1,438 participants revealed how the fans planned to experience the first game, the types of drinks and food they would choose and who they would watch it with. Additionally, the study revealed the importance of free open television for Ecuadorian society because, for the participants, it was the first option when projecting the image of the game. In addition, the study also showed that younger viewers, instead of turning on the radio while watching the match, use mobile applications and place sports bets to add fun and uncertainty to the outcome. The study also explains the commercial relationship of the fans with their team since they were asked whether they had purchased the official jersey or the replica and what was their spending perspective on that Sunday entertainment. This is the Ecuadorian fan that our research reveals, the same one who was 40 % confident that his tricolor team would advance to the round of 16 of the planetary competition.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of xylanase and stimbiotic (fiber fermentation enhancer) on the response of broiler chickens fed different corn varieties and determine correlations between variables of interest. Four corn genetic varieties were selected based on their range in nutrient composition. Diets containing 600 g/kg of each corn were supplemented with 0 or 100 g/ton of xylanase or stimbiotic. A total of 1,152 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 12 treatments, each with 8 pens and 12 birds per pen, for a 21-day study. On d 21, performance parameters were measured, and the ileal energy and organic matter (OM) digestibility and cecal xylanase activity determined. Stimbiotic supplementation improved mFCR compared with all other treatments. There was a treatment by corn variety interaction for body weight (BW), BW gain and coefficient of variation (CV) of BW (P ≤ 0.05). Birds fed corn Variety 1 (highest neutral dietary fiber, protein and soluble arabinoxylan content) supplemented with stimbiotic had the highest BW, while Variety 2 control diet had the lowest. The BW CV in corn Variety 2 was the highest, which improved with stimbiotic supplementation. The BW CV in corn Variety 1 responded better to stimbiotic than xylanase. There were no treatment differences on BW CV in corn Varieties 3 and 4. The lowest OM digestibility was observed in birds fed corn Variety 1 with xylanase, and the highest value was associated with corn Variety 3 with xylanase (highest total arabinoxylan). Xylanase and stimbiotic supplementation increased the endogenous xylanase activity regardless of the corn variety (P ≤ 0.05). Positive correlations between corn fiber contents and phytic acid and the arabinose:xylose ratio were seen, while nonstarch polysaccharide content was negatively correlated with apparent metabolizable energy. In conclusion, corn variety influenced nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth. The response to supplementation with xylanase or stimbiotic varied based on the nutritional profile of corn with regards to improvements in digestibility and performance in broiler chickens.

Knowledge of soil attributes is a basic premise when defining land use systems, as well as in the monitoring of the properties and/or quality indicators of the cropping systems implemented. The objective of this study was to characterize the physical and chemical attributes of Argissolo and Gleissolo in areas under different uses and landforms in the municipality of Areia, PB, Brazil. Areas with different uses were selected, such as banana (Musa parasidiaca), pasture (Brachiaria brizantha), reforestation with ‘sabiá’ (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia), and open tropical forest, as well as two relief positions (foothill and mid-slope). Samples were taken from the 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m layers. The samples were then air-dried, crumbled, and passed through a sieve with a 2 mm mesh to obtain fine air-dried soil. Physical, chemical, and fertility analyses were carried out and cation exchange capacity, sum of bases, and base saturation were calculated. According to the results, in general, the soil physical and chemical attributes were altered by land use and landforms. Soil organic matter levels in the surface layer were higher in the deposition foothills, while in the mid-slope the forest environments (natural or forested) showed higher levels of organic matter.

La evolución de la industria deportiva demanda una permanente lectura de los cambios comportamentales de la sociedad, especialmente aquellos relacionados con sus hábitos de consumo. El mundo ha transportado al deporte profesional hacia una lógica de producción que invita a concebir a los clubes deportivos en empresas, aunque no lo sean. Para una adecuada administración de estas instituciones los gerentes del deporte están forzados a encaminar proyectos que deben prestar atención prioritaria en el aficionado; al encontrarnos en una era de sobreoferta de entretenimiento y alternativas de ocio, es evidente la conveniencia de anticiparse a los predecibles movimientos de estos mercados. Por tanto, esta investigación revela cómo los perfiles sociodemográficos, el nivel de instrucción y el factor de ingresos económicos determinan tendencias en las costumbres y afectos deportivos de los 3.161 participantes de la muestra. El que 4,8 de cada diez habitantes en Pichincha, Ecuador, se declare hincha de la Liga Deportiva Universitaria marca una pauta para la gestión deportiva, sin desestimar que también son los otros clubes tradicionales los que aun despuntan en las audiencias y el ecosistema de consumo. Incluso, en este documento se explica el por qué estos aficionados se han declarado seguidores de dichos clubes.

Los sínodos y concilios americanos anteriores a la formulación del decreto tridentino de 1563, relativo a la invocación y veneración de las reliquias de los santos y de las sagradas imágenes, establecieron criterios y orientaciones respecto de la pintura y la escultura religiosa. Los obispos y sacerdotes que participaron en estas discusiones tuvieron presente la práctica pastoral, el discurso teológico anterior, así como lo resuelto por sínodos y concilios españoles. El presente texto se propone caracterizar estos documentos eclesiásticos americanos e identificar las fuentes que están alimentando su formulación. Se presentan como factores decisivos de esta genealogía del pensamiento americano sobre las imágenes sagradas, la doctrina elaborada desde los primeros padres hasta los documentos eclesiásticos europeos de comienzos del siglo XVI; la tensión que el asunto de las imágenes sagradas provocaba entre la población española de judíos y musulmanes conversos, así como las prácticas que se implementaron desde 1492 para cristianizar a la población musulmana de Granada.

This study was to evaluate the effect of xylanase supplementation and the addition of live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, on growth performance and intestinal microbiota in piglets. One hundred and eighty commercial crossbred 23-d-old piglets (PIC 417) were sorted by initial BW and allocated to 3 treatments: control (CTR) diet, CTR diet supplemented with xylanase at 16,000 birch xylan units/kg (XYL) and XYL diet supplemented with live yeast (2 × 1010 CFU/g) at 1 kg/t (XYL + LY). Each treatment had 10 replicates, with 6 animals each. A sorghum-based diet and water were available ad libitum for 42 d of the study. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 0 to 42 d (23- to 65-d-old) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. At the end of the study, bacterial identification through 16S rRNA (V3 to V4) sequencing of the ileal and caecal digesta from one piglet per replicate was performed. No treatment effects were observed on ADFI. Pigs offered the live yeast in addition to the xylanase had increased ADG compared with those supplemented with xylanase alone (XYL + LY vs. XYL; P = 0.655). FCR was improved with XYL and XYL + LY compared with CTR (P = 0.018). Clostridiaceae counts in the ileum tended to reduce by 10% with XYL and 14% with XYL + LY compared to CTR (P = 0.07). XYL and XYL + LY increased the counts of Lactobacillaceae in the caecum compared with CTR (P

The future of land use and cover change in Brazil, particularly due to deforestation and forest restoration processes, is critical for the future of global climate and biodiversity, given the richness of its five biomes. These changes in Brazil depend on the interlink between global factors due to its role as one of the main exporters of commodities globally and the national to local institutional, socioeconomic, and biophysical contexts. Aiming to develop scenarios that consider the balance between global (e.g., GDP growth, population growth, per capita consumption of agricultural products, international trade policies, and climatic conditions) and local factors (e.g., land use, agrarian structure, agricultural suitability, protected areas, distance to roads, and other infrastructure projects), a new set of land-use change scenarios for Brazil were developed that aligned with the global structure Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCPs) developed by the global change research community. The narratives of the new scenarios align with SSP1/RCP 1.9 (Sustainable development scenario), SSP2/RCP 4.5 (Middle of the road scenario), and SSP3/RCP 7.0 (Strong inequality scenario). The scenarios were developed by combining the LuccME spatially explicit land change allocation modeling framework and the INLAND surface model to incorporate the climatic variables in water deficit. Based on detailed biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional factors for each biome in Brazil, we have created spatially explicit scenarios until 2050, considering the following classes: forest vegetation, grassland vegetation, planted pasture, agriculture, a mosaic of small land uses, and forestry. The results aim to detail global models regionally. They could be used regionally to support decision-making and enrich the global analysis.

The first objective of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of the microencapsulation technique to protect fumaric acid and thymol, avoiding their early absorption and ensuring their slow release throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). For this purpose, the release of a lipid matrix microencapsulated brilliant blue (BB) was assessed in vitro, using a simulated broiler intestinal fluid, and in vivo. In vitro results showed that more than 60% of BB color reached the lower intestine, including 26.6 and 29.7% in the jejunum and ileum, respectively. The second objective was to determine the effects of microencapsulated fumaric acid, thymol, and their mixture on the performance and gut health of broilers challenged with a short-term fasting period (FP). One-day-old male ROSS 308 chickens (n = 280) were randomly distributed into seven treatments, with 10 replicates of four birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet as negative control (NC), which was then supplemented by either non-microencapsulated fumaric acid (0.9 g/kg), thymol (0.6 g/kg), or a mixture of them. The same additive doses were also administered in a microencapsulated form (1.5 and 3 g/kg for the fumaric acid and thymol, respectively). At day 21, chickens were subjected to a 16.5-h short-term FP to induce an increase in intestinal permeability. Growth performance was assessed weekly. At day 35, ileal tissue and cecal content were collected from one bird per replicate to analyze intestinal histomorphology and microbiota, respectively. No treatment effect was observed on growth performance from day 1 to 21 (p > 0.05). Microencapsulated fumaric acid, thymol, or their mixture improved the overall FCR (feed conversion ratio) and increased ileal villi height-to-crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) (p < 0.001) on day 35 of the experiment. The microencapsulated mixture of fumaric acid and thymol increased cecal abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bacillaceae, and Rikenellaceae, while decreasing that of Pseudomonadaceae. These results indicate that the microencapsulation technique used in the current study can be useful to protect fumaric acid and thymol, avoiding early absorption, ensure their slow release throughout the GIT, and improve their effects on fasted broiler chickens.

Identifying characteristics associated with fast or slow growth during early life in a pig model will help in the design of nutritional strategies or recommendations during infancy. The aim of this study was to identify if a differential growth during lactation and/or the nursery period may be associated with fecal microbiota composition and fermentation capacity, as well as to leave a print of glucocorticoid biomarkers in the hair. Seventy-five commercial male and female pigs showing extreme growth in the lactation and nursery periods were selected, creating four groups (First, lactation growth, d0–d21; second, nursery growth, d21–d62): Slow_Slow, Slow_Fast, Fast_Slow, and Fast_Fast. At d63 of life, hair and fecal samples were collected. Fast-growing pigs during nursery had higher cortisone concentrations in the hair (p < 0.05) and a tendency to have a lower cortisol-to-cortisone ratio (p = 0.061). Both lactation and nursery growth conditioned the fecal microbiota structure (p < 0.05). Additionally, fast-growing pigs during nursery had higher evenness (p < 0.05). Lactation growth influenced the relative abundance of eight bacterial genera, while nursery growth affected only two bacterial genera (p < 0.05). The fecal butyrate concentration was higher with fast growth in lactation and/or nursery (p < 0.05), suggesting it has an important role in growth, while total SCFA and acetate were related to lactation growth (p < 0.05). In conclusion, piglets’ growth during nursery and, especially, the lactation period was associated with changes in their microbiota composition and fermentation capacity, evidencing the critical role of early colonization on the establishment of the adult microbiota. Additionally, cortisol conversion to cortisone was increased in animals with fast growth, but further research is necessary to determine its implications.

O Stock Fazenda Lagoas (SFL), com 20 km2, tem idade de cristalização de 623 ± 4 Ma e é intrusivo nas rochas metassedimentares do Domínio Macururé (DM). O seu contato ao norte é afetado pela Zona de Cisalhamento Belo Monte-Jeremoabo (ZCBMJ), que imprime estrutura gnáissica às rochas desse stock. O SFL é essencialmente constituído de quartzo monzonitos, tendo monzogranitos e granodioritos subordinados. Os enclaves microgranulares são abundantes e correspondem a dioritos e gabros. As rochas apresentam dominantemente textura porfirítica e a mineralogia, deformação no estado sólido, a qual foi associada ao cisalhamento regional (kinks em plagioclásio e biotita, rotação de feldspatos e biotita, ribbon em quartzo). Os cristais de plagioclásio exibem zonações cíclicas normal e inversa, e o feldspato alcalino, zonação inversa. A composição do plagioclásio varia de oligoclásio a andesina nos monzonitos, e nos enclaves, de oligoclásio a labradorita. A composição da biotita marrom indica origem a partir de magma orogênico. Os anfibólios ígneos correspondem a pargasita e edenita, a barometria com alumínio total indicou pressões que variam entre 6,7 e 7,8 kbar (15‒25 km) para os monzonitos e entre 7,2 e 9,8 kbar (20‒30 km) para os enclaves. A geoquímica evidenciou afinidades shoshonítica e cálcio-alcalina de alto K para os magmas formadores do SFL. Os elementos-traço em diagramas multielementares apresentam anomalias negativas para Ta, Nb, Ti e P, e apontam que o SFL tenha se formado em ambiente colisional. Texturas e evolução geoquímica indicam cristalização fracionada, e misturas entre magmas félsico (monzonito) e máfico (gabróicos) foram importantes na formação das rochas do SFL.

This study investigated whether the inclusion of a stimbiotic (STB) can improve performance, influence intestinal microbiota and fermentation activity, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in piglets fed a low zinc oxide diet without antimicrobial growth promotors compared to fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) when housed either in good sanitary (GS) or poor sanitary (PS) environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs (28-day-old) were sorted by initial body weight (BW) and allocated to one of six experimental treatments: 1) GS environment without any additive (GS-CTR); 2) GS environment with 0.01% stimbiotic (GS-STB); 3) PS environment (without cleaning and disinfection of a previously populated room) without any additive (PS-CTR); 4) PS environment with 0.01% STB (PS-STB); 5) PS environment with 0.1% MOS (PS-MOS); and 6) PS environment with 0.2% FOS (PS-FOS). Each treatment had six replicates, with four animals each. Three feeding phases, based on corn, wheat, and soybean meal were available ad libitum for the 42-days of the study. Housing piglets under PS conditions negatively influenced performance, increased plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), affected the fecal microbial populations and increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) compared to GS. Stimbiotic improved 42-d-BW under PS conditions (P < 0.05) whereas MOS or FOS had no effect. On d35, plasma TNF-α was reduced with STB in PS (P < 0.05). The ratio between VFA:BCFA increased (P < 0.05) with STB, MOS or FOS in PS, and under GS condition, STB also increased the ratio. Stimbiotic increased the proportion of Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis and Clostridiaceae, while MOS and FOS increased Selenomonadaceae, Catabacteriaceae and Fibrobacteraceae. These results indicate that STB shifted the intestinal microbiome to favor fiber fermentation which likely contributed to reduced inflammatory response and improved performance, particularly in piglets reared in PS conditions.

Abstract This study is devoted to characterizing the operation of the entire photovoltaic system installed in one of the Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array (AMIGA) stations, a complimentary detector for the Pierre Auger Observatory, the largest cosmic‐ray air shower array in the world, 3000 km2, powered exclusively by solar energy. To understand charge and discharge cycles, the whole system behavior under different climatic conditions and to determine its limitations, the design of a new prototype for monitoring the whole system online is a fundamental part of this contribution. Also, it is demonstrated that the configuration of solar charge controllers in parallel is able to manage panels of different powers and brands and that the monitoring system allows analyzing periods with adverse weather conditions.

The following article refers to the characteristics of the Castiliangrenadine boundary during the XIII, XIV and XV centuries, deepening in those aspects regarding cultural coexistence, especially the free religious determination that existed in the frontier zone. After defining the importance of the boundary truces that were established in the period of study, we proceed with the description of the specific characteristics of the free religious determination reality, and its incorporation to the different truce treaties, with the purpose of identifying the moments in which they were more recurrent and evident as well as the possible reasons that could explain this particular situation.

This article studies the motivations that, Teófilo, Bizantine Emperor, had for entering into contact with the Independent Emirate of Córdoba. From this perspective, some points are presented regarding the image of the Moslems, according to the Bizantine apologetics, with special mention of Constantine VII Porfirogénito’s work “De administando Imperio”. It is from this point that the analysis begins regarding the motives that “Basileus” had to send the first Byzantine Embassy to Córdoba, proving with this that where safeguarding the Empire was at stake, there would be no reasons to avoid contacts with those who might even be an enemy.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of particle size and xylanase supplementation in corn-based pellet diets on the performance and digestive traits in young broilers. A total of 512 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a 21-day study. The treatments were designed in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with four levels of geometric mean diameter (Dgw) of corn (540, 660, 1390, and 1700 µm), and two levels of xylanase (0 or 16,000 BXU/kg diet). Feeding coarse corn diets (1390 and 1700 µm Dgw) and xylanase supplementation showed an inferior coefficient of variation of body weight. Higher gizzard weight, microbiome alpha-diversity, and clustered separately beta-diversity (p < 0.05) were observed in birds fed coarse diets. The addition of xylanase promoted changes in relative bacteria abundance, increasing Lachnospiraceae, Defluviitaleaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Bacillaceae, Eggerthellaceae, and Streptococcaceae families in the 1700 µm group, and Christensenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae families in the 540 µm Dgw group. In conclusion, xylanase supplementation and particle size of corn interact in the intestinal environment, showing changes in microbial composition. Coarse diets and xylanase supplementation showed improved body weight homogeneity, which might be related to a better gut development and microbiota modulation.

A capacitação profissional é uma arma poderosa na busca pelo desenvolvimento das competências humanas no trabalho. O foco em treinamento e desenvolvimento tornou-se indispensável ao alcance da excelência na prestação de serviços. Na administração pública os órgãos responsáveis pelo aperfeiçoamento profissional são as Escolas de Governo, que atuam junto aos funcionários públicos na melhoria da máquina estatal, que tem o dever de prestar serviços públicos de qualidade. Sendo assim, o estudo objetiva avaliar o impacto da capacitação profissional voltada para o servidor na Prefeitura de Manaus. Para isso a análise se deu por meio da adaptação do Modelo IMPACT de avaliação do treinamento, aplicado junto aos servidores egressos de atividades de capacitação promovidas pela Escola de Serviço Público da Prefeitura de Manaus (ESPI). Os resultados sugerem que há forte impacto positivo da capacitação administrada pela ESPI nas atividades laborais dos servidores, no entanto, o suporte dado pelas chefias ao treinamento necessita de ajustes para que possa proporcionar um melhor aproveitamento dos conhecimentos e habilidades adquiridos pelos servidores em prol de suas instituições.

Two feeding preference experiments and an in vitro assay were performed to assess the weaned pig preference for Cu doses and sources based on their sensorial perception and on the likely post-ingestive effects of Cu. At day 7 post-weaning, a total of 828 pigs were distributed into two different experiments. In Exp.1 (dose preference) a diet with a nutritional Cu level (15 mg/kg) of Cu sulfate (SF) was pair offered with higher Cu levels (150 mg/kg) of either SF or hydroxychloride (HCl). In Exp.2 (source preference), a diet supplemented with Cu-SF at 150 mg/kg was compared to a Cu-HCl (150 mg/kg) diet. At the short-term (day 7–9) and for the entire experimental week (day 7–14), pigs preferred diets with a high Cu level than with Cu at a nutritional dose (p < 0.05). Likewise, pigs preferred diets supplemented with a Cu-HCl source compared to diets with Cu-SF (p < 0.05). In vitro assay results showed a greater solubility and interaction of Cu-SF with phytic acid compared to Cu-HCl. In conclusion, pigs chose diets with higher levels of Cu probably to re-establish homeostasis after weaning. Pigs preferred diets with Cu-HCl compared to Cu-SF probably due to their solubilities and chemical differences.

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of four different microencapsulated blends of organic acids (OA) and nature-identical aromatic compounds (AC) on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged with a recycled NE litter. A total of 600 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments consisting of a basal diet (as negative control) supplemented with each of the tested microencapsulated blends: OA1 (malic and fumaric acid) + AC; 2.5 g/kg; OA2 (calcium butyrate+fumaric acid) + AC; 1.7 g/kg; MCFA (capric-caprylic; caproic and lauric acid) + AC; 2 g/kg; and MCFA + OA3 (calcium butyrate+fumaric and citric acid) + AC; 1.5 g/kg. The AC used was the same for all treatments; including cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol (8:1:1), as major compounds. Three tested blends enhanced growth performance by improving intestinal histomorphology (p < 0.001). The tested blends enhanced the abundance of some beneficial families such as Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae; while reducing that of harmful ones such as Enterobacteriaceae and Helicobacteraceae. A further dose-response experiment showed that 0.5 g/kg of the blend 2 and 2 g/kg of the blend 4 improved growth performance and intestinal histomorphology of chickens on d 42 and decreased fecal Enterobacteriaceae and C. perfringens counts. Similar effects to the previous experiment were observed for cecum microbiota.

Forest degradation is widespread around the world, due to multiple factors such as unsustainable logging, agriculture, invasive species, fire, fuelwood gathering, and livestock grazing. In the Brazilian Amazon forest degradation from August 2006 to July 2016 reached 1,1 869 800 ha. The processes of forest degradation are still poorly understood, being a missing component in anthropogenic CO _2 emission estimates in tropical forests. In this work, we analyzed temporal trajectories of forest degradation from August 2006 to July 2016 in the Brazilian Amazon and assessed their impact on the regional carbon balance. We combined the degradation process with deforestation-related processes (clear-cut deforestation and secondary vegetation dynamics), using the spatially-explicit INPE-EM carbon emission model. The trajectory analysis showed that 13% of the degraded area ended up being cleared and converted in the period and 61% of the total degraded area experienced only one event of degradation throughout the whole period. Net emissions added up to 5.4 GtCO _2 , considering the emissions from forest degradation and deforestation, absorption from degraded forest recovery, and secondary vegetation dynamics. The results show an increase in the contribution of forest degradation to net emissions towards the end of the period, related to the decrease in clear-cut deforestation rates, decoupled from the forest degradation rates. The analysis also indicates that the regeneration of degraded forests absorbed 1.8 GtCO2 from August 2006 and July 2016—a component typically overlooked in the regional carbon balance.

Relatively short grazing periods in a pure legume pasture can be an alternative for increasing animal performance in medium-quality tropical pastures. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the herbage intake and animal performance of steers grazing dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. BRS Kurumi) with two access times [2 h (07:00 - 9:00) and 6 h (07:00 - 13:00)] to an area of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo). Twelve steers (219 ± 28.8 kg LW) were divided into four groups and assessed during three consecutive grazing cycles, from January to March 2013. The crude protein and neutral detergent fiber contents were 158 and 577 g/kg dry matter (DM) for dwarf elephant grass and 209 and 435 g/kg DM for forage peanut, respectively. The pre-grazing height and leaf mass of dwarf elephant grass and forage peanut were 94 cm and 2782 kg DM/ha and 15 cm and 1751 kg DM/ha, respectively. The herbage intake (mean = 2.7 ± 0.06% LW) and average daily weight gain (mean = 1.16 ± 0.31 kg/day) were similar for both treatments. However, animals with 2-h access to the legume paddock grazed for 71% of the time, whereas those with 6-h access grazed for 48% of the time. The performance of the steers that were allowed to graze forage peanut pasture for 2 h is similar to that of those that were allowed to graze the legume pasture for 6 h.