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We characterized daily dietary protein intakes, focusing on protein source (animal and nonanimal) and form (whole-foods and supplemental) in young (18–40 years) resistance trained (training ≥ 3×/week for ≥ 6 months; TRA; male, n = 30; female, n = 14) and recreationally active (no structured training; REC; male, n = 30; female, n = 30) individuals. Using 3-day weighed food diaries from 10 previous studies, we assessed macronutrient intakes using dietary analysis software. Energy intakes trended greater in TRA compared with REC (p =.056) and were greater in males than females (p =.006). TRA consumed greater (p =.002) proportions of daily energy intake as protein than REC (23 ± 6 vs. 19 ± 5%Energy), which also trended greater in males compared with females (22 ± 3 vs. 20 ± 2%Energy; p =.060). Absolute (p <.001) and relative (to body mass [BM]; p <.001) protein intakes were greater in TRA (males, 159 ± 54 g/day or 1.6 ± 0.7 g·kg−1 BM·day−1; females, 105 ± 40 g/day or 2.0 ± 0.6 g·kg−1 BM·day−1; p <.001) than REC (males, 103 ± 37 g/day or 1.3 ± 0.5 g·kg−1 BM·day−1; females, 85 ± 23 g/day or 1.3 ± 0.4 g·kg−1 BM·day−1; p <.001), with absolute (p =.025), but not relative (p =.129) intakes greater in males. A greater proportion of total protein was consumed from animal compared with nonanimal in TRA (68% vs. 32%, respectively; p <.001) and REC (64% vs. 36%, respectively; p <.001); the skew driven exclusively by males (72% vs. 28%, respectively; p <.001). A greater proportion (∼92%) of total protein was consumed as whole-foods compared with supplemental, irrespective of training status or sex (p <.001). We show animal and whole-food–derived proteins contribute the majority to daily dietary protein intakes in TRA and REC young males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine-derived proteins, such as blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysates (BWPH), represent high-quality sources of dietary protein, but their ability to support postexercise anabolism is not established. The impact of BWPH on whole-body anabolism was compared with an isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) control in 10 trained young males (31 ± 4 years) who, on three separate visits, performed a session of whole-body resistance exercise and then consumed, in randomized crossover fashion, BWPH, WPI, or NEAA (0.33 g/kg; 19, 33, and 0 mg/kg leucine, respectively) with L-[1-13C]leucine. Breath, blood, and urine samples were collected for 6-hr postprandial to assess dietary leucine oxidation, amino acid (AA) concentrations, and 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio. Peak and area under the curve concentrations for leucine, branched-chain amino acids, and essential amino acids were greater in WPI compared with BWPH (all p <.05) but with no differences in time to peak concentration. Total oxidation reflected leucine intake (WPI > BWPH > NEAA; p <.01), whereas relative oxidation was greater (p <.01) in WPI (28.6 ± 3.6%) compared with NEAA (21.3 ± 4.2%), but not BWPH (28.6 ± 8.8%). Leucine retention, a proxy for whole-body protein synthesis, was greater in WPI (185.6 ± 9.5 μmol/kg) compared with BWPH (109.3 ± 14.1 μmol/kg) and NEAA (5.74 ± 0.30 μmol/kg; both p <.01), with BWPH being greater than NEAA (p <.01). Urinary 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio did not differ between conditions. Both WPI and BWPH produced essential aminoacidemia and supported whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise, but a higher intake of BWPH to better approximate the leucine and EAA content of WPI may be needed to produce an equivalent anabolic response. Consuming protein after exercise is generally considered to be important for recovery from a single session of exercise, and over time can support muscle growth in response to long-term strength training. This study aimed to understand how different types of protein might affect these so-called "anabolic" processes by studying a marker of the body's ability to recovery and grow muscle after exercise. Specifically, this study compared how well three different protein sources—a dairy-based protein in the form of whey protein isolate, a novel fish protein powder derived from blue whiting, and a blend of what are known as nonessential amino acids—help the body retain another amino acid named leucine, which is a key indicator of muscle-building potential, during the 6 hr of recovery after exercise. There are 20 amino acids that are used in the body, some come from our food and some can be made in the body, but regardless of source, these amino acids serve as building blocks for all of the proteins in the body. Ten healthy young men who had been regularly doing strength training participated in the study. On three different occasions, each participant completed a full-body workout and then drank one of the three protein drinks. The amount of protein they consumed was based on their body weight. The drink provided 20–30 g of protein depending, on body size. After each workout, how much leucine the body retained over a 6-hr period was assessed by collecting samples of blood, breath, and urine which effectively measures how well the proteins were absorbed and used by the body for processes supporting muscle recovery, repair, and growth. One of the key questions was whether this fish-derived protein could be a good alternative to whey protein for supporting muscle recovery after exercise. Whey protein is well-known for its ability to support these processes and help build muscle, but there is much interest in whether other protein sources, particularly those from fish, could offer similar benefits. Fish proteins may also have the added advantage of being more sustainable, which is increasingly important in today's world. The nonessential amino acid blend served as a control, as it was not expected to contribute to processes that support muscle recovery and growth due to its lack of essential amino acids. The results showed that whey protein was the most effective by leading to the highest concentrations of essential amino acids in the blood, and the greatest amount of leucine retained in the body, meaning that the body was potentially able to use more of it for muscle recovery and growth. The fish protein performed better than the nonessential amino acids, supporting the idea that it could help with muscle recovery, but it was not as effective as whey protein. This finding is likely because the fish protein contained less essential amino acids, which are critical for muscle recovery and growth processes. Consuming a larger amount of the fish protein could potentially provide benefits similar to whey protein, but more studies would be needed to confirm this. The nonessential amino acid blend was the least effective, as expected, because it lacked the necessary components to stimulate these anabolic processes in muscle. The interpretation of these results is that while whey protein would be the most effective of the three protein sources for promoting muscle recovery after exercise, fish-derived proteins, like the one tested in this study, could be a good alternative, especially for those who are looking for nondairy sources of protein. While the fish protein didn't perform as well as whey protein in this study, it did still support muscle recovery, suggesting it could be a viable option to match the effects of whey if provided at the right dosage. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how different protein sources can help the body recover after exercise, and suggests that future research could focus on how adjusting the amount of fish protein consumed could improve its potential to support recovery and growth in response to exercise. Consuming protein after exercise is generally considered to be important for recovery from a single session of exercise, and over time can support muscle growth in response to long term strength training. This study aimed to understand how different types of protein might affect these so-called "anabolic" processes by studying a marker of the body's ability to recovery and grow muscle after exercise. Specifically, this study compared how well three different protein sources—a dairy-based protein in the form of whey protein isolate, a novel fish protein powder derived from blue whiting, and a blend of what are known as nonessential amino acids—help the body retain another amino acid named leucine, which is a key indicator of muscle-building potential, during the 6 hr of recovery after exercise. There are 20 amino acids that are used in the body, some come from our food and some can be made in the body, but regardless of source, these amino acids serve as building blocks for all of the proteins in the body. Ten healthy young men who had been regularly doing strength training participated in the study. On three different occasions, each participant completed a full-body workout and then drank one of the three protein drinks. The amount of protein they consumed was based on their body weight, and so the drink provided 20–30 g of protein depending on body size. After each workout, how much leucine the body retained over a 6-hr period was assessed by collecting samples of blood, breath, and urine, and this is effectively a measure of how well the proteins were absorbed and used by the body for processes supporting muscle recovery, repair, and growth. One of the key research questions was whether this fish-derived protein could be a good alternative to whey protein for supporting muscle recovery after exercise. Whey protein is well-known for its ability to support these processes and help build muscle, but there is much interest in whether other protein sources, particularly those from fish, could offer similar benefits. Fish proteins may also have the added advantage of being more sustainable, which is increasingly important in today's world. The nonessential amino acid blend served as a control, as it was not expected to contribute to processes that support muscle recovery and growth due to its lack of essential amino acids. The results showed that whey protein was the most effective by leading to the highest concentrations of essential amino acids in the blood, and the greatest amount of leucine retained in the body, meaning that the body was potentially able to use more of it for muscle recovery and growth. The fish protein performed better than the nonessential amino acids, supporting the idea that it could help with muscle recovery, but it was not as effective as whey protein. This finding is likely because the fish protein contained less essential amino acids, which are critical for muscle recovery and growth processes. Consuming a larger amount of the fish protein could potentially provide similar benefits to whey protein, but more studies would be needed to confirm this. The nonessential amino acid blend was the least effective, as expected, because it lacked the necessary components to stimulate these anabolic processes in muscle. The interpretation of these results is that while whey protein would be the most effective of the three protein sources for promoting muscle recovery after exercise, fish-derived proteins like the one tested in this study could still be a good alternative, especially for those who are looking for nondairy sources of protein. While the fish protein didn't perform as well as whey protein in this study, it did still support muscle recovery, suggesting it could be a viable option to match the effects of whey if provided at the right dosage. Overall, this research adds to our understanding of how different protein sources can help the body recover after exercise, and suggests that future research could focus on how adjusting the amount of fish protein consumed could improve its potential to support recovery and growth in response to exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of protein supplementation and resistance training (RT), compared with RT alone or combined with a placebo, in improving gait speed. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases, and 18 randomized controlled trials with 1,147 older participants were included for meta-analysis. Data were pooled as the effect sizes (Hedges' g) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the gait speed (in meters per second). The random-effect meta-analysis, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Results: The combination of protein supplementation and RT significantly improved gait speed (Hedges' g: 0.52 m/s, 95% confidence interval [0.17, 0.86], p =.005; I2 = 86.5%) compared with the RT alone. The subgroup analyses revealed that the significant improvement in gait speed postprotein intervention plus RT was observed only in participants who consumed protein after RT (Hedges' g: 0.90 m/s, 95% confidence interval [0.46, 1.33], p =.001; I2 = 79.6%). The pooled result did not significantly change after excluding any single study at one time or excluding smaller studies with large effect sizes. Conclusions: Protein supplementation combined with RT could significantly improve the gait speed of older adults compared with RT alone. This positive effect is more pronounced in people who consume protein after RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Low protein intake (LPI) has been suggested as a treatment for chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, protein intake is essential for bone health. METHODS: We studied the database of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2010. Basic variables, metabolic diseases, and bone density of different femoral areas were stratified into four subgroups according to different protein intake (DPI) (that is, 1.2 g/kg/day). RESULTS: Significant differences were found among all lumbar area bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores (p 1.2 g/day/kg over L2 (relative risk (RR)=1.326, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.062-1.656), subgroup >1.2 g/day/kg over L3 (RR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.057-1.622), subgroup 1.2 g/day/kg over all L spines (RR = 0.333, 95%CI = 1.098-1.618). However, a higher risk of osteoporosis was observed only in the non-CKD group. There was an apparent trend of higher DPI coexisting with lower BMD and T scores in patients with CKD. For osteoporosis (reference:0.8-1.0 g/day/kg), lower (1.2 g/day/kg) was associated with higher risks in the non-CKD group, but not in the CKD group. CONCLUSIONS: In the CKD group, LPI for renal protection was safe without threatening L spine bone density and without causing a higher risk of osteoporosis.

A comprehensive recent study by Trommelen et al. demonstrated that muscle tissue exhibits a greater capacity to incorporate exogenous exogenous protein-derived amino acids into bound muscle protein than was previously appreciated, at least when measured in "anabolically sensitive," recreationally active (but not resistance-trained), young men following resistance exercise. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the duration of the postprandial period is modulated by the dose of ingested protein contained within a meal, that is, the postexercise muscle protein synthesis response to protein ingestion was more prolonged in 100PRO than 25PRO. Both observations represent important scientific advances in the field of protein metabolism. However, we respectfully caution that the practical implications of these findings may have been misinterpreted, at least in terms of dismissing the concept of protein meal distribution as an important factor in optimizing muscle tissue anabolism and/or metabolic health. Moreover, based on emerging evidence, this idea that the anabolic response to protein ingestion has no upper limit does not appear to translate to resistance-trained young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise protein supplementation strategies for muscle improvement are still lacking. The timing or type of protein supplementation has been debated as a window of opportunity to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. We conducted a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with protein supplements and resistance training. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched until May 1, 2023. We included 116 eligible trials with 4,711 participants that reported on 11 timing and 14 types of protein supplementation. Compared with placebo, protein supplementation after exercise (mean difference [MD]: 0.54 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.99] for fat-free mass, MD: 0.34 kg [95% confidence intervals 0.10, 0.58] for skeletal muscle mass) and at night (MD: 2.85 kg [0.49, 5.22] for handgrip strength, MD: 12.12 kg [3.26, 20.99] for leg press strength) was most effective in improving muscle mass and strength, respectively (moderate certainty). Milk proteins (milk, whey protein, yogurt, casein, and bovine colostrum), red meat, and mixed protein were effective for gains in both muscle mass and strength (moderate certainty). No timing or type of protein showed a significant enhancement in physical performance (timed up-to-go test, 6-min walk test, and gait speed). Pre/postexercise and Night are key recommended times of protein intake to increase muscle mass and strength, respectively. Milk proteins are the preferred types of protein supplements for improving muscle mass and strength. Future randomized controlled trials that directly compare the effects of protein timing or types are needed. This trial was registered at International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as CRD42022358766. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiome (GM) modulates body weight/composition and gastrointestinal functioning; therefore, approaches targeting resident gut microbes have attracted considerable interest. Intermittent fasting (IF) and protein pacing (P) regimens are effective in facilitating weight loss (WL) and enhancing body composition. However, the interrelationships between IF- and P-induced WL and the GM are unknown. The current randomized controlled study describes distinct fecal microbial and plasma metabolomic signatures between combined IF-P (n = 21) versus a heart-healthy, calorie-restricted (CR, n = 20) diet matched for overall energy intake in free-living human participants (women = 27; men = 14) with overweight/obesity for 8 weeks. Gut symptomatology improves and abundance of Christensenellaceae microbes and circulating cytokines and amino acid metabolites favoring fat oxidation increase with IF-P (p

Aims: This study aimed to identify the longitudinal associations between protein intake, and composite renal outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: To examine the association between baseline total, animal, and plant protein intake and the risk of developing a composite renal outcome in 3,109 Japanese people with type 2 diabetes who participated in a cohort study at a tertiary care hospital, we used a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: During a median follow-up of 6.0 years, we observed 185 renal outcomes. Compared with the 1st quintile, the multivariable-adjusted HRs for outcome were 1.13 (p = 0.440), 1.04 (pp= 0.874), 1.40 (p = 0.215), and 2.16 (p = 0.001), respectively for the 2nd to 5th quintile of total protein intake, and 0.93 (p = 0.681), 1.1 (p= 0.596), 1.1 (p = 0.607), and 2.02 (p < 0.001), respectively for the 2nd to 5th quintile of animal protein intake. However, a significant association of total plant intake was not observed. In the analysis evaluating the joint association between protein intake and composite renal outcome with baseline estimated glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR), total protein and animal protein intake were substantially associated with a higher risk of composite renal outcome when the baseline eGFR was below approximately 60 mL/min/1.732. Conclusions: Baseline total protein intake is associated with a higher risk of developing a composite renal outcome during follow-up in people with type 2 diabetes and low baseline eGFR, and this association may be elucidated by a higher animal protein intake. Plant protein was not associated with renal outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickens are renowned as a model for embryogenesis but have also been responsible for crucial advances in virology, cancer research and immunology. However, chickens are best known as a major source of animal protein for human nutrition, with roughly 80 billion chickens alive each year supplying meat and eggs, the vast majority part of a global poultry industry. As a result, avian immunology been studied intensively for over 60 years, and it has become clear that a major genetic locus in chickens determining resistance to infectious disease and response to vaccines is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Compared to typical mammals, the chicken MHC is compact and simple, with only two classical class I genes. A dominantly-expressed class I gene, BF2, is the major ligand for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), while the other locus, BF1, is much less well-expressed, lacking in some MHC haplotypes, and is a ligand for natural killer (NK) cells. Cell surface class I expression in neonatal chicks is far less than in adults, and one possibility is that BF2 is not well-expressed early in ontogeny. A precedent is found for amphibians: the single classical class I molecule is not expressed in tadpoles of Xenopus frogs, although non-polymorphic (and thus non-classical) class I molecules from the XNC locus are expressed, which are recognised for immune defence by non-canonical NKT lymphocytes. Indeed, three waves of different T cells are produced by the Xenopus thymus: in tadpoles, during metamorphosis and finally as adults. Three waves of thymic emigrants are also found for chickens, and reasoning by analogy, it may be that the waves of thymocytes and the expression of class I molecules during ontogeny of chickens are evolutionary relics. As well as scientific interest in the ontogeny of MHC class I expression and appearance of peripheral T cells, there are potential practical implications, given the importance of vaccination in ovo and in day-old chicks for the poultry industry. • Chickens only have two classical MHC class I genes, BF1 and BF2. • Erythrocytes from young chicks have very low class I expression compared to adults. • The low class I expression may be an evolutionary relic from amphibians. • The differing levels of class I expression may relate to waves of T cells. • The low expression of class I molecules may be important for in ovo vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut and brain communicate through bidirectional neural, endocrine, and immune signals to coordinate central nervous system activity with gastrointestinal function. Dysregulated inflammation can promote immune cell activation and increase entero-endocrine signaling and intestinal permeability; hence, a functional gut–brain axis is necessary for a healthy digestive system. The consumption of milk products can lead to gut discomfort via effects on gastrointestinal tract function and the inflammatory state, which, in turn, affect the brain. A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein are major components of bovine-milk protein, and their digestion may result in different physiological effects following the consumption of milk products. Peptides derived from A1 β-casein, such as β-casomorphins, may increase gut dysfunction and inflammation, thereby modulating the availability of bioactive metabolites in the bloodstream and contribute to changes in cognitive function. This narrative review examines the functional interrelationships between the consumption of cow-milk–derived β-caseins and their effect on the brain, immune system, and the gut, which together comprise the gut–brain axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Higher protein diets (HPDs) have shown favorable outcomes on weight maintenance and body-composition management; however, their protective effects against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain uncertain and contentious. Furthermore, it is important to consider the influence of other macronutrients in the diet and type of dietary protein when studying HPDs, because this aspect has been overlooked in previous studies. Objective We assessed the impacts of quantity and type of dietary protein on CVD risk factors. Data Sources A database search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library and a total of 100 articles met the eligibility criteria. Data Extraction Extracted data from 100 articles were analyzed using standard meta-analysis, and 41 articles were also analyzed using network meta-analysis. Data Analysis In the standard meta-analysis, an HPD had significant favorable effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference [MD] = −1.51 mmHg; 95% CI: −2.77, −0.25), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = −1.08 mmHg; 95% CI: −1.81, −0.35), and flow-mediated dilation (MD = 0.78%; 95% CI: 0.09, 1.47) compared with lower protein diets. The further network meta-analysis supported that the high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet was the most recommended diet to ensure a maximum decrease in SBP, DBP, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In comparison to animal-protein–rich diets, plant-protein–rich diets (PPRs) exhibited a significant favorable effects on improving TC (MD = −0.12 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.19, −0.05), triglyceride (MD = −0.05 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.09, −0.01), LDL-C (MD = −0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.18, −0.04), and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (MD = 0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04) levels. Conclusion Consumption of HPDs and PPRs supports improvements in vascular health and lipid-lipoprotein profiles, respectively. Furthermore, macronutrient composition should be carefully designed in the dietary approach to maximize the effectiveness of HPDs in improving CVD risk factors. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022369931. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Despite the progress toward gender equality in events like the Olympic Games and other institutionalized competitions, and the rising number of women engaging in physical exercise programs, scientific studies focused on establishing specific nutritional recommendations for female athletes and other physically active women are scarce. Objective This systematic review aimed to compile the scientific evidence available for addressing the question "What dietary strategies, including dietary and supplementation approaches, can improve sports performance, recovery, and health status in female athletes and other physically active women?" Data Sources The Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched. Data Extraction The review process involved a comprehensive search strategy using keywords connected by Boolean connectors. Data extracted from the selected studies included information on the number of participants and their characteristics related to sport practice, age, and menstrual function. Data Analysis A total of 71 studies were included in this review: 17 focused on the analysis of dietary manipulation, and 54 focused on the effects of dietary supplementation. The total sample size was 1654 participants (32.5% categorized as competitive athletes, 30.7% as highly/moderately trained, and 37.2% as physically active/recreational athletes). The risk of bias was considered moderate, mainly for reasons such as a lack of access to the study protocol, insufficient description of how the hormonal phase during the menstrual cycle was controlled for, inadequate dietary control during the intervention, or a lack of blinding of the researchers. Conclusion Diets with high carbohydrate (CHO) content enhance performance in activities that induce muscle glycogen depletion. In addition, pre-exercise meals with a high glycemic index or rich in CHOs increase CHO metabolism. Ingestion of 5–6 protein meals interspersed throughout the day, with each intake exceeding 25 g of protein favors anabolism of muscle proteins. Dietary supplements taken to enhance performance, such as caffeine, nitric oxide precursors, β-alanine, and certain sport foods supplements (such as CHOs, proteins, or their combination, and micronutrients in cases of nutritional deficiencies), may positively influence sports performance and/or the health status of female athletes and other physically active women. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD480674. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Oral health and food oral-processing issues emerge with functional decline in the older adult population, potentially increasing the risk of malnutrition. Impairment of oral health is associated with poorer nutrition status; however, the relationship between oral factors and the intake of each nutrient remains poorly understood. Objective The associations between different oral factors and nutrient intakes among community-dwelling older adults were investigated. Data Sources A literature search from 5 databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Ovid [MEDLINE and Embase], and CINAHL) was completed on February 1, 2022. The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published between the years 2012 and 2022. Data Extraction Six cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. Two authors independently completed the data extraction and summarized the study characteristics, factors adjusted for in the statistical analysis, the outcome, and summary statistics of the results. Data Analysis Meta-analyses showed evidence of a significant association between compromised oral factors (namely, denture status, chewing ability, and the number of teeth) with lower energy (weighted mean difference [WMD], –107 kcal d–1 (95% CI, –132 to –81), protein (WMD, –5.2 g d–1; 95% CI, –6.6 to –3.8), fat (WMD, –4.6 g d–1; 95% CI, –6.7 to –2.6), carbohydrate (WMD, –8.8 g d–1; 95% CI, –13.9 to –3.7), and vitamin C intakes (WMD, –12.9 mg d–1; 95% CI, –16.6 to –9.2) in older adults. Conclusion Oral health can be an indicator of compromised daily energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and vitamin C intakes in older adults. However, the small sample size of the studies included in this review and the heterogeneity among macronutrient studies should be considered. Because of the lack of studies covering all aspects of food oral processing (eg, salivary flow rate, tongue pressure), the associations between oral processing and nutrient intake were not thoroughly explored. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022308823. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Current evidence on the effect of a low-fat (LF) diet on depression scores has been inconsistent. Objective To explore the effect of an LF diet on depression scores of adults by systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data Sources The PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to June 7, 2023, to identify trials investigating the effect of an LF diet (fat intake ≤30% of energy intake) on the depression score. Data Extraction Random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate pooled summary effects of an LF diet on the depression score (as Hedges g). Data Analysis Finding from 10 trials with 50 846 participants indicated no significant change in depression score following LF diets in comparison with usual diet (Hedges g  = −0.11; 95% CI, −0.25 to 0.03; P  = 0.12; I 2 = 70.7% [for I 2, 95% CI, 44%, 85%]). However, a significant improvement was observed in both usual diet and LF diets when the content of protein was 15-20% of calorie intake (LF, normal protein diet: n  = 5, Hedges g  = −0.21, 95% CI, −0.24 to −0.01, P  = 0.04, I 2 = 0%; usual, normal protein diet: n  = 3, Hedges g  = −0.28, 95% CI, −0.51 to −0.05, P  = 0.01, I 2 = 0%). Sensitivity analysis also found the depression score improved following LF diet intervention in participants without baseline depression. Conclusion This study revealed that LF diet may have small beneficial effect on depression score in the studies enrolled mentally healthy participants. Moreover, achieving to adequate dietary protein is likely to be a better intervention than manipulating dietary fat to improve depression scores. However, it is not clear whether this effect will last in the long term. Conducting more studies may change the results due to the low-certainty of evidence. Systematic Review Registration CRD42023420978 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Evidence suggests bovine dairy products may have neutral or beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health, despite being a source of saturated fat. The dairy matrix, the structure and combination of protein, fat, and other nutrients, and how they interact with each other, is purported to be responsible for these beneficial health effects. Whether this relationship extends to endothelial function, as assessed by flow mediated dilation (FMD), remains to be elucidated. Methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central) were searched from inception until 5th September 2024. This review included randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating any bovine dairy intervention which considered endothelial function using FMD in humans with a non-dairy or alternative dairy control. Results: Of 4,220 records identified, 18 reports from 11 RCT including 508 (53.3% male) participants, examined endothelial function by FMD and were eligible for evidence synthesis. Eight papers reported an improvement, nine reported no effect and one reported a decrease in FMD. The greatest effects were found in those with impaired health at baseline, with whey protein and high dairy intakes observed to be most beneficial. Conclusion: Bovine dairy intake has neutral or beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. This review demonstrates that this relationship extends to endothelial function as assessed by FMD. Whey protein and high dairy intakes may be most effective, although further high quality RCT in this area are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With ageing, older adults (≥ 65 years) may experience decreased appetite, contributing to declines in body weight and muscle mass, potentially affecting physical capabilities. Physical activity (PA) has been suggested as a potential strategy to enhance appetite in older adults, but evidence supporting this is insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PA levels, total energy expenditure (TEE), body composition, energy intake (EI) and appetite in older adults. Methods: One hundred and eight healthy older adults (age 70 ± 4 years; BMI 24.3 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were categorised into three groups (low, medium, high) based on accelerometer-measured PA level (AMPA) and TEE from 7-day PA diaries. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed using 3-day weighed food diaries. Appetite was assessed using the visual analogue scales at 30-min intervals throughout 1 day. Results: TEE was positively correlated with EI and % muscle mass (p < 0.05), with higher % muscle mass and TEE associated with higher EI. Energy and protein intake were significantly higher in the high TEE group than the low group (p = 0.03, p = 0.01; respectively). No significant differences in energy and macronutrient intake were observed across AMPA groups, and appetite components (hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective consumption) did not differ significantly in either the AMPA or TEE groups. Conclusions: Higher TEE is associated with higher energy and protein intake, with body composition playing a crucial role. These findings highlight the importance of considering PA, TEE, and body composition in interventions aimed at improving EI in older adults. Clinical Trail registration: clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05067036. Registered 2 October 2021, https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067036 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea is a candidate of growing interest to diversify aquaculture in the Canary Islands, principally based on fish production, to improve aquaculture development opportunities. The economic viability of commercial abalone farming depends largely on the rearing system employed and the feeding sources employed during the grow-out culture period. We studied the effects of two land-based culture systems on the growth performance of abalone and the nutritional quality of their tissues, in a crossed design. Recirculated (RAS) and open flow (FLOW) culture systems were compared. Fresh macro algae (FMA) (Gracilaria cornea and Ulva rigida) were compared to manufactured compound feed (CF) and a mixture of both (MIX). Survival rates were high (97–100%) regardless the treatments tested. MIX and FMA diets produced the best results for Shell Growth Rate, Specific growth rates for shell growth (SGRsl) and weight (SGRw) as well as Food Conversion Ratio (FCR). The highest value for feed intake was recorded for the MIX diet. A positive relationship has been observed between the amounts of protein and lipids in diets and the disposition of these in the viscera of animals fed such diets. The rearing system used had no significant effect on growth and nutritional parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the role of protein intake in the development of stomach cancer (SC) remain controversial. This study examines the relationship between protein intake from whole foods and SC in a Vietnamese population. A case-control study was designed in the university hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam, from 2003 to 2019. Participants included 1182 SC cases and 2995 controls. Of the participants, 2,580 were men, and 1,597 were women. Protein intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (OR, 95%CI) examined the risk of SC associated with total protein and subgroups of mammal-animals and fish-poultry protein. Overall protein intake was negatively associated with SC (fifth vs. first quintile: OR (95%CI): 0.41 (0.32, 0.51). The dose-response relationship was also observed per increment quintile, OR (95%CI): 0.81 (0.77, 0.86) for both genders, OR (95%CI): 0.82 (0.77, 0.88) in men, OR (95%CI): 0.80 (0.73, 0.87) in women, OR (95%CI): 0.82 (0.77, 0.86) for noncardiac and OR (95%CI): 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) for cardiac stomach cancer. The beneficial effects of SC remained for the protein sources from mammal-animals and fish-poultry protein. The significant inverse association between protein intake remained in the ever and never tobacco smoking, no-alcohol use and alcohol use, blood group A and AB, and O, H. Pylori infected group, and the status of body-mass-index. The findings suggest that a high-protein diet is associated with lower SC risk. Further investigation is warranted to understand the beneficial effect of protein intake against stomach cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing consumer interest in sources of dietary protein that are plant-based. Pulse crops, such as lentils, beans, chickpeas, and peas, are gaining popularity due to their environmental sustainability, nutrient density, and functional attributes. The protein content and quality of pulses vary across different pulse classes and processing methods. The biological properties of the protein and the physiologically active peptides make pulse crops attractive as potentially functional or health-promoting foods. This review highlights the nutritional quality of pulse proteins as determined by the Protein Efficiency Ratio and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score as well as bioactive properties of specific bioactive peptides related to amelioration of hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, the use of proteomics platforms, such as mass spectrometry, in combination with bioinformatics tools, enables the identification and characterization of bioactive peptides in pulse crops. These technologies facilitate the development of pulse-derived products with enhanced nutritional values. Overall, the high nutritional quality of pulse-based proteins supports the benefits of pulse inclusion in the diet, which can also exert beneficial bioactivities resulting in improving outcomes in non-communicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to a low-protein diet on the growth performance, ability immune status, and intestinal microbiota of 0–21-day-old layer chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old healthy Hy-line brown laying chicks were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates each of 20 chicks. The control group was fed a basal diet containing 19% protein, the low-protein (LP) group was fed a diet containing 17% protein, and the probiotic (LPL) group was fed with the 17% protein diet supplemented with L. plantarum (1.0 × 109 CFU/kg). The growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, and gut microbiota of laying chickens were detected. We found that L. plantarum supplementation increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum of 17% protein +1.0 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum (LPL) compared to the 19% protein group (control). Furthermore, L. plantarum supplementation increased the liver index, GSH-Px and T-AOC activity in serum, and changed the microflora structure, diversity, and polyketose unit bioanabolic metabolism of 17% protein +1.0 × 109 CFU/kg L. plantarum (LPL) compared to the 17% protein group (LP). In conclusion, L. plantarum supplementation could compensate for the adverse effects of low-protein diets in chicks, and the combination of a low-protein diet and L. plantarum is a feasible way to reduce protein in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ruminants including goats have diverse microcosms of microbiota involved in diet digestion, absorption, and assimilation. Moreover, it is well known that changes in dietary regimens including nutrient levels result in varied gut microbiota composition, and ultimately, the performance and health of these animals. Methods: The current study examined the effects of varying dietary energy and protein levels on the cecal fermentation, immune biomarkers, and microbiota characteristics of 80 male Yunshan Black Goats (6 months, ~35.82 ± 2.79 kg), divided into four diets: 1) High Energy-High Protein (HEHP), 2) High Energy-Low Protein (HELP), 3) Low Energy-High Protein (LEHP), and 4) Low Energy-Low Protein (LELP). Twenty goats (five from each treatment group) were randomly slaughtered after a 50-day feeding trial, and cecal digesta and tissue were sampled for microbial analysis. Results: The cecal content revealed that the high-energy groups (HEHP, HELP) had lower pH levels than the LEHP group (p < 0.05) and significantly higher valeric and isovaleric acid concentrations in HEHP. Although species richness (Chao1 index) remained consistent, the HEHP group showed higher diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) than LEHP (p < 0.05). Dominant phyla included Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes ; LEHP and LELP had significantly higher Bacteroidetes abundance than HELP, while HELP had higher Firmicutes abundance than LEHP (p < 0.05). Verrucomicrobia abundance was lower in LEHP than in HELP and LELP (p < 0.05). At the genus level, 311 genera were identified, with Clostridium , Prevotella , unidentified_BS11 , and others showing significant variation. The HELP group had lower unidentified_BS11 than LEHP and LELP, and higher unidentified_Ruminococcaceae , Clostridium , and Lachnospiraceae than LEHP (p < 0.05). VFA metabolism, absorption, cytokine expression, and tight junction protein mRNA in cecal tissue were also analyzed. Genes like MCT-1 and SLC16A4, linked to VFA absorption, positively correlated with Paludibacter , which was associated with immune markers (TLR-3, TLR-4, IFN- γ) and Occludin expression. In contrast, VFA-related genes and tight junction proteins negatively correlated with unidentified Fibrobacterales , suggesting a microbial role in adaptive immunity. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that dietary energy and protein levels significantly influenced cecal fermentation, immune biomarkers, and microbiota composition in Yunshan Black Goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study analyzes the determinants, sources, and levels of protein consumption among 785 households across nine districts in six Indian states in the semi-arid tropics. We found that 80% of these households consumed less protein than recommended and relied on cereals for 60–75% of their protein intake. Notably, even when protein-rich foods are accessible to households, they still consume them insufficiently. We found that their protein intake deficiency is driven by a lack of diversity of protein sources (in particular, legumes, millets, and livestock), as well as by a dearth of women's education and role in household decision-making and low incomes and assets. We advocate for initiatives to raise nutrition awareness, empower women, and adopt a nutrition-centric farming approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The nutritional needs of livestock are important to the sustainability of food production; however, variations in the quality of forage and environmental conditions can affect the nutritional efficiency of animal feed. This study investigated the variations in crude protein content and its degradability among ten species of cereal and legume fodder grown at two different locations. The feedstuffs comprised six types of cereals and four leguminous crops, all cultivated under similar agronomic practices at each location, and harvested at optimum growth stages. The results of the ruminal protein degradation showed that forage type, species, and geographical location significantly affected protein availability for buffalo. In general, legumes had greater protein availability than cereals and the location of growth affected the overall degradability. Some species were quite less affected by the location of production, while others were more so. The study results will enlighten both farmers and scientists in selecting the appropriate fodder with respect to the climatic conditions to help livestock nutrition and further support sustainable means of farming, which is significant for global food security. This study aimed to evaluate the crude protein (CP) degradation kinetics and degradability (CPD) of cereal and legume fodder species grown at two geographically distant locations. Ten forage species, comprising six cereals (barley, maize, millet, oats, sorghum, and wheat) and four legumes (berseem, jantar, lucerne, and mustard), were evaluated to determine the effects of forage family, species, and location of growth on CP degradation fractions and effective CPD. The forage crops were cultivated under uniform agronomic practices at two distinct agro-ecological locations and were harvested at the booting stage (cereals) and 50% flowering stage (legumes). Dried and ground samples were incubated in the rumen of four Nili-Ravi buffalo fitted with rumen cannula. The incubation periods utilized in the experiment were 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h, and a 4 × 2 × 2 split-plot design was employed. The results showed that the CP degradation fractions and CPD were significantly affected by forage family, species, and location of growth. Wide variations in degradation kinetics and degradability existed among and within the cereal and legume fodders, with wheat and jantar ranked at the top. Legume forages had larger soluble fractions, smaller potentially degradable fractions, and rapid rates and extent of degradation of dietary proteins than cereal forages. The cooler climatic conditions at location 2 increased the rapidly degradable protein fraction and overall CPD, whereas the warmer climatic conditions enhanced the slowly degradable protein fractions, thereby reducing the overall protein degradability in tropical forages. It was quite evident that some fodder species, such as maize among the cereal fodders and mustard among the legume fodders, remained quite non-responsive to the effects of the climatic conditions. A moderately positive and linear relationship between the rate of degradation and CPD was established for cereals, whereas a strongly positive and quadratic relationship was established for legume fodders. In conclusion, forage species, family, and location of growth significantly affected the degradation fractions and degradability of tropical cereal and legume fodders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In the current study, the effects of dietary bile acids on the antioxidant status, immune function, and gut microbiota with different crude protein levels diets in late-laying hens were evaluated. The outcome showed that dietary supplemented with bile acids improved antioxidant capacity, immune function and gut microbiota dysbiosis. These positive effects were associated with the increasing abundance of beneficial bacteria, which may be responsible for the bile acids efficacy in poultry nutrition. The modern livestock industry faces significant challenges due to the extension of production cycles and a growing shortage of feed resources. Low-protein (LP) diets offer potential environmental advantages whereas damage intestinal integrity and increase pro-inflammatory cytokines. Bile acids (BAs), metabolic products of cholesterol in the liver, possess strong antioxidative and immune properties. This study evaluated the effects of dietary porcine BA supplementation at different protein levels on the antioxidant status, immune function, and gut microbiota of late-laying hens. A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed with 198 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (62 weeks old), randomly divided into one of four treatment groups with 8 replicates for each treatment. Diets included normal (16.42%) or low-protein (15.35%) levels, with porcine BAs supplemented at 0 or 120 mg/kg (62–69 weeks) and 0 or 200 mg/kg (70–75 weeks) over 14 weeks. Dietary protein levels and bile acids had no effect on organ development in laying hens. Low-protein diets increased serum anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 but elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (p < 0.05), corroborated by higher IL-10 gene expression in the ileum mucosa (p < 0.05). The supplementation of bile acids improved immune function by increasing serum IL-4 and TGF-β while decreasing IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, bile acids treatments upregulated IL-10, TGF-β and ZO-1 gene expression in the ileum mucosa (p < 0.05) and alleviated oxidative stress by enhancing serum GSH-Px activity (p < 0.05). Additionally, both low-protein diets and bile acids enriched beneficial cecal bacteria, including Hungatella and Blautia, primarily linked to immune function. These findings demonstrate that porcine bile acids administration improve antioxidant capacity, immune function and gut microbiota dysbiosis. These beneficial effects were associated with Hungatella and Blautia levels, which may be responsible for the porcine bile acids efficacy in poultry nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canine chronic enteropathies (CE) are a group of disorders defined by persistent or recurrent clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease without a primary neoplastic, metabolic, parasitic, or other infectious cause. In this prospective, multicentre, uncontrolled, open-label study, a commercial dry diet with a protein source of extensively hydrolysed poultry feather was assessed in the management of dogs with CE that had not responded to previous dietary and antibacterial therapies. Dogs with moderate or marked protein-losing enteropathy were excluded. After screening, dogs entered stage 1 and started the test diet. Gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, and only dogs with histopathological evidence of small intestinal inflammation confirming CE could continue to stage 2 of the trial. The test diet was fed for 10 weeks throughout stages 1 and 2, and the primary outcome measure was clinical success defined as a reduction in canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) of ≥ 75%. Secondary outcomes included body condition score (BCS, scale 1–9) and faecal consistency score (scale 1–5). Results (median [range]) for dogs with confirmed CE that participated in both study stages are reported. Results: A total of 15 dogs commenced stage 1, and 13 of these progressed to stage 2 (age 4.2 [1.1–7.1] years; BCS 3 (2–4); previous diet therapies 2 [1–3]) of which two were withdrawn at week 5 for protocol deviations. CIBDAI scores decreased from 9 (7–16; n = 13) at baseline to 2 (1–11; n = 13) at week 2 (P < 0.001), 2 (0–6; n = 13) at week 5 (P < 0.001), and 1 (0–3; n = 11) at week 10 (P < 0.001). Treatment success was achieved by 8/13 dogs at week 5 and 10/11 dogs at week 10. Faecal score (n = 11) and BCS (n = 11) improved between baseline (1 [1–3] and 3 [3–4], respectively; P < 0.001) and week 10 (4 [3–5] and 4 [3–5], respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Dogs with CE that had failed to respond to previous dietary and antibacterial therapy showed clinical improvement within 10 weeks when fed a dry extruded diet with a single protein source hydrolysed to amino acids and oligopeptides, without concurrent immunosuppressant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gut microbiota contributes to human health. Little is known about the self-resilience of the gut microbiota after dysbiosis. This study aimed to investigate the self-resilience of the gut microbiome at different ages and the effects of diet on its recovery capacity in adulthood. Methods: A rodent model of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis was used. Microscopy was used to observe morphological changes in the mucosa. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were performed to identify the bacterial taxa and microbiome structure, respectively. Results: The diversity of the gut microbiota in infant mice was recovered by the sixth week, while relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 was low and did not return to normal levels. Gut microbiota in young adult mice recovered in the fourth week. Prevotellaceae and Alloprevotella were significantly higher in the high-fat-diet group than those in the control group. The elderly mice had three, two, four, and seven statistically different genera between the dysbiosis and control groups at weeks 6, 8, 10, and 12, respectively. Intestinal epithelial structure and cecum index are restored with microbiota repaired. Discussion: The gut microbiota in infant and adult mice is more capable of self- resilience, the composition of the microbiota and mucosal morphology of the intestine can be largely restored. Adding protein and fat to the diet accelerated colony recovery in young adult mice in the short term. In elderly mice, the resilience of the gut microbiota was reduced, and the occurrence of dysbiosis at this stage may accelerate organismal aging and affect the lifespan. A limitation of this study is that all data were derived from mice. Therefore, we must be cautious about translating the microbiome results from mice to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wheat and, to a lesser extent, sorghum are the dominant feed grains in Australian chicken-meat production. There is considerable local interest in the development of reduced-crude protein (CP) broiler diets in part because this would decrease the need to import soybean meal into the country. Maize is rarely included in Australian broiler diets, but birds appear better able to accommodate dietary CP reductions with maize than with wheat-based diets. Sorghum is more similar to maize than wheat and for this reason wheat- and sorghum-based diets, with standard and reduced-CP concentrations, were evaluated in broiler chickens in a direct comparison. Results: Reducing dietary CP from 205 to 175 g/kg CP did not statistically influence weight gain and FCR in broilers offered sorghum-based diets from 14 to 35 d post-hatch. In contrast, the 30 g/kg CP reduction compromised weight gain by 10.1% (1,964 versus 2,187 g/bird) and FCR by 9.68% (1.575 versus 1.436), in broilers offered wheat-based diets. Consequently, treatment interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for dietary CP levels grain type for both weight gain and FCR. Another treatment interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for starch digestibility coefficients in the distal jejunum. Birds offered 205 g/kg CP, wheat-based diets had superior starch digestibility by 11.6% (0.914 versus 0.819), but sorghum supported superior starch digestibility by 9.70% (0.837 versus 0.763) in the context of 175 g/kg CP diets. Conclusions: Under the condition of thid study, broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets had a greater capacity to accommodate dietary CP reductions than their counterparts offered wheat-based diets. This study confirmed that wheat-based diets are not conducive to CP reductions, but the causal factors have yet to be identified precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative anchovy burger formulation optimized using response surface methodology and Ideal Profile method. The objective is to create a nutritious, appealing, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional red meat burgers. The research utilized a two-tiered experimental approach: an initial screening using Plackett-Burman Design to evaluate the impact of various ingredients on cooking yield, texture, and moisture retention, followed by an optimization phase employing a Central Composite Design. Key findings revealed that oat fiber and potato flakes significantly enhance the burger's cooking yield and sensory characteristics. The optimized formulation, comprising 4% oat fibers and 4% potato flakes, exhibited superior texture and consumer preference. Nutritional analysis demonstrates that the optimized anchovy burger outperforms conventional beef and popular fast food chain burgers in terms of protein content and dietary fibers, while also being a rich source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This research contributes to the fast-food industry by offering a product that meets sensory and nutritional requirements while also promoting sustainability. The findings lay a foundation for future studies to further explore the interplay of sensory attributes and consumer preferences, potentially guiding the development of innovative and sustainable fast-food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine (ChTM) are gut-restricted bile acid-binding resins that block intestine bile acid absorption and attenuate hepatic bile acid signaling. Bile acid sequestrants induce hepatic bile acid synthesis to promote cholesterol catabolism and are cholesterol-lowering drugs. Bile acid sequestrants also reduce blood glucose in clinical trials and are approved drugs for treating hyperglycemia in type-2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms mediating the glucose-lowering effect of bile acid sequestrants are still incompletely understood. Here we showed that ChTM treatment decreased hepatic glucose production in Western diet-fed mice with paradoxically induced hepatic gluconeogenic genes. Cysteine dioxygenase type 1 (CDO1) mediates cysteine conversion to taurine and its expression is repressed by bile acids. We show that ChTM induced hepatic CDO1 and selectively reduced hepatic cysteine availability. Knockdown of liver CDO1 increased liver cysteine and glucose production in mice, whereas hepatocytes cultured in cystine-deficient medium showed reduced glucose production. By using dietary protein-restricted and cystine-modified Western diets that selectively alter hepatic cysteine availability, we found that reduced hepatic cysteine availability strongly inhibited glucose production in mice. Interestingly, chronic dietary protein restriction also prevented Western diet-induced obesity, which was fully reversed by restoring dietary cystine intake alone. Consistently, reduced cysteine availability dose-dependently inhibited adipogenesis in vitro. In conclusion, we report that the glucose-lowering effect of bile acid sequestrants is mediated by a CDO1-induced hepatic cysteine restriction mimetic effect. Furthermore, the anti-obesity effect of dietary protein restriction is largely mediated by reduced dietary cysteine intake. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Hepatic cysteine availability is a key driver of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Bile acid sequestrant inhibits gluconeogenesis by inducing CDO1-mediated cysteine catabolism to reduce cysteine availability. Dietary protein restriction causes hepatic cysteine deficiency without overall amino acid deficiency. The glucose-lowering effect of dietary protein restriction is largely mediated by lower dietary cysteine intake. The anti-obesity effect of chronic dietary protein restriction is largely mediated by lower dietary cysteine intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week rearing trial was designed to estimate the dietary protein requirement and evaluate the effects of dietary protein on growth performance, plasma parameters, and digestive enzyme activities of blunt snout bream at two growth stages. Six practical diets were prepared to feed two sizes of fish (larger fish: initial weight of 153.69 ± 0.85 g; smaller fish: initial weight of 40.89 ± 0.28 g) with graded protein levels (26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, and 36%). Our results show that the final weight, weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish initially rose to peak values and then declined as the dietary protein levels increased. The higher WG and SGR were recorded in the larger fish fed diets containing 30%, 32%, and 34% protein, and in the smaller fish fed a 30% protein diet, all significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), viscerosomatic ratio (VR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (CF), or survival rate among the treatments at both growth stages (p > 0.05). The plasma total protein (TP) content was highest at both growth stages in fish fed a 30% protein diet (p < 0.05). As the dietary protein level increased, the plasma urea content of the larger fish increased, peaked in the 34% protein group (p < 0.05), and then remained stable. In contrast, no significant difference in the plasma urea content was seen among the treatment groups of the smaller fish (p > 0.05). Protease activity in the fish foregut at both growth stages peaked in the 32% protein group (p < 0.05). In the midgut of the larger fish, protease activity was higher in the control group, while in the smaller fish, it was higher in the 36% protein group (p < 0.05). In the larger fish, hindgut protease activity was higher in the 34% protein group (p < 0.05), while in the smaller fish, there was no significant difference in the hindgut protease activity among all groups (p > 0.05). The dietary protein levels had no significant effect on lipase activity in the foregut, midgut, or hindgut, or on amylase activity in the foregut or midgut of the fish at the two growth stages (p > 0.05). However, hindgut amylase activity was highest in the control group of the smaller fish (p < 0.05). Based on regression analysis, the optimal dietary protein levels for the larger and smaller fish were 30.45% and 29.95%, respectively. Overall, appropriate dietary protein levels (30%) could improve the growth performance, immune function, and health status of fish at two growth stages and promote the adaptive response of their digestive system, especially the spatial regulation of protease activity in different gastrointestinal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The COVID-19 pandemic has had a global impact on food security and nutrition, both in the short and long term. The influence on school-age children, adolescents, and young adults may be particularly significant and long-lasting. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dietary habits among school-age children, adolescents, and young adults worldwide. Data Sources PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception to October 5, 2023. Data Extraction We included observational studies published in English that reported dietary quality scores and dietary intake quantities during and before the COVID-19 pandemic among school-age children, adolescents, and young adults. We included a total of 22 cohort studies and 20 cross-sectional studies of high or moderate quality. Data Analysis We conducted a meta-analysis, expressing dietary quality scores and dietary intake quantities as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For studies with low heterogeneity, we used a fixed-effects model; otherwise, we applied a random-effects model. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was employed by 2 reviewers independently to evaluate methodological quality. The analysis indicated that, overall, juice intake increased (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.20), while alcohol consumption reduced during the COVID-19 pandemic (SMD = −0.28, 95% CI: −0.47 to −0.08). However, the age-stratified results varied. Among school-age children, intake of fruit, dairy products, sugar, and juice increased. Adolescents showed an increase in meal frequency and vegetable intake. Young adults showed reduced carbohydrate and alcohol intakes, while protein and dairy product intakes increased, based on limited included studies. Conclusion Dietary changes in school-age children from before to during the pandemic were mixed, while dietary behavior changes in adolescents and young adults tended to be more positive. Considering the lasting effects of negative dietary behaviors, attention should be given to addressing the increased sugar and juice intakes. It is also crucial that caregivers and researchers monitor whether positive dietary behaviors will rebound after returning to normal study and life. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023420923. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) coupled with supplementation of indispensable amino acids (AA) on growth performance of pigs at different growth stages. Methods: A total of 126 (63 barrows and 63 gilts), 90 (45 barrows and gilts), and 72 (36 barrows and 36 gilts) pigs with average weights of 9.8±1.62, 30.6±2.31, and 58.3±2.95 kg in the nursery, growing, and finishing stages, respectively, were assigned to three dietary treatments with six replicates in a randomized complete block design. The pigs had ad libitum access to water and fed three experimental diets, each supplemented with all indispensable AA and subjected to a 2% reduction in CP from the upper limits of 18%, 16%, and 16% established for the nursery, growing, and finishing stages, respectively. Results: In the nursery stage, from 0 to 2 weeks, reducing dietary CP concentrations decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI; linear, p = 0.04). From 2 to 4 weeks, dietary CP reduction decreased average daily gain (ADG; linear, p<0.01; quadratic, p = 0.02), ADFI (linear, p = 0.04), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; linear, p = 0.01). From 0 to 4 weeks, reduction in dietary CP concentrations decreased ADG (linear p<0.01), and G:F (linear, p = 0.01). In the growing stage, the dietary CP reduction did not affect growth performance. During the finishing stage, decrease in dietary CP concentrations decreased ADFI from 3 to 6 weeks (quadratic, p<0.01) and 0 to 6 weeks (quadratic, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Dietary CP reduction with indispensable AA supplementation potentially decreases the growth performance of nursery pigs but may not decrease the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet over a decade among community-dwelling older adults, with and without hypertension and to examine associated factors. Cross-sectional study. Data from two cross-sectional Israel National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHNS) for older adults, from 2005 to 2006 (NHNS1) and 2014–2015 (NHNS2) were analysed. Trained personnel conducted face-to-face interviews and collected demographic, health, and lifestyle data, along with anthropometric measurements. Adherence to the DASH diet was determined from a single 24-h dietary recall using Mellen's DASH score. Logistic regression analyses were applied to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for high DASH adherence (scores ≥4.5) versus low adherence (scores <4.5). Individual nutrient targets of the DASH diet were also assessed. The dataset was comprised of 1722 participants from NHNS1 and 916 from NHNS2. Following adjustment for potential confounders, the OR for DASH adherence among participants in NHNS2 was 1.65 (95 % CI 1.34–2.04) compared to NHNS1. NHNS2 participants reported better adherence to DASH nutrient recommendations for saturated fatty acids, total fat, protein, dietary fibre, and calcium among individuals with and without hypertension. No statistically significant differences were found for cholesterol, potassium, and sodium target intakes between surveys. A positive trend towards healthier dietary patterns was identified among both the hypertensive and non-hypertensive older adults over a 10-year period. This underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring to appropriately address changing population needs and promote healthy dietary practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a common mental health disorder. The objective of this study was to explore the association between diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2020 (HEI-2020), and depression symptoms among US adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 29 years. The study design was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis. Data from the first 24-hour dietary recall for adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 29 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2015 to March 2020 (n = 4750) were analyzed. Depression was defined as a score ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire, reflecting moderate or severe symptoms in the previous 2 weeks. HEI-2020 total (range, 0-100) and component scores were calculated for those with and without depression. Predicted HEI-2020 scores were estimated from linear regression models, adjusting for age, gender, race and Hispanic origin, family income, and seeing a mental health professional in the past year. Statistical analyses accounted for the complex sample design. The prevalence of depression among adolescents and young adults was 7.8% (95% CI 6.3% to 9.5%). Total HEI-2020 score was 45.9 (95% CI 45.0 to 46.7) out of 100 on a given day during 2015 to March 2020. Among young people with depression, total HEI-2020 score was lower than among those without depression (41.7 vs 46.2; P <.001). After adjustment for covariates, the difference was attenuated, but remained significant. In adjusted analyses, HEI-2020 component scores were lower for those with depression compared with those without depression for the adequacy components: total fruits (1.4 vs 1.7; P =.03), whole fruits (1.2 vs 1.7; P <.01), total vegetables (2.1 vs 2.6; P <.01), greens and beans (0.8 vs 1.2; P <.01), and total protein foods (3.6 vs 4.0; P =.02) out of a maximum score of 5. There were no statistically significant differences observed for whole grains, dairy, seafood and plant proteins, fatty acids, saturated fats, refined grains, sodium, or added sugars. Overall diet quality is low among young people. Diet quality, especially consumption of fruits, vegetables, and protein foods was lower among young people with depression compared with those without depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise in the global population has increased the demand for dietary food protein. Strategies to maximize agricultural and livestock outputs could strain land and freshwater supply and contribute to substantial negative environmental impacts. Consequently, there has been an emphasis on identifying alternative sources of edible proteins that are more sustainable, sustainable, ethical, and healthy. This review provides a critical report on future food protein sources including: plant, cultured meat, insect, and microbial, as alternative sources to traditional animal-based sources. The technical challenges associated with the production process of alternative protein sources are discussed. The most important quality parameters of alternative proteins, such as: protein composition and digestibility, allergenicity, functional and sensory attributes, and safety regulations have been documented. Lastly, future direction and conclusion have been made on future protein trends. However, further regulatory norms need to develop for safe consumption and distribution around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. A total of 90 Holstein dairy cows (24 primiparous, 66 multiparous, mean parity = 3.0) were fed diets containing either 150, 160, or 170 g CP/kg DM from 8 to 180 DIM, with all diets designed to supply at least 100% MP requirements. On d 181, half of the cows in each treatment changed to a diet containing 140 g CP/kg DM (supplying 100% MP requirements), with the remaining cows continuing to be offered their original treatment diets. This resulted in 6 treatments in the mid-late lactation period (181–280 DIM): 150, 150/140, 160, 160/140, 170, and 170/140 g CP/kg DM. Decreasing dietary CP concentration from 170 to 150 g CP/kg DM did not affect DMI, milk yield, milk fat or protein yield in early lactation (8–181 DIM), but reduced MUN and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk, as well as serum albumin, globulin, total protein, and urea concentrations. In addition, reducing dietary CP content from 170 to 160 g CP/kg DM improved N use efficiency (NUE; milk N/N intake), with no further improvement with 150 g CP/kg DM. Treatment had no effect on apparent total-tract ration digestibility in early lactation. Urinary N output decreased with decreasing dietary CP content in early lactation, whereas manure N (fecal N plus urinary N) output increased. Urinary N/manure N decreased from 170 to 160 g CP/kg DM diet, whereas no further reduction was observed with the 150 g CP/kg DM diet. Cows that remained on the 150 g CP/kg DM treatment in mid-late lactation (181–280 DIM) had a lower DMI than those which remained on the diet containing 170 g CP/kg DM. Reducing the dietary CP concentration to 140 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation reduced DMI, milk yield, and milk fat and protein yields, compared with offering the 170 or 160 g CP/kg DM diet throughout lactation, possibly reflecting a response to oversupply of MP with the latter treatments, rather than an undersupply of MP with the former, although this is uncertain. Concentrations of C18:2 cis -9, trans -11 and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in milk were lower for cows offered diets containing 140 or 150 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation compared with 160 or 170 g CP/kg DM. Reducing dietary CP concentration from 170 to 140 g CP/kg DM improved NUE from 0.28 to 0.34 in mid-late lactation. Nitrogen digestibility was reduced when cows were offered the 140 g CP/kg DM diet compared with the 150 or 160 g CP/kg DM diet. Lowering the dietary CP concentration from 170 to 140 g CP/kg DM in mid-late lactation decreased N output in milk, feces, urine, and manure. These results indicate that a dietary CP content of 160 g CP/kg DM, which met the MP requirement of cows, may be optimal to support performance over a whole lactation, improve NUE, and reduce N excretion, thus contributing to a more sustainable approach to dairy cow production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic treatment is one of the main causes of intestinal dysbiosis, leading, in turn, to other intestinal alterations given the multiple relationships of the microbiota with gut health. Whey and buttermilk are two by-products from the dairy industry with numerous bioactive components. This study aimed to assess the potential of two formulas, containing a mixture of lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), and whey or buttermilk, to reverse the negative effects of clindamycin on gut motility, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expression, and oxidative stress in the intestine. For this purpose, a murine model of intestinal dysbiosis was established by clindamycin treatment. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with saline (Control), clindamycin (Clin), a formula containing whey (F1), or buttermilk (F2) supplemented with lactoferrin and MFGM, Clin+F1, or Clin+F2. Clin delayed the whole gut transit, reduced the response to acetylcholine, decreased TLR2 expression, and increased TLR4 expression in the intestine. F1 and F2 formulas reversed the effects of Clin, restoring TLR2 receptor levels and normalizing intestinal dysmotility. These results indicate that whey- and buttermilk-based formulas supplemented with lactoferrin and MFGM could be used as functional foods to prevent or treat motility disorders and restore some components of the immune system after antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composited hydrogels derived from natural materials are getting attention in the field of cultured meat due to their advantages of biocompatibility and degradability as cell scaffolds. In this work, two edible cross-linking agents, transglutaminase (TGase) and/or calcium ions, were successfully used to cross-link soy protein isolated (SPI) and soy dietary fiber (SDF) to fabricate different scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds were characterized by structural, hydration, rheological, and mechanical analysis. The double cross-linked scaffolds exhibited the highest compressive moduli compared to the single cross-linked scaffolds and had an excellent liquid absorbing ability of up to 309.45%, while its porosity was as high as 72.66%. In addition, NIH 3T3 cells were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the scaffolds in vitro. The double cross-linked scaffolds could promote the expression of differentiation-related genes and were beneficial for cell adhesion and proliferation. In conclusion, the present research provides a new approach to prepare cell scaffolds using soybean resources, which could be used in cultured meat applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementation of wheat flour with legumes flour such as broad beans (Vicia Faba. L), as well as its protein concentrates and hydrolysates, improves the nutritional properties of bakery products. However, technological properties of composite flours must be determined since the quality of final products may be affected. Therefore, the objective was to study the effect of adding hydrolyzed broad bean flour (HBF) at different levels on the functional, pasting and rheological properties of composite wheat-broad bean flour. The addition of 20% of HBF decreased the water holding capacity from 2.59 to 2.33 g water/g sample, whereas oil holding capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability increased with 10% of HBF up to 1.89 g oil/g sample, 32% and 83.33%, no change in emulsifying activity was observed. The pasting parameters decreased proportionally with the addition of HBF, but the relative increase in viscosity (2.50–3.04) was higher. The addition of HBF caused a reduction in the elasticity and structural stability of the pastes (decrease in yield strain from 42.89 to 27.43%), which behaved as weak gels, in agreement with the behavior suggested by the Power law fit (R2 > 0.90). The addition of HBF to composite flours is a suitable alternative for the future development of bakery products, since the main components of HBF, such as proteins and soluble dietary fiber, are adequately integrated into the paste structure, reducing stiffness and retrogradation, extending shelf life. Also, the addition of HBF would allow for nutritional improvement through increased protein content, with highly digestible peptides and amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to understand if diet, particularly diets that are low in animal sources of creatine, which is one substrate important for muscle metabolism, may play a role in the perception of voice fatigue in vocal performers. Method: Individuals who use their voice professionally as performers were recruited for an online survey that collected demographic information, vocal performance metrics, and dietary details regarding the number of servings of animal protein per week. Participants were also asked to complete three standardized, validated vocal function questionnaires. All data were descriptively analyzed. Reported diet, hydration, and hours of performance per week were compared with vocal function questionnaire scores. Results: A clear link between dietary intake of animal sourced creatine and perception of voice tiredness as measured with vocal function questionnaires was not observed. Increased reported hydration appeared to have slightly lower perception of voice tiredness. Volunteers who reported higher vocal performance hours per week tended to score higher on the vocal function questionnaire regarding voice tiredness measures. Conclusions: Diet absent or low in creatine does not appear to have a mean- ingful effect on the experience of vocal fatigue in vocal performers. Higher water intake indicated somewhat lower perceived voice fatigue and hours of reported vocal performance per week indicated somewhat higher perceived voice fatigue, both results of which are consistent with clinical and empirical observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Owing to their health benefits, walnuts are attracting interest as a good option for nutritious meals, thereby promoting their production. Furthermore, the adoption of ecologically and environmentally friendly agriculture strengthens biostimulant use as a sustainable complement to traditional fertilizers. This study evaluated the effects of different foliar‐applied biostimulants in walnut tree orchards, in northeastern Portugal, on walnuts' chemical composition and bioactivity. RESULTS: Walnut samples were rich in fat (particularly the polyunsaturated linoleic acid), dietary fiber and protein. Sucrose was the most prevalent soluble sugar, followed by glucose and fructose. Studied samples also showed an antioxidant activity comparable (or superior) to that of Trolox. Some plant biostimulants (e.g. Sprint Plus®) had a positive impact on the nutritional composition of walnuts, more specifically by boosting tocopherol levels, besides improving the bioactivity of walnut extracts against specific bacteria. CONCLUSION: Overall, this research demonstrated that important quality traits of walnuts can be improved using sustainable agricultural bioproducts and practices. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the hypotheses that broilers and pigs have distinct starch digestion capacities and that different cereals could trigger diet–species interactions. Ten replicates of two broilers (14 d old) or one pig (50 d old) each were distributed into a 3 × 2 randomised factorial design with three pelleted diets (maize, barley or oat-based) and the two species. Nutritional composition was equal for both species. Diets were fed for 10 d, and then the pancreas and organs from the stomach region and small intestine were collected with contents. It was observed that both species were similarly efficient at digesting starch but differed in some digestive aspects. Broilers had higher ileal digestibility coefficients (P < 0·001) of DM (0·69) and crude protein (0·75) than pigs (0·66 and 0·67), presented a higher volume of particles < 0·1 mm in duodenal digesta (P < 0·001) and had a lower gizzard pH (3·68) than pig stomach (4·48; P < 0·05). Conversely, pigs had lower ileal viscosity (1·44 v. 2·77 cP; P < 0·05) and higher pancreatic lipase activity (27 v. 5·9 U/g of pancreas; P < 0·05) compared with broilers. In the jejunum, oat led to higher starch digestibility (0·96; P < 0·05) than maize and barley regardless of species. In the ileum, starch digestibility was higher for broilers fed oats (0·99) than broilers fed barley (0·94; P < 0·05), establishing that oats provided, in general, a superior starch availability. The results imply that starch utilisation capacity is more related to its dietary source than to the species to which it is fed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain legumes are a rich source of dietary proteins and hence are essential for achieving food and nutritional security, worldwide. Grain legumes are negatively affected by salt stress, which results in decreased growth, yield, productivity, and other financial losses. Salt stress causes severe phytotoxicities, like specific ion toxicities, hormonal and nutritional imbalances, disruptions of stomatal conductance, and alterations in leaf water potential and rate of photosynthesis. To enhance agricultural productivity under salt stress conditions, several ecofriendly methods have been tried recently. Out of these, the use of biostimulants gained particular attention due to their ease of availability and high-stress ameliorative potential. It includes the use of non-microbial biostimulants like humic acid and seaweed extracts (SWE), as well as microbial biostimulants like mycorrhiza, plant growth-promoting and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which promote plant growth and development. Biostimulants successfully alleviate salt stress-induced toxicities in legumes, when introduced either alone or in combination with other macro- or microorganisms in the soil. In response to salinity, plants raise their cellular levels of osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) and polyamines, as well as phytohormones. The application of biostimulants in grain legumes alleviates the salt stress-induced toxicity by improving the seed germination, seedling growth, rate of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, absorption and uptake of minerals, grain development, yield, ROS homeostasis and osmoregulation. Many of the reviews have lacked the assessment of the effect of these ecofriendly biostimulants on mitigation of salt stress in grain legumes. The development of integrated, eco-friendly and sustainable use of various biostimulants and their mode of action in managing salt stress in legume production is discussed in the present review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the world's growing population on food systems and the role of dietary patterns in the management of non-communicable diseases underscore the need to explore sustainable and dietary protein sources. Although microalgae have stood out as alternative sources of proteins and bioactive peptides, some species such as Nannochloropsis gaditana remain unexplored. This study aimed to characterize N. gaditana's proteome and evaluate its potential as a source of bioactive peptides by using an in silico approach. A total of 1955 proteins were identified and classified into functional groups of cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes. In silico gastrointestinal digestion of identified proteins demonstrated that 202 hydrophobic and low-molecular-size peptides with potential bioactivity were released. Among them, 27 exhibited theorical antioxidant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and/or antimicrobial activities. Seven of twenty-seven peptides showed ≥20% intestinal absorption, suggesting potential systemic effects, while the rest could act at local level. Molecular docking demonstrated strong affinities with key enzymes such as MPO, ACE, and DPPIV. Resistance to the digestion, capacity to be absorbed, and multifunctionality were demonstrated for peptide FIPGL. This study highlights N. gaditana's potential as a sustainable source of novel potential bioactive peptides with promising local and systemic biological effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to investigate the effects of breakfast high or low in protein on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. In total, fifty-six women aged 18–30 years consumed a breakfast containing either high protein (34 g protein, n 26) or low protein (6 g protein, n 30) for 12 weeks. Measurements of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, waist circumference, glucose tolerance, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile were performed before and after this period. The primary outcome was fat mass. Satiety and hunger were evaluated by self-reported Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. Dietary intake was estimated by 4-d dietary records, and calcium intake was estimated by FFQ. At baseline, relative daily protein intake was 15·2 ± 2·8 E%, which increased to 19·3 ± 3·4 E% in high protein but was unchanged in low protein (P < 0·001 between groups). High protein reported higher satiety compared with low protein (P = 0·02). Yet, no group differences were observed in changes in energy intake, body composition, blood lipid profile or measures of glucose tolerance (all P > 0·10). However, bone mineral content tended to increase in high protein (P = 0·05) and decrease in low protein (P = 0·07, interaction effect: P = 0·01). Conclusively, a high v. low content of protein in breakfast increased satiety but did not affect body composition or cardiometabolic markers in young women with overweight. This study adds to the sparse evidence on the effects of breakfast with different macronutrient compositions on health parameters in women with overweight. Registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04518605. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]