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TGO-DSG oleogel (TDOG oleogel) was prepared with Torreya grandis oil (TGO) as the oil phase and Diosgenin (DSG) as the gelator, and its microstructure, rheological properties, texture properties, and crystal structure were investigated. The gelation mechanism of TDOG oleogel and the effect of gelation on the in-vitro digestion characteristics were also discussed. The results presented that TDOG oleogel was composed of small and dense or large and loose flocs DSG crystals, which were constructed through the fiber cross-linked three-dimensional network; the storage modulus (G') of TDOG oleogel was larger than the loss modulus (G"), and TDOG oleogel presented shear thinning characteristics, and the phase transition temperature was about 86. 8 °C. When the digestion time was 120 min, the digestibility of TDOG oleogel was 40.7%, significantly lower than that of TGO (50.9%), indicating that gelation could reduce the digestibility of TGO in TDOG. In addition, the content of saturated fatty acids in the 120 min digestible supernatant of TDOG oleogel was higher than unsaturated fatty acids, indicating that oil gelation would increase the difficulty of digestion of unsaturated fatty acids, and the higher the unsaturation, the greater the digestion difficulty was. Therefore, TDOG oleogels could be used as an alternative to solid fats for the development of healthy functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husks are rich in xylan, which can be hydrolyzed by xylanase to form xylooligosaccharides (XOS). XOS is a functional oligosaccharide with stable physicochemical properties and physiological functions such as improving the structure and nutritional characteristics of flour products. Regarding the application of XOS in flour products, more attention was paid to the research of the characteristics of the product itself. In this study, the effect of adding XOS on the pasting and rheological properties of flours (1 g/100g, 3 g/100g, 5 g/100g) showed that with the increase of XOS content, the pasting temperature of flour increased and the retrogradation value decreased. With the increase of XOS addition, the storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ first increased and then decreased, and the dough elasticity decreased, indicating that the addition of XOS inhibited the formation of gluten network structure. The addition of XOS lead to an increase in biscuit diameter, with a maximum diameter of 39.63 mm for 5 g/100g XOS biscuits. The digestion results showed that the eGI value of the control biscuit was 59.27, and the eGI value of the 5 g/100g XOS biscuit was 56.98. Overall, XOS biscuits are the high-value utilization pathways for rice husks. • Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) can be added to flour for preparation of biscuits. • XOS could inhibit starch gelatinization and weaken starch retrogradation. • XOS inhibited the formation of gluten network structure. • XOS from rice husks to prepare biscuits is one of the high-value utilization pathways for rice husks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic waste used as a feedstock in the anaerobic digestion (AD), it includes carbon and nitrogen. Carbon and nitrogen have an effect on the various digestive characteristics during AD, however, the study is rare about those of the interaction. This study investigates the influence of carbon type and carbon to nitrogens (C/N ratios) on the AD characteristics of organic waste. Experimental treatments involved a combination of three carbon types with three C/N ratios. The AD tests were carried out using a 125-mL serum bottle at a constant temperature of 37°C and moisture 95% for 18 days. Degradation pattern shows the difference among three-carbon treatments, the starch group was faster than other groups. Maximum methane production date was similar between starch (9.96 ± 0.05 day) and xylan group (10.0 ± 0.52 day), those of the cellulose group (14.6 ± 1.80 day) was slower than other groups (p < 0.05). The lag phase was only affected by the carbon type (p < 0.05). Ammonia nitrogen was mainly affected by nitrogen concentration regardless of carbon type (p < 0.05). This study showed that xylan is useful as feedstock in order to decrease the lag phase, and it showed that ammonia was independently affected by the nitrogen concentration.