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Injectable hydrogels offer a wide range of attractive benefits in drug delivery applications, such as non-invasive administration, easy drug incorporation and locally controlled release at the target sites. Herein, we designed a simple and efficient method to prepare injectable hydrogels composed of gelatin and cyclodextrin (CD) for high loading capacity of hydrophobic drugs. The hydrogels were formed by thiol-functionalized gelatin (GSH) and βCD-vinyl sulfone (βCD-VS) as cross-linker, via thiol-ene “click” chemistry. Hydrogels comprising of different cross-linker feed amount were investigated in terms of their physico-chemical properties, such as gelation time, mechanical strength, swelling ratio, porosity and degradation rates. For the use as a drug delivery vehicle, dexamethasone (DEX), a commonly anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive but poorly water soluble drug was chosen to show the high drug loading capacity and prolonged drug release of hydrogels. The drug release was found to be depended on the concentration of βCD-VS due to the drug-CD interaction. In vitro cytotoxicity experiment also showed the cell compatibility of these hydrogels against human dermal fibroblasts. In summary, we expect this gelatin-CD “click” hydrogel will be a promising candidate for localized and long-term delivery of hydrophobic drugs.

This study aims to examine the impact of risks from information in the supply chain on the financial performance of enterprises, with the case study in Vietnam, using quantitative research methods, through SEM linear structure model analysis. With 412 samples who are managers of different ranks at enterprises, the study results show that risks from information in the supply chain not only have a direct, reverse impact but also have an indirect impact on financial performance depending on the level of interdependence of businesses. In addition, opportunistic behavior and the degree of interdependence have also been shown to have a reverse impact on the level of cooperation of enterprises. The findings of this study show a contribution both theoretically and practically, demonstrating the inherent negative risks of information in the supply chain to the financial performance of the enterprise. Research has shown the intermediate role of the degree of interdependence in the relationship between the above two factors. Based on the research results, the authors propose several recommendations to improve the financial performance of enterprises.

Despite the wide-spectrum and effective anti-cancer activity of paclitaxel (PTX), their low solubility and side effects are the main challenges in their clinical application. In this study, a model paclitaxel-encapsulated nanoliposome (NLips-PTX) carrier was synthesized to enhance PTX solubility and increase its passive accumulation at the tumor site. Soy lecithin and cholesterol at a 9:1 ratio were used to prepare the nano-sized liposomes through the thin-film hydration followed by extrusion technique. The prepared spherical NLips-PTX liposomes with an average size of about 150 nm and high uniformity were characterized by DLS and TEM. PTX load efficiency of NLips was determined at about 85% by HPLC. NLips-PTX also showed a therapeutic effect toward breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in a dose- and time-dependent manner via in vitro cellular uptake and a cytotoxicity study. This research indicates that extrusion is a simple and convenient method for nano-sizing and homogenising liposome suspension for potentially effective delivery of drug to target tumor sites.

Because of the toxic glutaraldehyde, the chitosan-glutaraldehyde hydrogels are seriously limited in biomedical applications. In this study, exploiting bioactive compounds of Aloe barbadensis Miller, the chitosan/Aloe barbadensis Miller-glutaraldehyde (CS/AV-GDA) hydrogels were fabricated with 4-fold lower glutaraldehyde concentration without compromising hydrogel characteristics. The gelation time was controlled from a few seconds to several hours. The elastic modulus was varied from 483 to 99940 Pa. The CS/AV-GDA hydrogels could release the natural nitrite amount from 24.0 to 89.6 μ M within the first hour for antibacterial activity, then continuously deliver a few μ M every next hour for cell activities. The antibacterial test against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed that the CS/AV-GDA hydrogels could kill the planktonic bacteria 5-fold more highly than control and prevent bacteria attachment on hydrogel surface effectively. Although the CS/AV-GDA hydrogels consumed only 0.25% glutaraldehyde concentration, their antibacterial capacities were comparable to chitosan-only hydrogels with 2% glutaraldehyde. For cytotoxicity tests, the CS/AV-GDA hydrogels using 0.25% glutaraldehyde concentration induce the human dermal fibroblasts proliferation significantly. All CS/AV-GDA hydrogels with glutaraldehyde crosslinker less than 1% showed non-cytotoxicity. As a result, the new CS/AV-GDA hydrogels might become an attractive candidate for medicine regeneration and tissue engineering.

The dual role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) in physiological and pathological processes in biological systems has been widely reported. It has been recently suggested that the regulation of RONS levels under physiological and pathological conditions is a potential therapy to promote health and treat diseases, respectively. Injectable hydrogels have been emerging as promising biomaterials for RONS-related biomedical applications owing to their excellent biocompatibility, three-dimensional and extracellular matrix-mimicking structures, tunable properties and easy functionalization. These hydrogels have been developed as advanced injectable platforms for locally generating or scavenging RONS, depending on the specific conditions of the target disease. In this review article, the design principles and mechanism by which RONS are generated/scavenged from hydrogels are outlined alongside a discussion of their in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Additionally, we highlight the advantages and recent developments of these injectable RONS-controlling hydrogels for regenerative medicines and tissue engineering applications.

The impairment of regenerative processes induced by high blood-glucose level (hyperglycemia) and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the diabetic complication progression and development. In this study, an injectable, in situ crosslinkable chitosan hydrogel with ROS-scavenging capability was developed by conjugating gallic acid onto the chitosan backbone (CGA). We hypothesized that gallic acid serves as both antioxidant and crosslinking moieties to form hydrogel in situ by means of enzymatic crosslinking with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The rapid gelation (from 30 s) was observed by vial tilting. The mechanical properties and microstructures of CGA hydrogels can be well controlled by varying the concentrations of H2O2. The ROS-scavenging ability of these CGA hydrogels was demonstrated against DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and total reducing power. Notably, in an in vitro hyperglycemia environment, CGA hydrogels significantly improved the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblast cells, which are closely related to diabetic wound healing. These results suggest that CGA hydrogels have potential as advanced materials for the treatment of diabetes-related diseases via attenuating the excessive ROS production and improving cellular behaviors.

The overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cancer, and chronic inflammation. Therefore, the development of materials that can locally control the adverse effects resulting from excessive ROS generation is of great significance. In this study, the antioxidant gallic acid-conjugated gelatin (GGA) was introduced into gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic (GH) hydrogels to create an injectable hydrogel with enhanced free radical scavenging properties compared to pure GH hydrogels. The modified hydrogels were rapidly formed by an HRP-catalyzed cross-linking reaction with high mechanical strength and biodegradability. The resulting GH/GGA hydrogels effectively scavenged the hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals, and the scavenging capacity could be modulated by varying GGA concentrations. Moreover, in an in vitro H2O2-induced ROS microenvironment, GH/GGA hydrogels significantly suppressed the oxidative damage of human dermal fibroblast (hDFBs) and preserved their viability by reducing intracellular ROS production. More importantly, the ROS scavenging hydrogel efficiently accelerated the wound healing process with unexpected regenerative healing characteristics, shown by hair follicle formation; promoted neovascularization; and highly ordered the alignment of collagen fiber in a full-thickness skin defect model. Therefore, we expect that injectable GH/GGA hydrogels can serve as promising biomaterials for tissue regeneration applications, including wound treatment and other tissue repair related to ROS overexpression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, many researchers have endeavored to develop injectable hydrogel matrices that can modulate the ROS level to normal physiological processes for the treatment of various diseases. Here, we designed an injectable gelatin hydrogel in which gallic acid, an antioxidant compound, was conjugated onto a gelatin polymer backbone. The hydrogels showed tunable properties and could scavenge the free radicals in a controllable manner. Because of the ROS scavenging properties, the hydrogels protected the cells from the oxidative damage of ROS microenvironment and effectively accelerated the wound healing process with high quality of healed skin. We believe that this injectable ROS scavenging hydrogel has great potential for wound treatment and tissue regeneration, where oxidative damage by ROS contributes to the pathogenesis.

Cordyline terminalis leaf extract (aqCT) possesses abundant polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, which are encapsulated in gelatin–polyethylene glycol–tyramine (GPT)/alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) gels to form the additional functional materials for biomedical applications. In this study, the gel compositions are optimized, and the GPT/α-CD ratios equal to or less than one half for solidification are found. The gelation time varies from 40.7 min to 5.0 h depending on the increase in GPT/α-CD ratios and aqCT amount. The aqCT extract disturbs the hydrogen bonding and host–guest inclusion of GPT/α-CD gel networks, postponing the gelation. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that all gels with or without aqCT possess a microarchitecture and porosity. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels could release polyphenols from 110 to 350 nmol/mL at the first hour and sustainably from 5.5 to 20.2 nmol/mL for the following hours, which is controlled by feeding the aqCT amount and gel properties. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels achieved significant antioxidant activity through a 100% scavenging DPPH radical. In addition, all gels are non-cytotoxic with a cell viability more than 85%. Especially, the GPT3.75α-CD10.5aqCT gels with aqCT amount of 3.1–12.5 mg/mL immensely enhanced the cell proliferation of GPT3.75α-CD10.5 gel without extract. These results suggest that the inherent bioactivities of aqCT endowed the resulting GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels with effective antioxidant and high biocompatibility, and natural polyphenols sustainably release a unique platform for a drug delivery system or other biomedical applications.

Evaluating the socio-economic efficiency of scientific and technological topics/projects after acceptance is very difficult because it is not easy to find common ground on the criteria for evaluating the socio-economic efficiency of topics/ projects of different research fields. Hence, depending on researchers’ views, the evaluation criteria or the weight of evaluating the socio-economic efficiency of each topic/project should be different. This study uses the expert method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the criteria and to calculate weights for criteria on five scientific fields according to scientific sub-disciplines in Binh Dinh province, including agricultural science, natural science, social sciences and humanities, medical science, engineering and technological sciences. Our research shows that the evaluation of the socio-economic efficiency of the provincial topics/projects should be based on eight aspects, including science, technology, economics, environment, culture - society, information - management, and education. At the same time, the results also identified a set of common criteria for evaluating the socio-economic efficiency of topics/projects and suggested how to calculate points and to rank the effectiveness of topics/projects. However, the weight of the criteria and the composition of each criterion is different.

Injectable hydrogels can serve as therapeutic vehicles and implants for the treatment of various diseases as well as for tissue repair/regeneration. In particular, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-catalyzed hydrogelation system has attracted much attention, due to its ease of handling and controllable gel properties. In this study, we introduce calcium peroxide (CaO2) as a H2O2-generating reagent to gradually supply a radical source for the HRP-catalyzed crosslinking reaction. This novel therapy can create stiff hydrogels without compromising the cytocompatibility of the hydrogels due to the use of initially high concentrations of H2O2. The physico-chemical properties of the hydrogels can be controlled by varying the concentrations of HRP and CaO2. In addition, the controlled and sustained release of bioactive molecules, including H2O2, O2, and Ca2+ ions, from the hydrogels could stimulate the cellular behaviors (attachment, migration, and differentiation) of human mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited killing efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, dependent on the H2O2 and Ca2+ release amounts. These positive results suggest that hydrogels formed by HRP/CaO2 can be used as potential matrices for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as bone regeneration and infection treatment.

Preventing implant-associated infection, which can lead to implant failure and increased medical costs, is one of the biggest challenges in the orthopaedic surgeons. Therefore, the development of stable and highly effective surface modifications to increase the antimicrobial properties of implants is required. In this study, graphene oxide (GO-)-immobilized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was developed to efficiently carry and release antimicrobial drugs. Firstly, tyramine-conjugated GO (GOTA) was synthesized and immobilized onto the surfaces of TiO₂ through tyrosinase (Tyr)-catalyzed oxidative reaction (GOTA/TiO₂). Doxycycline hyclate (Dox) was then loaded onto GOTA/TiO₂ via non-covalent interactions between GO and Dox (Dox/GOTA/TiO₂), including electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonds. The amount of loaded drug was able to be controlled, reaching a maximum of 36 μg/cm2. in vitro experiments revealed that the sustained release of Dox from the TiO₂ surfaces continued for over 30 days. Compared with bare TiO₂ and GOTA/TiO2, Dox/GOTA/TiO₂ exhibited superior antibacterial activity against both gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, without affecting the viability of human dermal fibroblasts. The obtained results indicated that GO-immobilized TiO₂ is an effective carrier for antimicrobial drug delivery to reduce implant-associated infection through the synergistic antimicrobial effect of GO and the prescribed drugs.

Cordyline terminalis leaf extract (aqCT) possesses abundant polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, which are encapsulated in gelatin–polyethylene glycol–tyramine (GPT)/alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) gels to form the additional functional materials for biomedical applications. In this study, the gel compositions are optimized, and the GPT/α-CD ratios equal to or less than one half for solidification are found. The gelation time varies from 40.7 min to 5.0 h depending on the increase in GPT/α-CD ratios and aqCT amount. The aqCT extract disturbs the hydrogen bonding and host–guest inclusion of GPT/α-CD gel networks, postponing the gelation. Scanning electron microscope observation shows that all gels with or without aqCT possess a microarchitecture and porosity. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels could release polyphenols from 110 to 350 nmol/mL at the first hour and sustainably from 5.5 to 20.2 nmol/mL for the following hours, which is controlled by feeding the aqCT amount and gel properties. GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels achieved significant antioxidant activity through a 100% scavenging DPPH radical. In addition, all gels are non-cytotoxic with a cell viability more than 85%. Especially, the GPT3.75α-CD10.5aqCT gels with aqCT amount of 3.1–12.5 mg/mL immensely enhanced the cell proliferation of GPT3.75α-CD10.5 gel without extract. These results suggest that the inherent bioactivities of aqCT endowed the resulting GPT/α-CD/aqCT gels with effective antioxidant and high biocompatibility, and natural polyphenols sustainably release a unique platform for a drug delivery system or other biomedical applications.

Background MDR bacteria including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are recognized as an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. This investigation seeks to determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance genes associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Methods We conducted WGS and phylogenetic analysis of 72 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from hospital-acquired infection patients from August 2011 to March 2015 in three major hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam. Results We identified three variants of IMP gene, among which blaIMP-15 was the most frequent (n = 34) in comparison to blaIMP-26 (n = 2) and blaIMP-51 (n = 12). We observed two isolates with imipenem MIC >128 mg/L that co-harboured blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1 genes and seven isolates (imipenem MIC > 128 mg/L) with a blaKPC-1 gene from the same hospital. MLST data shows that these 72 isolates belong to 18 STs and phylogenetic tree analysis has divided these isolates into nine groups. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that not only blaIMP-26 but other IMP variants such as blaIMP-15 and blaIMP-51 genes and several STs (ST235, ST244, ST277, ST310, ST773 and ST3151) have been disseminating in healthcare settings in Vietnam. In addition, we report the emergence of two isolates belonging to ST1240 and ST3340 that harboured two important carbapenemase genes (blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1) and seven isolates belonging to ST3151 of P. aeruginosa that carried the blaKPC-1 gene in Vietnam, which could potentially cause serious restricted availability of treatment options in healthcare settings.

Background MDR bacteria including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are recognized as an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. This investigation seeks to determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance genes associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. Methods We conducted WGS and phylogenetic analysis of 72 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from hospital-acquired infection patients from August 2011 to March 2015 in three major hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam. Results We identified three variants of IMP gene, among which blaIMP-15 was the most frequent (n = 34) in comparison to blaIMP-26 (n = 2) and blaIMP-51 (n = 12). We observed two isolates with imipenem MIC >128 mg/L that co-harboured blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1 genes and seven isolates (imipenem MIC > 128 mg/L) with a blaKPC-1 gene from the same hospital. MLST data shows that these 72 isolates belong to 18 STs and phylogenetic tree analysis has divided these isolates into nine groups. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that not only blaIMP-26 but other IMP variants such as blaIMP-15 and blaIMP-51 genes and several STs (ST235, ST244, ST277, ST310, ST773 and ST3151) have been disseminating in healthcare settings in Vietnam. In addition, we report the emergence of two isolates belonging to ST1240 and ST3340 that harboured two important carbapenemase genes (blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1) and seven isolates belonging to ST3151 of P. aeruginosa that carried the blaKPC-1 gene in Vietnam, which could potentially cause serious restricted availability of treatment options in healthcare settings.

Injectable hydrogels can serve as therapeutic vehicles and implants for the treatment of various diseases as well as for tissue repair/regeneration. In particular, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-catalyzed hydrogelation system has attracted much attention, due to its ease of handling and controllable gel properties. In this study, we introduce calcium peroxide (CaO2) as a H2O2-generating reagent to gradually supply a radical source for the HRP-catalyzed crosslinking reaction. This novel therapy can create stiff hydrogels without compromising the cytocompatibility of the hydrogels due to the use of initially high concentrations of H2O2. The physico-chemical properties of the hydrogels can be controlled by varying the concentrations of HRP and CaO2. In addition, the controlled and sustained release of bioactive molecules, including H2O2, O2, and Ca2+ ions, from the hydrogels could stimulate the cellular behaviors (attachment, migration, and differentiation) of human mesenchymal stem cells. Moreover, the hydrogels exhibited killing efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, dependent on the H2O2 and Ca2+ release amounts. These positive results suggest that hydrogels formed by HRP/CaO2 can be used as potential matrices for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as bone regeneration and infection treatment.

Thrombosis and inflammation after implantation remain unsolved problems associated with various medical devices with blood-contacting applications. In this study, we develop a multifunctional biomaterial with enhanced hemocompatibility and anti-inflammatory effects by combining the anticoagulant activity of heparin with the vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties of nitric oxide (NO). The co-immobilization of these two key molecules with distinct therapeutic effects is achieved by simultaneous conjugation of heparin (HT) and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), an NO-generating catalyst, via a simple tyrosinase (Tyr)-mediated reaction. The resulting immobilized surface showed long-term, stable and adjustable NO release for 14 days. Importantly, the makeup of the material endows the surface with the ability to promote endothelialization and to inhibit coagulation, platelet activation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. In addition, the HT/Cu NP co-immobilized surface enhanced macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in vitro, which can reduce the inflammatory response and improve the adaptation of implants in vivo. This study demonstrated a simple but efficient method of developing a multifunctional surface for blood-contacting devices.

Đã có rất nhiều tiến bộ trong công tác điều trị và chăm sóc trẻ sinh non, góp phần làm giảm tỷ lệ tử vong, tăng khả năng cứu sống trẻ sinh non. Tuy nhiên việc chăm sóc trẻ sinh non còn đang dừng lại ở việc phát triển thể chất, chưa chú trọng tới việc phát triển tinh thần và trí tuệ của trẻ. Các lợi ích trực tiếp của việc massage đối với trẻ đã được nhiều nhà khoa học khẳng định qua nhiều công trình nghiên cứu, massage cải thiện tình trạng tuần hoàn, hô hấp, tăng cường miễn dịch giúp trẻ nhanh chóng hồi phục sức khỏe, làm cho các cơ săn chắc, hệ thống xương- khớp dẻo dai, đặc biệt massage kích thích nhiều giác quan, giúp trẻ phát triển trí não, có tác dụng tốt tới sự phát triển tinh thần, tình cảm của trẻ, giúp trẻ vượt qua những khó khăn đầu tiên trong cuộc đời, trẻ có bản lĩnh hơn để vượt qua những thử thách về tâm lý và tình cảm trong giai đoạn sau này của cuộc sống.

Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed injectable gelatin hydrogels have attracted much attention in various biomedical fields because of their processability, biodegradability, and excellent biocompatib...

Brand is considered a valuable asset that a business wants to create and maintain growth throughout its business cycle. This paper examines the impact of corporate brand equity on employees’ opportunistic behavior. The paper uses quantitative research methods, through linear SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) analysis of structural model with a scale of 609 samples of employees of enterprises in Vietnam. The research results show that corporate brand equity has a negative impact on employees’ opportunistic behavior. In the relationship between these two factors, trust and emotional engagement act as intermediate factors. Additionally, the research demonstrates that trust has a positive effect on all three components of employee engagement, including emotional engagement, computational engagement, and standards-based engagement. On that basis, the research suggests a number of recommendations to minimize the opportunistic behavior of employees in the enterprise. The findings of this study have shown the importance and impact of brand equity on employee opportunistic behavior. These are meaningful contributions in both theory and practice to help businesses gain deeper insight into brand equity and the need to pay attention to building and developing durable brand equity for businesses. At the same time, it is an important basis for the next research projects.

Human face exhibits an inherent hierarchy in its representations (i.e., holistic facial expressions can be encoded via a set of facial action units (AUs) and their intensity). Variational (deep) auto-encoders (VAE) have shown great results in unsupervised extraction of hierarchical latent representations from large amounts of image data, while being robust to noise and other undesired artifacts. Potentially, this makes VAEs a suitable approach for learning facial features for AU intensity estimation. Yet, most existing VAE-based methods apply classifiers learned separately from the encoded features. By contrast, the non-parametric (probabilistic) approaches, such as Gaussian Processes (GPs), typically outperform their parametric counterparts, but cannot deal easily with large amounts of data. To this end, we propose a novel VAE semi-parametric modeling framework, named DeepCoder, which combines the modeling power of parametric (convolutional) and nonparametric (ordinal GPs) VAEs, for joint learning of (1) latent representations at multiple levels in a task hierarchy1, and (2) classification of multiple ordinal outputs. We show on benchmark datasets for AU intensity estimation that the proposed DeepCoder outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, and related VAEs and deep learning models., Comment: ICCV 2017 - accepted

The paper aims to identify the development of power interconnection network in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) which is a part of the major energy infrastructure mandated by ASEAN delegates in 1997. An overview of power systems in the region is introduced. The combined load curve for Vietnam and Thailand are formed to show the benefit of power grid interconnection of GMS. The paper also concentrates on simulation, analysis and evaluation of power transfer in 500kV and 220kV interconnection transmission lines in GMS for the planning horizon of 2010–2020. Reliability and environmental benefits of the interconnection are discussed due to interconnection. Based on the simulation results few recommendations are given.

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (AIV) crossed the species barrier and caused a number of deaths in humans in Vietnam and 14 other countries. Since the last report of human H5N1 infection in November 2005, the first documented H5N1 human infection was reported in June 2007 in Vietnam and was followed by 7 more cases, including 5 fatalities. In this study, we isolated and analyzed the full length of the H5N1 genome from a sample from the first patient in 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of eight genomic segments of the H5N1 virus strain (A/Vietnam/HN/2007, VNH07) revealed that this strain appears to be of genotype V and contains the HA gene, which is classified into clade 2.3.4. The deduced amino acid sequence of the HA protein has a typical affinity sequence for α2,3 linkage (SAα2,3-Gal) receptors and typical multibasic cleavage sequences. Compared with other H5N1 isolates, VNH07 showed that the possible reassortments for the NA and NP segments occurred between A/goose/Guangxi/3017/2005-like isolates (2.3.2) and A/human/Zhejiang/16/2006-like isolates (2.3.4).