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1. Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Author

Alimena, J, Beacham, J, Borsato, M, Cheng, Y, Vidal, XC, Cottin, G, Curtin, D, De Roeck, A, Desai, N, Evans, JA, Knapen, S, Kraml, S, Lessa, A, Liu, Z, Mehlhase, S, Ramsey-Musolf, MJ, Russell, H, Shelton, J, Shuve, B, Verducci, M, Zurita, J, Adams, T, Adersberger, M, Alpigiani, C, Apresyan, A, Bainbridge, RJ, Batozskaya, V, Beauchesne, H, Benato, L, Berlendis, S, Bhal, E, Blekman, F, Borovilou, C, Boyd, J, Brau, BP, Bryngemark, L, Buchmueller, O, Buschmann, M, Buttinger, W, Campanelli, M, Cesarotti, C, Chen, C, Cheng, HC, Cheong, S, Citron, M, Coccaro, A, Coco, V, Conte, E, Cormier, F, Corpe, LD, Craig, N, Cui, Y, Dall'occo, E, Dallapiccola, C, Darwish, MR, Davoli, A, Cosa, AD, De Simone, A, Rose, LD, Deppisch, FF, Dey, B, Diamond, MD, Dienes, KR, Dildick, S, Döbrich, B, Drewes, M, Eich, M, Elsawy, M, Valle, AED, Facini, G, Farina, M, Feng, JL, Fischer, O, Flaecher, HU, Foldenauer, P, Freytsis, M, Fuks, B, Galon, I, Gershtein, Y, Giagu, S, Giammanco, A, Gligorov, VV, Golling, T, Grancagnolo, S, Gustavino, G, Haas, A, Hahn, K, Hajer, J, Hammad, A, Heinrich, L, Heisig, J, Helo, JC, Hesketh, G, Hill, CS, Hirsch, M, Hohlmann, M, Holmes, T, Hulsbergen, W, Huth, J, and Ilten, P

Subjects
beyond the Standard Model, long-lived particles, Large Hadron Collider, high-luminosity LHC, collider phenomenology, high-energy collider experiments, hep-ex, hep-ph, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics
Abstract

Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton-proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments-as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER-to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity 'dark showers', highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.

Published
2020

2. The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

Author

Feng, JL, Feng, JL, Kling, F, Reno, MH, Rojo, J, Soldin, D, Anchordoqui, LA, Boyd, J, Ismail, A, Harland-Lang, L, Kelly, KJ, Pandey, V, Trojanowski, S, Tsai, YD, Alameddine, JM, Araki, T, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Asai, K, Bacchetta, A, Balazs, K, Barr, AJ, Battistin, M, Bian, J, Bertone, C, Bai, W, Bakhti, P, Baha Balantekin, A, Barman, B, Batell, B, Bauer, M, Bauer, B, Becker, M, Berlin, A, Bertuzzo, E, Bhattacharya, A, Bonvini, M, Boogert, ST, Boyarsky, A, Bramante, J, Brdar, V, Carmona, A, Casper, DW, Celiberto, FG, Cerutti, F, Chachamis, G, Chauhan, G, Citron, M, Copello, E, Corso, JP, Darmé, L, D'Agnolo, RT, Darvishi, N, Das, A, De Lellis, G, De Roeck, A, De Vries, J, Dembinski, HP, Demidov, S, Deniverville, P, Denton, PB, Deppisch, FF, Bhupal Dev, PS, Di Crescenzo, A, Dienes, KR, Diwan, MV, Dreiner, HK, Du, Y, Dutta, B, Duwentäster, P, Elie, L, Ellis, SAR, Enberg, R, Farzan, Y, Fieg, M, Foguel, AL, Foldenauer, P, Foroughi-Abari, S, Fortin, JF, Friedland, A, Fuchs, E, Fucilla, M, Gallmeister, K, Garcia, A, Canal, CAG, Garzelli, MV, Gauld, R, Ghosh, S, Ghoshal, A, Gibson, S, Giuli, F, Gonçalves, VP, Gorbunov, D, Goswami, S, Grau, S, Günther, JY, Guzzi, M, Haas, A, Hakulinen, T, Harris, SP, Harz, J, Feng, JL, Feng, JL, Kling, F, Reno, MH, Rojo, J, Soldin, D, Anchordoqui, LA, Boyd, J, Ismail, A, Harland-Lang, L, Kelly, KJ, Pandey, V, Trojanowski, S, Tsai, YD, Alameddine, JM, Araki, T, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Asai, K, Bacchetta, A, Balazs, K, Barr, AJ, Battistin, M, Bian, J, Bertone, C, Bai, W, Bakhti, P, Baha Balantekin, A, Barman, B, Batell, B, Bauer, M, Bauer, B, Becker, M, Berlin, A, Bertuzzo, E, Bhattacharya, A, Bonvini, M, Boogert, ST, Boyarsky, A, Bramante, J, Brdar, V, Carmona, A, Casper, DW, Celiberto, FG, Cerutti, F, Chachamis, G, Chauhan, G, Citron, M, Copello, E, Corso, JP, Darmé, L, D'Agnolo, RT, Darvishi, N, Das, A, De Lellis, G, De Roeck, A, De Vries, J, Dembinski, HP, Demidov, S, Deniverville, P, Denton, PB, Deppisch, FF, Bhupal Dev, PS, Di Crescenzo, A, Dienes, KR, Diwan, MV, Dreiner, HK, Du, Y, Dutta, B, Duwentäster, P, Elie, L, Ellis, SAR, Enberg, R, Farzan, Y, Fieg, M, Foguel, AL, Foldenauer, P, Foroughi-Abari, S, Fortin, JF, Friedland, A, Fuchs, E, Fucilla, M, Gallmeister, K, Garcia, A, Canal, CAG, Garzelli, MV, Gauld, R, Ghosh, S, Ghoshal, A, Gibson, S, Giuli, F, Gonçalves, VP, Gorbunov, D, Goswami, S, Grau, S, Günther, JY, Guzzi, M, Haas, A, Hakulinen, T, Harris, SP, and Harz, J

Abstract

High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential.

Published
2023

3. Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

Author

Juliette Alimena, James Beacham, Martino Borsato, Yangyang Cheng, Xabier Cid Vidal, Giovanna Cottin, David Curtin, Albert De Roeck, Nishita Desai, Jared A Evans, Simon Knapen, Sabine Kraml, Andre Lessa, Zhen Liu, Sascha Mehlhase, Michael J Ramsey-Musolf, Heather Russell, Jessie Shelton, Brian Shuve, Monica Verducci, Jose Zurita, Todd Adams, Michael Adersberger, Cristiano Alpigiani, Artur Apresyan, Robert John Bainbridge, Varvara Batozskaya, Hugues Beauchesne, Lisa Benato, S Berlendis, Eshwen Bhal, Freya Blekman, Christina Borovilou, Jamie Boyd, Benjamin P Brau, Lene Bryngemark, Oliver Buchmueller, Malte Buschmann, William Buttinger, Mario Campanelli, Cari Cesarotti, Chunhui Chen, Hsin-Chia Cheng, Sanha Cheong, Matthew Citron, Andrea Coccaro, V Coco, Eric Conte, Félix Cormier, Louie D Corpe, Nathaniel Craig, Yanou Cui, Elena Dall’Occo, C Dallapiccola, M R Darwish, Alessandro Davoli, Annapaola de Cosa, Andrea De Simone, Luigi Delle Rose, Frank F Deppisch, Biplab Dey, Miriam D Diamond, Keith R Dienes, Sven Dildick, Babette Döbrich, Marco Drewes, Melanie Eich, M ElSawy, Alberto Escalante del Valle, Gabriel Facini, Marco Farina, Jonathan L Feng, Oliver Fischer, H U Flaecher, Patrick Foldenauer, Marat Freytsis, Benjamin Fuks, Iftah Galon, Yuri Gershtein, Stefano Giagu, Andrea Giammanco, Vladimir V Gligorov, Tobias Golling, Sergio Grancagnolo, Giuliano Gustavino, Andrew Haas, Kristian Hahn, Jan Hajer, Ahmed Hammad, Lukas Heinrich, Jan Heisig, J C Helo, Gavin Hesketh, Christopher S Hill, Martin Hirsch, M Hohlmann, Tova Holmes, W Hulsbergen, John Huth, Philip Ilten, Thomas Jacques, Bodhitha Jayatilaka, Geng-Yuan Jeng, K A Johns, Toshiaki Kaji, Gregor Kasieczka, Yevgeny Kats, Malgorzata Kazana, Henning Keller, Maxim Yu Khlopov, Felix Kling, Ted R Kolberg, Igor Kostiuk, Emma Sian Kuwertz, Audrey Kvam, Greg Landsberg, Gaia Lanfranchi, Iñaki Lara, Alexander Ledovskoy, Dylan Linthorne, Jia Liu, Iacopo Longarini, Steven Lowette, Henry Lubatti, Margaret Lutz, Jingyu Luo, Judita Mamuz̆ić, Matthieu Marinangeli, Alberto Mariotti, Daniel Marlow, Matthew McCullough, Kevin McDermott, P Mermod, David Milstead, Siddharth Mishra-Sharma, Vasiliki A Mitsou, Javier Montejo Berlingen, Filip Moortgat, Alessandro Morandini, Alice Polyxeni Morris, David Michael Morse, Stephen Mrenna, Benjamin Nachman, Miha Nemevs̆ek, Fabrizio Nesti, Christian Ohm, Silvia Pascoli, Kevin Pedro, Cristián Peña, Karla Josefina Pena Rodriguez, Jónatan Piedra, James L Pinfold, Antonio Policicchio, Goran Popara, Jessica Prisciandaro, Mason Proffitt, Giorgia Rauco, Federico Redi, Matthew Reece, Allison Reinsvold Hall, H Rejeb Sfar, Sophie Renner, Dean Robinson, Amber Roepe, Manfredi Ronzani, Ennio Salvioni, Arka Santra, Ryu Sawada, Jakub Scholtz, Philip Schuster, Pedro Schwaller, Cristiano Sebastiani, Sezen Sekmen, Michele Selvaggi, Weinan Si, Livia Soffi, Daniel Stolarski, David Stuart, John Stupak III, Kevin Sung, Wendy Taylor, Sebastian Templ, Brooks Thomas, Emma Torró-Pastor, Daniele Trocino, Sebastian Trojanowski, Marco Trovato, Yuhsin Tsai, C G Tully, Tamás Álmos Vámi, Juan Carlos Vasquez, Carlos Vázquez Sierra, K Vellidis, Basile Vermassen, Martina Vit, Devin G E Walker, Xiao-Ping Wang, Gordon Watts, Si Xie, Melissa Yexley, Charles Young, Jiang-Hao Yu, Piotr Zalewski, Yongchao Zhang, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Theoretical Physics, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Mitsou, Vasiliki A, Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies (LPTHE), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Alimena J, Beacham J, Borsato M, Cheng YY, Vidal XC, Cottin G, Curtin D, De Roeck A, Desai N, Evans JA, Knapen S, Kraml S, Lessa A, Liu Z, Mehlhase S, Ramsey-Musolf MJ, Russell H, Shelton J, Shuve B, Verducci M, Zurita J, Adams T, Adersberger M, Alpigiani C, Apresyan A, Bainbridge RJ, Batozskaya V, Beauchesne H, Benato L, Berlendis S, Bhal E, Blekman F, Borovilou C, Boyd J, Brau BP, Bryngemark L, Buchmueller O, Buschmann M, Buttinger W, Campanelli M, Cesarotti C, Chen CH, Cheng HC, Cheong SH, Citron M, Coccaro A, Coco V, Conte E, Cormier F, Corpe LD, Craig N, Cui YO, Dall'Occo E, Dallapiccola C, Darwish MR, Davoli A, Cosa AD, Simone AD, Rose LD, Deppisch FF, Dey B, Diamond MD, Dienes KR, Dildick S, Dobrich B, Drewes M, Eich M, ElSawy M, Valle AED, Facini G, Farina M, Feng JL, Fischer O, Flaecher HU, Foldenauer P, Freytsis M, Fuks B, Galon I, Gershtein Y, Giagu S, Giammanco A, Gligorov VV, Golling T, Grancagnolo S, Gustavino G, Haas A, Hahn K, Hajer J, Hammad A, Heinrich L, Heisig J, Helo JC, Hesketh G, Hill CS, Hirsch M, Hohlmann M, Holmes T, Hulsbergen W, Huth J, Ilten P, Jacques T, Jayatilaka B, Jeng GY, Johns KA, Kaji T, Kasieczka G, Kats Y, Kazana M, Keller H, Khlopov MY, Kling F, Kolberg TR, Kostiuk I, Kuwertz ES, Kvam A, Landsberg G, Lanfranchi G, Lara I, Ledovskoy A, Linthorne D, Liu J, Longarini I, Lowette S, Lubatti H, Lutz M, Luo JY, Mamuzic J, Marinangeli M, Mariotti A, Marlow D, McCullough M, McDermott K, Mermod P, Milstead D, Mishra-Sharma S, Mitsou VA, Berlingen JM, Moortgat F, Morandini A, Morris AP, Morse DM, Mrenna S, Nachman B, Nemevsek M, Nesti F, Ohm C, Pascoli S, Pedro K, Pena C, Rodriguez KJP, Piedra J, Pinfold JL, Policicchio A, Popara G, Prisciandaro J, Proffitt M, Rauco G, Redi F, Reece M, Hall AR, Sfar HR, Renner S, Robinson D, Roepe A, Ronzani M, Salvioni E, Santra A, Sawada R, Scholtz J, Schuster P, Schwaller P, Sebastiani C, Sekmen S, Selvaggi M, Si WN, Soffi L, Stolarski D, Stuart D, Iii JS, Sung KV, Taylor W, Templ S, Thomas B, Torro-Pastor E, Trocino D, Trojanowski S, Trovato M, Tsai YH, Tully CG, Vami TA, Vasquez JC, Sierra CV, Vellidis K, Vermassen B, Vit M, Walker DGE, Wang XP, Watts G, Xie S, Yexley M, Young C, Yu JH, Zalewski P, Zhang YC, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
HIGH-ENERGY, beyond the Standard Model, large hadron collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS, Physics beyond the Standard Model, beyond the standard model, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), high-luminosity lhc, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), MAGNETIC MONOPOLES, long-lived [particle], high-energy collider experiments, decay: vertex, scattering [p p], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], long-lived particles, QC, proposed [detector], Physics, lifetime, dark gauge forces, Large Hadron Collider, CMS, ROOT-S=13 TEV, root-s=13 tev, new physics: search for, scale: electroweak interaction, hep-ph, ATLAS, electroweak interaction [scale], vertex [decay], upgrade [detector], High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, detector: upgrade, Settore FIS/02 - Fisica Teorica, Modelli e Metodi Matematici, primary [vertex], ddc, CERN LHC Coll, baryon asymmetry, vertex: primary, LHC, colliding beams [p p], exclusion limits, pp collisions, Particle Physics - Experiment, signature, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, p p: scattering, CERN Lab, PAIR PRODUCTION, collider phenomenology, review, FOS: Physical sciences, DARK GAUGE FORCES, search for [new physics], BARYON ASYMMETRY, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, numerical calculations, Particle Physics - Phenomenology, EXCLUSION LIMITS, magnetic monopoles, PP COLLISIONS, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, background, bibliography, showers, MAJORANA NEUTRINOS, Collision, tracks, LHC-B, detector: proposed, high-luminosity LHC, pair production, MATHUSLA, Physics and Astronomy, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], proton-proton collisions, high-energy, majorana neutrinos, particle: long-lived, p p: colliding beams, Physics BSM, experimental results
Abstract

Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these longlived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton–proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments—as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER—to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signaturebased approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity ‘dark showers’, highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.

Published
2020

4. Long-lived particles at the energy frontier: the MATHUSLA physics case.

Author

Curtin D, Drewes M, McCullough M, Meade P, Mohapatra RN, Shelton J, Shuve B, Accomando E, Alpigiani C, Antusch S, Carlos Arteaga-Velázquez J, Batell B, Bauer M, Blinov N, Salomé Caballero-Mora K, Hyeok Chang J, Chun EJ, Co RT, Cohen T, Cox P, Craig N, Csáki C, Cui Y, D'Eramo F, Delle Rose L, Bhupal Dev PS, Dienes KR, Dror JA, Essig R, Evans JA, Evans JL, Fernández Tellez A, Fischer O, Flacke T, Fradette A, Frugiuele C, Fuchs E, Gherghetta T, Giudice GF, Gorbunov D, Gupta RS, Hagedorn C, Hall LJ, Harris P, Carlos Helo J, Hirsch M, Hochberg Y, Hook A, Ibarra A, Ipek S, Jung S, Knapen S, Kuflik E, Liu Z, Lombardo S, Lubatti HJ, McKeen D, Molinaro E, Moretti S, Nagata N, Neubert M, Miguel No J, Olaiya E, Perez G, Peskin ME, Pinner D, Pospelov M, Reece M, Robinson DJ, Rodríguez Cahuantzi M, Santonico R, Schlaffer M, Shepherd-Themistocleous CH, Spray A, Stolarski D, Subieta Vasquez MA, Sundrum R, Thamm A, Thomas B, Tsai Y, Tweedie B, West SM, Young C, Yu F, Zaldivar B, Zhang Y, Zurek K, and Zurita J

Abstract

We examine the theoretical motivations for long-lived particle (LLP) signals at the LHC in a comprehensive survey of standard model (SM) extensions. LLPs are a common prediction of a wide range of theories that address unsolved fundamental mysteries such as naturalness, dark matter, baryogenesis and neutrino masses, and represent a natural and generic possibility for physics beyond the SM (BSM). In most cases the LLP lifetime can be treated as a free parameter from the [Formula: see text]m scale up to the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis limit of [Formula: see text] m. Neutral LLPs with lifetimes above [Formula: see text]100 m are particularly difficult to probe, as the sensitivity of the LHC main detectors is limited by challenging backgrounds, triggers, and small acceptances. MATHUSLA is a proposal for a minimally instrumented, large-volume surface detector near ATLAS or CMS. It would search for neutral LLPs produced in HL-LHC collisions by reconstructing displaced vertices (DVs) in a low-background environment, extending the sensitivity of the main detectors by orders of magnitude in the long-lifetime regime. We study the LLP physics opportunities afforded by a MATHUSLA-like detector at the HL-LHC, assuming backgrounds can be rejected as expected. We develop a model-independent approach to describe the sensitivity of MATHUSLA to BSM LLP signals, and compare it to DV and missing energy searches at ATLAS or CMS. We then explore the BSM motivations for LLPs in considerable detail, presenting a large number of new sensitivity studies. While our discussion is especially oriented towards the long-lifetime regime at MATHUSLA, this survey underlines the importance of a varied LLP search program at the LHC in general. By synthesizing these results into a general discussion of the top-down and bottom-up motivations for LLP searches, it is our aim to demonstrate the exceptional strength and breadth of the physics case for the construction of the MATHUSLA detector.

Published
2019
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5. Dark-matter decay as a complementary probe of multicomponent dark sectors.

Author

Dienes KR, Kumar J, Thomas B, and Yaylali D

Abstract

In single-component theories of dark matter, the 2→2 amplitudes for dark-matter production, annihilation, and scattering can be related to each other through various crossing symmetries. The detection techniques based on these processes are thus complementary. However, multicomponent theories exhibit an additional direction for dark-matter complementarity: the possibility of dark-matter decay from heavier to lighter components. We discuss how this new detection channel may be correlated with the others, and demonstrate that the enhanced complementarity which emerges can be an important ingredient in probing and constraining the parameter spaces of such models.

Published
2015
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6. Kerr black holes are not unique to general relativity.

Author

Psaltis D, Perrodin D, Dienes KR, and Mocioiu I

Abstract

Considerable attention has recently focused on gravity theories obtained by extending general relativity with additional scalar, vector, or tensor degrees of freedom. In this Letter, we show that the black-hole solutions of these theories are essentially indistinguishable from those of general relativity. Thus, we conclude that a potential observational verification of the Kerr metric around an astrophysical black hole cannot, in and of itself, be used to distinguish between these theories. On the other hand, it remains true that detection of deviations from the Kerr metric will signify the need for a major change in our understanding of gravitational physics.

Published
2008
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7. Grand unified theory precursors and nontrivial fixed points in higher-dimensional gauge theories.

Author

Dienes KR, Dudas E, and Gherghetta T

Abstract

Within the context of traditional logarithmic grand unification at M(GUT) approximately equal to 10(16) GeV, we show that it is nevertheless possible to observe certain GUT states such as X and Y gauge bosons at lower scales, perhaps even in the TeV range. We refer to such states as "GUT precursors." These states offer an interesting alternative possibility for new physics at the TeV scale, and could be used to directly probe GUT physics even though the scale of gauge coupling unification remains high. Our results also give rise to a Kaluza-Klein realization of nontrivial fixed points in higher-dimensional gauge theories.

Published
2003
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8. Kaluza-Klein states versus winding states: can both be above the string scale?

Author

Dienes KR and Mafi A

Abstract

Closed strings in extra compactified dimensions give rise to both Kaluza-Klein states and winding states. Since the masses of these states play a reciprocal role, it is often believed that either the lightest Kaluza-Klein states or the lightest winding states must be at or below the string scale. In this Letter, we demonstrate the contrary, showing that there exist toroidal compactifications for which all Kaluza-Klein states as well as all winding states are heavier than the string scale. Within the context of low-scale string theories, this implies that it may be possible to cross the string scale without detecting any states associated with spacetime compactification.

Published
2002
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9. Shadows of the planck scale: scale dependence of compactification geometry.

Author

Dienes KR and Mafi A

Abstract

By studying the effects of the shape moduli associated with toroidal compactifications, we demonstrate that Planck-sized extra dimensions can cast significant "shadows" over low-energy physics. These shadows distort our perceptions of the compactification geometry associated with large extra dimensions and place a fundamental limit on our ability to probe the geometry of compactification by measuring Kaluza-Klein states. We also find that compactification geometry is effectively renormalized as a function of energy scale, with "renormalization group equations" describing the "flow" of geometric parameters such as compactification radii and shape angles as functions of energy.

Published
2002
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10. Shape versus volume: making large flat extra dimensions invisible.

Author

Dienes KR

Abstract

We show that the shape moduli associated with large extra dimensions can have a dramatic effect on the corresponding Kaluza-Klein spectra. Specifically, shape moduli can change the mass gap, induce level crossings, and even interpolate between theories with different numbers of compactified dimensions. We also show that in certain cases it is possible to maintain the ratio between the higher-dimensional and four-dimensional Planck scales while simultaneously increasing the Kaluza-Klein graviton mass gap by an arbitrarily large factor. These observations can therefore be used to alleviate many of the experimental bounds on theories with large extra spacetime dimensions.

Published
2002
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