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The adoption of simulation models as Digital Twins (DTs) has been standing out in recent years and represents a revolution in decision-making. In this context, we note increasingly faster and more efficient decisions by mirroring the behaviour of physical systems. On the other hand, we highlight the challenges to ensure the simulation models validity over time since traditional validation approaches have limitations when we consider the periodic update of the model. Thus, the present work proposes an approach based on the constant assessment of these models through Machine Learning and control charts. To this end, we suggest a monitoring tool using the K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) classifier, combined with a p-control chart, to periodically assess the validity of DT simulation models. The proposed approach was tested in several theoretical cases and also implemented in a real case study. The findings suggest that the proposed tool can monitor the DT functioning and identify possible special causes that could compromise its results. Finally, we highlight the wide applicability of the proposed tool, which can be used in different DT models, including near/real-time models with different characteristics regarding connection, integration, and complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Monte Carlo (MC) method is an accurate technique for particle transport calculation due to the precise modeling of physical interactions. Nevertheless, the MC method still suffers from the problem of expensive computational cost, even with graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration. Our previous works have investigated the acceleration strategies of photon transport simulation for single‐energy CT. But for multi‐energy CT, conventional individual simulation leads to unnecessary redundant calculation, consuming more time. Purpose: This work proposes a novel GPU‐based shared MC scheme (gSMC) to reduce unnecessary repeated simulations of similar photons between different spectra, thereby enhancing the efficiency of scatter estimation in multi‐energy x‐ray exposures. Methods: The shared MC method selects shared photons between different spectra using two strategies. Specifically, we introduce spectral region classification strategy to select photons with the same initial energy from different spectra, thus generating energy‐shared photon groups. Subsequently, the multi‐directional sampling strategy is utilized to select energy‐and‐direction‐shared photons, which have the same initial direction, from energy‐shared photon groups. Energy‐and‐direction‐shared photons perform shared simulations, while others are simulated individually. Finally, all results are integrated to obtain scatter distribution estimations for different spectral cases. Results: The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed gSMC are evaluated on the digital phantom and clinical case. The experimental results demonstrate that gSMC can speed up the simulation in the digital case by ∼37.8% and the one in the clinical case by ∼20.6%, while keeping the differences in total scatter results within 0.09%, compared to the conventional MC package, which performs an individual simulation. Conclusions: The proposed GPU‐based shared MC simulation method can achieve fast photon transport calculation for multi‐energy x‐ray exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we show how to measure in the setting of digital quantum simulations the reflection and transmission amplitudes of the one-dimensional scattering of a particle with a short-ranged potential. The main feature of the protocol is the coupling between the particle and an ancillary spin-1/2 degree of freedom. This allows us to reconstruct tomographically the scattering amplitudes, which are in general complex numbers, from the readout of one qubit. Applications of our results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modal characteristics of the crusher rotor and shell constitute the crucial factors influencing vibration and noise. Based on the principle of simplification, the rotor component model was established. Through mesh optimization, the model accuracy and calculation efficiency can be ensured, and the calculation of natural frequency and modal shapes was completed based on ANSYS. To verify the accuracy of the finite element model, the modal test was carried out by the hammering method. Sensors were set in three different directions to obtain the frequency response function and the modal assurance criterion matrix mode confidence criterion. Using the same research method, the modal characteristics of the shell model were simulated and analyzed. The research results show that the modal parameters identified by the modal test are basically consistent with the simulation model. The natural frequencies of the rotor and the shell are quite different from the excitation frequency of the motor, and resonance problems will not occur when the crusher is proper functioning [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the call for influencing practice by increasing attention to how learning environments can be designed to support learning in statistical inference. We report on a design experiment in secondary school (students 14–16 years old), that resulted in a set of lessons with the learning goal of teaching students how to apply concepts and principles of hypothesis testing for making an inference as to whether or not students in secondary school can taste the difference between two brands of cola soda. The design experiment resulted in four design principles for a simulation-based approach for learning hypothesis testing in secondary school. The design principles highlight the combination of practical and digital simulations of samplings. They stress the need for using random generators that allow for high reliability in collecting sample data and introduce a simulation-based method for determining p-values, i.e. to quantify how likely or surprising a sample result, or a result more extreme, is under a null hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The load losses of the transformers increase considerably with the presence of harmonic distortion in the currents. Its increase can be determined using an analytical method based on ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.110. On the other hand, when it comes to three-phase banks with transformers of different capacities, delta connections, or incomplete connections, the analytical method does not allow the losses to be accurately estimated, which is why digital simulation is necessary. This work presents an adjusted model to determine the load losses in a three-phase bank of three single-phase transformers with different connection schemes. The model allows for determining load and electrical losses and calculating total additional losses. It is also possible to decide on the load capacity of the bank's transformers, the power factor, and the efficiency with which they operate under these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical reduction of dioxygen (O2) in the presence of benzene‐1,4‐diol (hydroquinone) in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) was examined using cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation techniques. The presence of hydroquinone modified the quasi‐reversible cyclic voltammograms (CV) of O2, resulting in formation of a superoxide radical anion (O2•−), which was scavenged by hydroquinone to form quinone radical anion and hydroperoxide. This reaction proceeded via a two‐proton‐coupled electron transfer (2PCET) mechanism with superior reaction kinetics. Digital simulations of the CVs elucidated the details of the 2PCET process, which involved heterogeneous electrochemical reactions and homogeneous solution reactions between the electrogenerated O2•− and hydroquinone. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of 2PCET were obtained from simulation analyses, which included three elementary steps: (i) formation of the prereactive complex from the free reactants, (ii) intracomplex 2PCET forming the product complex via a transition state, and (iii) dissociation of the product complex yielding free products. These parameters provide essential information for the development of artificial electron‐transfer catalysts and electron transfer carriers using hydroquinone derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Autotransplantation of teeth (ATT) is a viable treatment option for replacing teeth lost due to various reasons. Periodontal ligament (PDL) on the donor tooth is one of the most crucial factors determining the success of ATT. To preserve the PDL during surgery and improve the success rate of ATT, digital dentistry has been applied to ATT. In this article, a digital workflow including surgical simulation, a three‐dimensional (3D) replica fabrication, and a novel osteotomy guide design is introduced. Digital simulation of ATT on a patient's integrated model enables visualization of anatomical structures and the 3D position of the donor tooth prior to the actual surgery. The 3D‐printed osteotomy guide allows the transfer of the direction and depth of the planned osteotomy into the intraoral environment. The 3D replica helps prepare the recipient site before the actual transplantation, which minimizes the extra‐alveolar time of the donor tooth and decreases trauma during the try‐in process. The proposed virtual planning and the use of the guide and the 3D replica can facilitate the surgical procedures while minimizing complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenges posed by frequent memory access during simulations of large-scale spiking neural networks involving synaptic plasticity. We focus on the memory accesses performed during a common synaptic plasticity rule since this can be a significant factor limiting the efficiency of the simulations. We propose neuron models that are represented by only three state variables, which are engineered to enforce the appropriate neuronal dynamics. Additionally, memory retrieval is executed solely by fetching postsynaptic variables, promoting a contiguous memory storage and leveraging the capabilities of burstmode operations to reduce the overhead associated with each access. Different plasticity rules could be implemented despite the adopted simplifications, each leading to a distinct synaptic weight distribution (i.e., unimodal and bimodal). Moreover, our method requires fewer average memory accesses compared to a naive approach. We argue that the strategy described can speed up memory transactions and reduce latencies while maintaining a small memory footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing task assignment algorithms usually solve only a point-based model. This paper proposes a novel algorithm for task assignment in detection search tasks. Firstly, the optimal reconnaissance path is generated by considering the drone's position and attitude information, as well as the type of heterogeneous targets present in the actual scene. Subsequently, an adaptive crowding distance calculation (ACD-NSGA-II) is proposed based on the relative position of solutions in space, taking into account the spatial distribution of parent solutions and constraints imposed by uncertain targets and terrain. Finally, comparative experiments using digital simulation are conducted under two different target probability scenarios. Moreover, the improved algorithm is further evaluated across 100 cases, and a comparison of the Pareto solution set with other algorithms is conducted to demonstrate the algorithm's overall adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the possibilities of modern science and technology, it can be said that the presented mathematical model has been formulated without significant simplifications, and its (numerical) solution itself will be performed with high accuracy. The main purpose of the work was to create a tool supporting the calculation of the main problem of internal ballistics for barrel propellant systems in order to achieve digital solutions as close as possible to the results obtained using experimental ballistics methods. The scientific hypothesis of the work postulates that the physical model of internal ballistics formulated in Lagrange coordinates will allow to solve the main problem of internal ballistics of barrel systems in a digital way, obtaining such solution results that will satisfactorily reflect the solution results obtained using experimental ballistics methods. The results of digital simulations of physical phenomena of solutions to the main problem of internal ballistics of barrel weapons were compared with the results of experimental tests and the degree of agreement was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphase heterogeneity significantly affects mechanical and micro-cracking properties of geomaterials. Heterogeneity representations of geomaterials, however, can bring out fatal errors for cracking behavior investigations due to inaccurate characterizations of multiphase matrixes. This work aims to deeply characterize microscopic heterogeneity in rocks represented by digital multiphase matrixes, and to study their effects on cracking properties of geomaterials. X-ray μ-Computed Tomography (μCT) imaging under the same physical field of view is employed to obtain multiphase microstructures of sandstone with different resolutions. Digital colour difference segmentation (DCDS) and the coupling multiple point statistics-marching cube (MPS-MC) algorithms are applied to accurately characterize three-dimensional (3D) multiphase heterogeneity of rocks. Digital simulations coupled with uniaxial compression are conducted to study multiphase heterogeneity effects on micromechanics and cracking behaviors. Results show that with increasing resolution and voxel scale, heterogeneity index increases. Peak stress and crack ratio increase with increasing heterogeneity index, and the relative errors between experimental and numerical stresses are all less than 5% when the voxel is larger than 3003. Micro-pores extremely improve damage of multiphase microstructures, and the transgranular cracks initiate first, and then intergranular cracks initiate due to large heterogeneity of microscopic elements between micro-pores and microscopic interfacial transition zones (ITZs) and similar strength heterogeneity of microscopic elements in micro-grains. The proposed digital-analysis framework is effective to evaluate multiphase heterogeneity effects on mechanical and cracking responses in various engineering projects. Highlights: Complete microscopic multiphase element heterogeneity is established to characterize heterogeneous geomaterials. Voxel scale and imaging resolution effects on characterizing microscopic multiphase heterogeneity are analyzed. Microscopic cracking and micromechanical responses of geomaterials are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the output error (OE) models whose outputs are contaminated by colored process noises (i.e., correlated noises), this paper derives a new form of bias compensation recursive least squares (BCRLS) algorithm by means of the data filtering technology and the bias compensation principle. The basic idea is to firstly transform the OE model disturbed by colored process noise into a simple OE model with the white noise by adopting the data filtering technology at each recursive calculation, and then to calculate the bias compensation term, based on the new OE model with the bias-compensation technique. Finally, eliminate this bias term in the biased RLS parameter estimation of the OE model to be identified, thereby achieving its unbiased parameter estimation. Unlike the previous BCRLS algorithm, this algorithm can still achieve unbiased parameter estimation of OE systems in the presence of colored process noise without calculating complex noise correlation functions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through three digital simulation examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the revitalized interest in the digital simulation of medium- and high-energy physics phenomena, we investigate the dynamics following a Yukawa interaction quench on IBM Q. Adopting the zero-dimensional version of the scalar Yukawa coupling model as our point of departure, we design low-depth quantum circuits, emulating its dynamics with up to three bosons. In the one-boson case, we demonstrate circuit compression, i.e., a constant-depth circuit containing only two controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. In the more complex three-boson case, we design a circuit in which one Trotter step entails eight CNOTs. Using an analogy with the traveling salesman problem, we also provide a CNOT cost estimate for higher boson number truncations. Based on these circuits, we quantify the system dynamics by evaluating the expected boson number at an arbitrary time after the quench and the survival probability of the initial vacuum state (the Loschmidt echo). We also utilize these circuits to drive adiabatic transitions and compute the energies of the ground- and first-excited states of the considered model. Finally, through error mitigation, i.e., zero-noise extrapolation, we demonstrate the good agreement of our results with a numerically exact classical benchmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addressing the high costs, inefficiencies, and limitations of purely digital simulations in maritime trials for unmanned vessel path planning, this paper introduces a ship virtual path planning simulation test system. This system, unbound by temporal and spatial constraints, vividly showcases the navigational performance of vessels. After analyzing the virtual testing requirements for the autonomous navigation performance of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs), we established the overall framework of this system. Data-driven by a numerical simulation platform, the system achieves synchronized operation between physical and virtual platforms and supports interactive path planning simulations between USVs and the virtual testing system. Furthermore, to address the limitations of traditional ship trajectory planning evaluation, this paper develops a global path planning fitness evaluation function that comprehensively considers trajectory safety, navigation distance, and vessel stability, achieving optimal comprehensive routes through the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Test results indicate an average roll reduction of 14.31% in the planned routes, with a slight increase in navigation distance. By integrating two-dimensional curve simulation with three-dimensional visualization, this paper not only overcomes the limitations of purely physical and purely virtual simulations but also enhances the overall credibility and intuitiveness of the simulation. Experimental results validate the system's effectiveness, providing a novel method for autonomous navigation testing and evaluation of USVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analog–mixed signal simulation environment, used for verifying non-volatile memory macrocells, is presented. It has been adopted over the last decade, providing excellent results in verification coverage, efficiency, and flexibility. This methodology ensures a smooth and effective transition from full transistor/fully analog simulations to fully digital simulations while maintaining most of the environment's features. This allows verification designers to exchange data, stimuli, and results, thereby enhancing debugging capabilities and reducing simulation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in quantum information and quantum technology have stimulated a good deal of interest in the development of quantum algorithms toward the determination of the energetics and properties of many-fermionic systems. While the variational quantum eigensolver is the most optimal algorithm in the noisy intermediate scale quantum era, it is imperative to develop compact Ansätze with low-depth quantum circuits that are physically realizable in quantum devices. Within the unitary coupled cluster framework, we develop a disentangled Ansatz construction protocol that can dynamically tailor an optimal Ansatz using the one- and two-body cluster operators and a selection of rank-two scatterers. The construction of the Ansatz may potentially be performed in parallel over multiple quantum processors through energy sorting and operator commutativity prescreening. With a significant reduction in the circuit depth toward the simulation of molecular strong correlation, our dynamic Ansatz construction protocol is shown to be highly accurate and resilient to the noisy circumstances of the near-term quantum hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the difficulties in modelling, simulation and verification in digital twin workshop, a modelling and online training method for digital twin workshop is proposed. This paper describes a multi-level digital twin aggregate modelling method, including the status attributes, the static performance attributes and the fluctuation performance attributes, and designs a digital twin organisation system, namely, digital twin graph. According to the data demand for digital twin aggregates, a spatio-temporal data model is constructed. The digital twin model training method using truncated normal distribution is presented. Furthermore, a verification method based on real-virtual error for a digital twin model is proposed. The effectiveness of real-time status monitoring, online model training and simulation for production is verified by a case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) using MR has been used increasingly for the abdominal site. Multiple contrast weightings and motion‐resolved imaging are desired for accurate delineation of the target and various organs‐at‐risk and patient‐tailored planning. Current MR protocols achieve these through multiple scans with distinct contrast and variable respiratory motion management strategies and acquisition parameters, leading to a complex and inaccurate planning process. This study presents a standalone MR Multitasking (MT)–based technique to produce volumetric, motion‐resolved, multicontrast images for abdominal radiotherapy treatment planning. Methods: The MT technique resolves motion and provides a wide range of contrast weightings by repeating a magnetization‐prepared (saturation recovery and T2 preparations) spoiled gradient‐echo readout series and adopting the MT image reconstruction framework. The performance of the technique was assessed through digital phantom simulations and in vivo studies of both healthy volunteers and patients with liver tumors. Results: In the digital phantom study, the MT technique presented structural details and motion in excellent agreement with the digital ground truth. The in vivo studies showed that the motion range was highly correlated (R2 = 0.82) between MT and 2D cine imaging. MT allowed for a flexible contrast‐weighting selection for better visualization. Initial clinical testing with interobserver analysis demonstrated acceptable target delineation quality (Dice coefficient = 0.85 ± 0.05, Hausdorff distance = 3.3 ± 0.72 mm). Conclusion: The developed MT‐based, abdomen‐dedicated technique is capable of providing motion‐resolved, multicontrast volumetric images in a single scan, which may facilitate abdominal radiotherapy treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a method based on chronoamperometry (CA) with a simple unshielded microwire electrode and macroelectrode was used to estimate the diffusion coefficient (D) of the electroactive species in molten chlorides without any knowledge of its concentration. Theoretically evaluated CA response ratios of the two electrodes were fitted to the values obtained from digital simulations and experiments within a measurement time of 1 s, and the D value was determined as a fitting parameter. Theoretical and experimental analyses of the CA response under pure diffusion-controlled conditions confirmed the applicability of the proposed method for the determination of D for any electroactive species, regardless of its reaction kinetics characteristics. The D values of Eu3+ and Cr2+ in molten LiCl–KCl at 450 ℃, which were determined from the CA of their reduction reactions and validated by simulations of the microwire electrode CA response, were consistent with previously reported values. However, the D of Cr2+ could not be accurately determined from the CA of its oxidation, possibly owing to the additional chronoamperometric current generated by the dissolution of the Au electrode. Therefore, the prevention of side reactions is vital for the accurate estimation of D. The proposed method could facilitate future research on molten salts and their properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse connectivity of a superconducting quantum computer results in large experimental overheads of SWAP gates. In this study, we consider employing a virtual two-qubit gate (VTQG) as an error suppression technique. The VTQG enables a non-local operation between a pair of distant qubits using only single qubit gates and projective measurements. Here, we apply the VTQG to the digital quantum simulation of the transverse-field Ising model on an IBM quantum computer to suppress the errors due to the noisy two-qubit operations. We present an effective use of VTQG, where the reduction in multiple SWAP gates results in increasing the fidelity of output states. The obtained results indicate that the VTQG can be useful for suppressing the errors due to additional SWAP gates. In our experiments, we have observed one order of magnitude improvement in accuracy for the quantum simulation of the transverse-field Ising model with 8 qubits. Finally, we have demonstrated an efficient implementation of the VTQG by utilizing dynamic circuits. This scheme reduces experimental overheads for implementing m VTQGs from O (10 m) to O (6 m). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subtraction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images has a number of clinical applications in e.g. foci localization in ictal/inter-ictal SPECT and defect detection in rest/stress cardiac SPECT. In this work, we investigated the technical performance of SPECT subtraction for the purpose of quantifying the effect of a vasoconstricting drug (angiotensin-II, or AT2) on the Tc-99m-MAA liver distribution in hepatic radioembolization using an innovative interventional hybrid C-arm scanner. Given that subtraction of SPECT images is challenging due to high noise levels and poor resolution, we compared four methods to obtain a difference image in terms of image quality and quantitative accuracy. These methods included (i) image subtraction: subtraction of independently reconstructed SPECT images, (ii) projection subtraction: reconstruction of a SPECT image from subtracted projections, (iii) projection addition: reconstruction by addition of projections as a background term during the iterative reconstruction, and (iv) image addition: simultaneous reconstruction of the difference image and the subtracted image. Results: Digital simulations (XCAT) and phantom studies (NEMA-IQ and anthropomorphic torso) showed that all four methods were able to generate difference images but their performance on specific metrics varied substantially. Image subtraction had the best quantitative performance (activity recovery coefficient) but had the worst visual quality (contrast-to-noise ratio) due to high noise levels. Projection subtraction showed a slightly better visual quality than image subtraction, but also a slightly worse quantitative accuracy. Projection addition had a substantial bias in its quantitative accuracy which increased with less counts in the projections. Image addition resulted in the best visual image quality but had a quantitative bias when the two images to subtract contained opposing features. Conclusion: All four investigated methods of SPECT subtraction demonstrated the capacity to generate a feasible difference image from two SPECT images. Image subtraction is recommended when the user is only interested in quantitative values, whereas image addition is recommended when the user requires the best visual image quality. Since quantitative accuracy is most important for the dosimetric investigation of AT2 in radioembolization, we recommend using the image subtraction method for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weak AC grid in a modular multilevel converter modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC‐HVDC) receiving‐end system requires faster reactive power support from the receiving‐end MMC. However, under the MMC traditional constant AC voltage dual‐loop control strategy, the increase in MMC's reactive power support speed will reduce the system stability. The reactive power cascade control strategy is a novel MMC control strategy. The analysis in this paper demonstrates that it possesses advanced performance under faster reactive power support, which is required by the MMC connected to a weak AC grid, but, some of its control links and operations can cause impacts exceeding that a weak AC grid can undertake. To solve this problem, based on the original control strategy, this paper proposes an improved reactive power cascade control strategy for weak AC grid conditions. The complete framework and the detailed design of primary control links of the improved cascade control strategy are displayed in this paper. Finally, a digital simulation has been conducted to validate the analysis and the proposed improved control strategy in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembly simulation and evaluation have become an effective means to analyze product assembly design and assembly plan. Compared with the widely used digital assembly simulation method, the AR-based human-in-the-loop assembly simulation and evaluation method can discover and solve the problems related to the human factors, which is very important for manual assembly. This paper proposes an AR-based human-in-the-loop manual assembly evaluation with high-fidelity assembly simulation method. By proposing the natural human assembly gesture intention recognition method and the virtual assembling parts motion simulation method based on the dual geometric and physical constraints, the AR-based human-in-the-loop manual assembly simulation is realized to provided natural assembly simulation experience and generate realistic assembly simulation process data. In addition, the assembly evaluation methods are integrated to objectively evaluate the performance and operation difficulty of manual assembly process, which comprehensively capture and utilize the human-in-the-loop assembly simulation data including the assembly hand actions, assembly visibility, and assembly time. Finally, the prototype system was developed based on the proposed method and verified in an assembly case by a set of experiments. The results illustrate that the assembly simulation is high fidelity and the assembly evaluation more comprehensively by using the proposed method, realizing a high consistence between virtual and real assembly process validation. This study provides a practical methodology for the manual assembly simulation and evaluation through human-in-the-loop in the AR environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of digital twins has been in the field for a long time, constantly challenging the specification, modeling, design, implementation, and exploitation of complex cyber–physical systems. Despite the various foundations, standards, and platforms in systems engineering, there are ongoing challenges with verification and validation methodology. This study aims to establish a generic framework that addresses the various aspects of digital twinning. The multifaceted nature of the problem requires raising the abstraction level in both the real (actual) and virtual domains, effective dissemination of information resources, and a design inspired by verification and validation. The proposed framework combines the quintuple helix model with the problem and operational domains of a real (actual) twin, the solution and implementation domains of a virtual twin, and the execution domain as the bridge that links them. Verification and validation dimensions follow the meta object facility abstraction layers (instance, model, meta-model, and meta-meta-model) mapping over five helices. Embedding the complexity reduction mechanisms in the proposed framework builds a suite for extendible and verifiable digital twinning in simulation and real-time scenarios. The application of main conceptual framework mechanisms in a real-world example study aids the verification of this research's intentions. The validation is a matter of further research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present experiences and findings from a research program on how to support the development and improvement of teachers' relational competency. Outcomes of the research program include a theoretical framework encompassing different aspects of relational competency ("communicative competency," "differentiation competence," and "socioemotional competency"), and studies reporting on the use of two different methodologies (digital video simulations and virtual simulations with avatars) for assessing, as well as supporting, the development and improvements of said competency. The merits and shortcomings of these methodologies are discussed, and we propose a framework that can be used in teacher education and/or for professional development of teachers' relational competency, based on our experiences and research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smile that reveals >4 mm of gum tissue is called a gummy smile (GS), offering negative impacts on people's self-confidence and aesthetic appearance. The treatment for GS should be planned according to underlying causes such as altered passive eruption of teeth, dentoalveolar extrusion, vertical maxillary excess, and short or hyperactive lip muscles. In this case report, a patient with severe GS received orthodontic and gingivoplasty treatment, aided by digital tools such as 3D simulation, smile design, and 3D printed guides. The treatment yielded remarkable and satisfactory results, without the need for extensive surgery. Our findings suggest that gingivoplasty is a minimally invasive, time- and cost-effective alternative to more extensive procedures for correcting severe gum recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study proposes a strategy for sensing fault detection in the secondary control of an isolated Microgrid based on a high-order Sliding Mode Robust Observers design. The proposed strategy's main objective is to support future diagnostic and fault tolerance systems in handling these extreme situations. The proposal is based on a generation system and a waste management system. Four test scenarios were generated in a typical Microgrid to validate the designed strategy, including two Battery Energy Storage Systems in parallel, linear, and non-linear loads. The scenarios included normal grid operation and three types of sensing faults (abrupt, incipient, and random) directly affecting the secondary control of a hierarchical control strategy. The results showed that the proposed strategy could provide a real-time decision for detection and reduce the occurrence of false alarms in this process. The effectiveness of the fault detection strategy was verified and tested by digital simulation in Matlab/Simulink R2023b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin-walled annular parts are widely used in the aerospace industry. There are some irregular island structures with non-periodic distribution on the inner surfaces of annular parts, which poses a significant challenge to manufacture such annular parts using conventional mechanical methods. Electrochemical machining (ECM) has exhibited good prospects for manufacturing thin-walled annular parts, with the advantages of no tool wear, no processing deformation and a high material removal rate. However, there is little research related to fabricate convex structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts, although ECM is vital to the machining of thin-walled annular parts. In this study, a flexible cathode tool was used to machine irregular convex structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts via co-rotating ECM. The complex motion of the cathode tool and conductive slider was simulated using matrix equations, and the digital simulation of the material removal process was realized based on matrix equations and Faraday's law. Based on the mathematical model, a design method for a flexible cathode tool was developed, and three main parameters were determined: the position of the window, radius of the cathode, and width of the window. Comparative experiments were performed using the flexible and conventional cathode tools. The results showed that the selective removal of convex structures was achieved by using the flexible cathode tool. The insulated sheet needed to be attached to the position where the convex structure was retained. An aero-engine casing with many irregular island structures on the inner surface was successfully machined. The height of the fabricated island structure is 6 mm. The sidewall thickness of the aero-engine casing is 1.2 mm. Therefore, co-rotating ECM with a flexible cathode tool offers excellent machining ability for irregular island structures on the inner surfaces of annular parts. [Display omitted] • Co-rotating electrochemical machining using a flexible cathode tool is proposed to machine structures on the inner surface of annular parts. • Based on the mathematical model of the material removal process, a design method for a flexible cathode tool is proposed. • The selective retention of island structures is achieved by adding a movable conductive slider in a conventional cathode window. • An aero-engine casing with many irregular island structures on the inner surface is successfully machined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global proliferation of internet-distributed video-on-demand (VOD) services has left in its wake a rich but scattered corpus of research into the catalogs and interfaces of these services. Using empirical methods and sources including scraping, observation, digital simulations, and third-party datasets, researchers have found many ways to study VODs, their content, and their recommendations. Our article provides a critical review of this research landscape. We describe the evolution of two key methods: catalog analysis and interface analysis. We then explain how these methods intersect with each other and also with audience research. Throughout, we assess the value and limitations of various methods, showing how they fit within a wider research landscape that involves multiple 'ways of knowing' VOD. The practicalities and politics of access to VOD data are considered throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To address the limitations of current grinding robots' path planning for complex curved surface grinding, a novel path planning technology and post-processing method based on NX and Tecnomatix were proposed. Firstly, the equal chord height error algorithm is used to discretize the machining path, and the posture of the path point is confirmed according to the workpiece surface and the grinding path orientation, so as to obtain the complete grinding path position and posture information. Then, according to the pose of the grinding points, the position and posture planning for grinding the complex surface workpiece is carried out using the customized development method with NX. Finally, the virtual robot workstation and actual grinding system is built for experiments on the generated path. The experimental results show that the robot offline path planning technology of combining the NX customized development method and digital twin simulation technology can not only meeting the needs of more refined path planning tasks but also presenting a complete the grinding process of robot workstation based on logic control event-driven. Thus, the overall planning of robot grinding process can be effectively carried out, and the processing effect of robot grinding can be predicted, improving the machining accuracy and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has led to resource shortages, necessitating sustainable approaches in the building industry. This research proposes a preliminary voxel-based modular-architectural design strategy (VMADS), focusing on reusable "H" blocks for component connections and construction. By integrating computational design and robotic fabrication, VMADS enhances precision and efficiency. The framework addresses discrete building theory, prefabrication, and autonomous architecture, emphasizing wood's anisotropic nature for structural integrity. Experimental results validated VMADS through digital simulations and physical tests, demonstrating its potential to create sustainable, reconfigurable structures and revolutionize construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quadrupole mass spectrometer is currently one of the most widely used small-scale mass spectrometry instruments. Studying the ions trajectory in a quadrupole field is very important for a deeper understanding of the behavior of ions in quadrupole field, which not only helps to propose new scientific and technological issues in mass spectrometry, but also has practical guidance for the development of instruments. The digital simulation of ions trajectory is an efficient mean for studying the motion of ions in quadrupole field. In this paper, a digital simulation model of quadrupole field, namely Sim-Quaq-COM-V1.0, was established based on COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results of the model are in good agreement with the theoretical calculation results, and it can be used as an accurate digital model to study the behavior of ions in quadrupole fields. On this basis, the motion behavior of ions in the hyperbolic quadrupole and the cylindrical quadrupole were compared, and the number of m/z 69 ions passing through the hyperbolic quadrupole field is about 4 times that of the cylindrical quadrupole field under the same conditions. The model has three advantages. Firstly, the self-designed general geometric model and grid were adopted as the built-in model, which can be used to simulate the cylindrical quadrupole field and hyperbolic quadrupole field of various geometric sizes. The modular design is simple and clear. Users only need to modify the geometric parameters and mesh parameters to generate the corresponding geometric model and high-precision mesh. Secondly, the parameters of the model could be configured uniformly in a text file, and the model parameters could be adjusted in batches by modifying the text file. Lastly, the function of multi-core and cluster in COMSOL were utilized to achieve large-scale parallel computing through multi-CPU server and quickly process a large number of ions at the same time. Compared with other models like the default COMSOL model for cylindrical quadrupole field, the simulation speed and accuracy of this model are improved. Through the simulation calculation model, the time of geometric design and modeling is saved, the global parameters can be quickly configured, and the difficulty of calculation is reduced. The model supports parallel computing technology. It is greatly improved in terms of calculation speed and calculation amount, thus can process a large number of ions at the same time, shorten the research cycle, and help the digital development of mass spectrometer design and research technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors into the conventional integer-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (ICHM-STATCOM), thereby constructing the main circuit of the fractional-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (FCHM-STATCOM). Mechanism-based modeling is employed to establish switching function models and low-frequency dynamic models for the FCHM-STATCOM in the three-phase stationary coordinate system (a-b-c). Subsequently, fractional-order rotating coordinate transformation is introduced to establish the mathematical model of the FCHM-STATCOM in the synchronous rotating coordinate system (d-q). Additionally, a fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI)-based fractional-order dual closed-loop current decoupling control strategy is proposed. Finally, this paper validates the correctness of the established mathematical models through digital simulation. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that by appropriately selecting the order of fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors, the FCHM-STATCOM exhibits superior dynamic and static characteristics compared to the conventional ICHM-STATCOM, and the FCHM-STATCOM provides a more flexible reactive power compensation solution for power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As digitalization is permeating all sectors of society toward the concept of "smart everything," and virtual technologies and data are gaining a dominant place in the engineering and control of intelligent systems, the Digital Twin (DT) concept has surfaced as one of the top technologies to adopt. This paper discusses the DT concept from the viewpoint of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) experts. It both provides literature review elements and adopts a commentary-driven approach. We first examine the DT from a historical perspective, tracing the historical development of M&S from its roots in computational experiments to its applications in various fields and the birth of DT-related and allied concepts. We then approach DTs as an evolution of M&S, acknowledging the overlap in these different concepts. We also look at the M&S workflow and its evolution toward a DT workflow from a software engineering perspective, highlighting significant changes. Finally, we look at new challenges and requirements DTs entail, potentially leading to a revolutionary shift in M&S practices. In this way, we hope to foster the discussion on DTs and provide the M&S expert with innovative perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of root canal treatments is influenced by the shape of the access opening and the outcomes of root canal enlargement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of various rotary instruments on the maintenance of the root canal's central alignment post shaping, considering a range of access cavity designs. Using digital tooth simulation, 4 sets of 12 teeth underwent traditional (TradAC) or conservative (ConsAC) access cavity preparations. Root canals were enlarged with TruNatomy or ProTaper Ultimate rotary instruments. Canal transportation and centering ratio were separately measured. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP trial 17 software. The analysis revealed no significant difference in buccal and lingual canal transportation among different rotary instruments or canal enlargement designs (P > 0.05). TradAC yielded higher centering ratios in MB and ML canals, while ConsAC excelled in the distal canal for the TruNatomy group. Conversely, in the ProTaper Ultimate group, ConsAC demonstrated higher ML canal ratios (P < 0.05). TruNatomy maintained superior canal centering with ConsAC, while ProTaper performed better with TradAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dynamic aviation industry, Aerospace Industries grapple with the intricate challenge of certifying products amidst integration requirements from aerospace manufacturers and airworthiness regulations imposed by aviation authorities. This paper underscores the indispensable role of ModelBased Systems Engineering (MBSE) in addressing the multiphase issues inherent in our product complexity. The first focal point is the certification process, where Safran SEATS navigates the complexities imposed by aerospace manufacturers and stringent airworthiness regulations. This intricate certification process demands the strategic deployment of MBSE to streamline and enhance procedural efficiency. The second challenge arises from the abstract nature of style and perceived quality requirements articulated by diverse customers. With the goal of exceeding customer expectations and creating a genuine "WOW" effect, MBSE becomes instrumental in aligning product development with diverse and often oriented customers' needs. The third dimension of complexity stems from the variability in emerging requirements, where innovations swiftly become industry standards. MBSE provides a structured approach to handle this variability, ensuring adaptability and positioning products at the forefront of innovation. Additionally, we dissect the influence of Model‐Based Design (MBD) on design processes, shedding light on its transformative effects. Introducing the concept of a digital twin, we explore its significance in the aerospace domain. Real‐world implementations of digital twin technology examined through concrete examples from aerospace projects. Finally, the presentation addresses uncertainties surrounding program efficiency, a critical consideration in the intensely competitive seat market. This paper unfolds a compelling industrial testimony, showcasing Safran SEATS' journey in overcoming the complexity of digital transformation in Aerospace Industries. It provides solutions to intricate challenges posed by certification, customers' requirements, evolving industry standards, and economic competitiveness, encapsulating the transformative impact of MBSE in our pursuit of excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The use of a frequency‐scanned digital quadrupole mass filter (QMF) with varying duty cycles shows promise for application as a high‐resolution mass analyzer design for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). High resolution in ICP‐MS is important to overcome isobaric polyatomic interferences. Here, we explore the possibility and the characteristics of using a digital quadrupole operating in higher stability regions for ICP‐MS. Methods: We perform computational simulations in SIMION of a digital QMF that is operated by scanning the frequency of the digital waveform at a fixed driving voltage and various duty cycles. For ions in the atomic mass range (7–238 m/z), we investigate the expected resolution, transmission, fringe field effects, and ion trajectories. We compare different characteristics between sine and digital waveform QMF. Results: Within the capability of current digital waveform generation technology, a digital QMF can produce variable mass resolution, from several hundred to more than 10 000. This mass resolution covers the low, medium, and high resolutions that are typical for sector‐field ICP‐MS. Additionally, simulations suggest that transmission of the QMF remains high at high resolution. For example, with 87.50/12.50 duty cycle (zone 4,1), resolution at 10% peak width is 10 420 for m/z 80. The transmission through the quadrupole, which is constant for all isoenergetic ions, is ~2.5%, and most ion loss is due to the defocusing effects of the fringe field. Compared to sinusoidal QMFs, ions need many fewer cycles in the digital QMF to obtain high resolution. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the use of a frequency‐scanned, duty‐cycle‐modulated digital QMF as the mass analyzer for ICP‐MS has the potential to produce high resolution while maintaining considerable transmission, thus overcoming most spectral interferences in elemental MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of integrating Gizmos digital simulations on high school students' perceptions of scientific concepts and their engagement in Science 9. Recognizing the potential of digital simulations to enhance learning experiences, particularly in science education, the study aims to explore how this technology influences students' attitudes, engagement, and perceptions of science topics. The study seeks to determine the influence of Gizmos digital simulations on high school students' perceptions in Science 9, specifically focusing on students' attitudes, engagement levels, interest, motivation, perceived difficulty, and self-efficacy in science learning. Data was collected from 36 Grade 9 students at Timoteo Paez Integrated School during the academic year 2023-2024. The research involved assessing students' perceptions through surveys and observations, with a particular emphasis on gender differences in response to Gizmos integration. The findings reveal that female students generally exhibit more positive attitudes, higher engagement levels, and stronger perceptions of interest, motivation, and self-efficacy in science when using Gizmos compared to male students. However, both genders perceive science topics to be similarly manageable in difficulty when utilizing Gizmos digital simulations. Integrating Gizmos digital simulations into science education shows promise in enhancing students' learning experiences and perceptions of scientific concepts. Tailored approaches are needed to address gender-specific variations in engagement and attitudes towards technologyenhanced learning, ensuring equitable student benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technological process for hot forging of two-layer forgings with deep cavities and an inverted cone has been developed. A hot forging process flow chart has been analyzed. Digital simulation using QForm software was employed to study the effect of the process parameters on the force characteristics of the metal-forming process, stress-strain condition, and temperature fields of the forging and tooling after each pass. A new design of the die tooling has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic asphalt concrete is known for its excellent seepage control performance and strong deformation resistance. This engineering material has widespread applications in the seepage control structures of hydraulic buildings. Recent projects have investigated the use of acidic aggregates to improve economic efficiency. However, they have also highlighted the weaker adhesion between acidic aggregates and asphalt, which necessitates stringent construction process control. This study investigates the impact of resting conditions on the tensile properties of acidic aggregate hydraulic asphalt concrete. The results of the tensile testing indicate that the storage time significantly affects the performance of asphalt concrete. The tensile strength of the specimens without anti-stripping agents decreased from 1.711 MPa to 0.914 MPa after resting periods of 0, 10, 20, and 30 days. The specimens treated with anti-stripping agents also showed a decrease in tensile strength over time, similar to the trend observed in the previous specimens. Digital specimen simulations indicated a decrease in cohesion between the asphalt and the aggregate from 5.375 MPa to 2.664 MPa after 30 days, representing a reduction of 50.44%. To counteract the effect of the storage time on the bonding between acidic aggregates and asphalt, this study recommends reducing the grading index and maximum size of aggregates, decreasing the coarse aggregate content, and selecting smooth aggregate shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve uniform reaction temperature in flat-plate digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), we propose a multi-factor coupled thermal simulation method for the structure of flat-plate digital PCR using finite element analysis. This will help us obtain the optimal method for the structure of flat-plate dPCR. Thermal simulations were conducted to analyze the effects of forced air cooling, thermoelectric cooler (TEC) arrangement spacing, and heat-conducting plate thickness on the temperature uniformity of the flat-plate dPCR. The resulting isothermal surfaces and velocity magnitude vectors were used to summarize the impact of each factor. The study found that maintaining a mechanical fan speed of 3000 revolutions per minute (RPM) ±10 % during the heating period resulted in a 29.3 % reduction in the standard deviation of the temperature on the surface of the heat-conducting plate. Additionally, when the TEC spacing was between 2 mm and 3.5 mm, the standard deviation of the temperature on the plate's surface decreased by 87.1 % to 93.4 %. When the thickness of the thermal plate ranges from 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm, the standard deviation of the temperature on the surface of the thermal plate varies by approximately 0.006. The experimental results, obtained by sampling and analyzing the temperature on the surface of the thermal plate, are consistent with the simulation results. This proves that the method is informative in determining the structural parameters of the dPCR to enhance temperature uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study described here analyzed natural ventilation techniques, operated in a real building in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to assist passive cooling. The assessment has been conducted by comparing digital simulation results and field measurements. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to retrospectively understand and quantify the monitored contribution of natural ventilation toward cooling the building. After calibrating the model with the field monitored data, the CFD simulations showed that the predicted ventilation strategies (buoyancy and stack effect to remove indoor heat; "wind catcher" effect to provide indoor passive cooling) contribute to lower the indoor temperature by an average of 0.7°C throughout the day. The outcomes of the study contributes to assist early stage design, with special regard to passive cooling via natural ventilation, to achieve more sustainable buildings. Nevertheless, while it is quite reliable to plan for main air flow and direction, in a real building alternative behavior might occur that is difficult to control and might affect the ventilation purpose and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clustering in high-dimensions poses many statistical challenges. While traditional distance-based clustering methods are computationally feasible, they lack probabilistic interpretation and rely on heuristics for estimation of the number of clusters. On the other hand, probabilistic model-based clustering techniques often fail to scale and devising algorithms that are able to effectively explore the posterior space is an open problem. Based on recent developments in Bayesian distance-based clustering, we propose a hybrid solution that entails defining a likelihood on pairwise distances between observations. The novelty of the approach consists in including both cohesion and repulsion terms in the likelihood, which allows for cluster identifiability. This implies that clusters are composed of objects which have small dissimilarities among themselves (cohesion) and similar dissimilarities to observations in other clusters (repulsion). We show how this modeling strategy has interesting connection with existing proposals in the literature. The proposed method is computationally efficient and applicable to a wide variety of scenarios. We demonstrate the approach in simulation and an application in digital numismatics. with code is available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of 3D virtual presentation technology for clothing has led to the gradual popularisation of digital virtual clothing in the modern fashion industry. However, there remains a gap between the application of this technology and the integration of cultural attributes in the field of digital communication of traditional cultural clothing. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to propose the establishment of a fusion system integrating archaeological research on traditional culture with emerging virtual presentation technology. This paper draws inspiration from the replicability and easy dissemination of digital products to combine cultural archaeology and digital technology. The aim is to provide ideas for the diversity of dissemination of cultural heritage. The research object is Diplomatic Envoys, a Chinese mural painting of the Tang Dynasty that depicts friendly exchanges between countries. The research is divided into two research stages. A CLO3D software-based digital restoration test was conducted to reproduce the costumes of officials and foreign envoys depicted in the Tang Dynasty mural. The FAHP model was employed to verify the accuracy of the restoration results. The experiment demonstrated that the digitally reconstructed clothing exhibited a high degree of similarity to the unearthed mural figure clothing object. Furthermore, the restoration result passed the credibility verification, resulting in a 'credible' outcome. The application of digital virtual simulation clothing restoration methods offers two key advantages. Firstly, in comparison with traditional clothing restoration methods, digital restoration enables the rapid assessment of the resulting clothing effect, thereby reducing the likelihood of secondary damage to cultural relics due to manual errors. Secondly, the benefits of digital technology facilitate the convenient storage, replication, and dissemination of clothing data information. Data can not only be extended to online exhibition halls but also to game animation, clothing production, and other fields for the purposes of creative redesign and information dissemination. Furthermore, these benefits can penetrate the education industry to disseminate information to the public through all-round display models and explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aero engine, as the core power equipment of the aircraft, enables safe and stable operation with a very high reliability index, and is an important guarantee in flight. The open rotor turbine engines (contra-rotating propeller) have stood out as a research hotspot for aviation power equipment in recent years due to their outstanding advantages of low fuel consumption, high airspeed, and strong propulsion efficiency. Aiming at the problems of vibration exceeding the standard generated by imbalance during the operation of the dual-rotor system of aircraft development, the difficulty of identifying the coupled vibration under the micro-differential speed condition, and the complexity of the dynamic characteristic law, a kind of numerical simulation of the dynamics based on the finite element technology is proposed, together with an experimental research method for the fast and accurate identification of the coupled vibration of the dual-rotor system. Based on the existing open rotor engine structure design to build a simulation test bed, establish a double rotor finite element simulation digital twin model, and analyze and calculate the typical working conditions of the dynamic characteristics of parameters. The advanced algorithm of double rotor coupling vibration signal identification is utilized to carry out decoupling and dynamic balancing experimental tests, comparing the simulation results with the measured data to verify the accuracy of the technical means. The results of the study show that the vibration suppression rate of the finite element calculation simulation test carried out for the simulated double rotor is 98%, and the average vibration reduction ratio of the actual field test at 850 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 3000 rpm is over 50%, which achieves a good dynamic balancing effect, and has the merit of practical engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consecutive high-temperature days, a phenomenon known as heatwaves, are becoming more frequent and intense due to anthro- pogenic climate change. Padua City, characterized by significant urban soil sealing, is particularly vulnerable to these changes and the exacerbation of Urban Heat Island effects. This study integrates Urban Digital Twin technology and Internet of Things concepts within a three-dimensional modelling environment to develop a Nature-Based Solutions scenario simulation tool. This tool is designed to address climate-manmade problems in Padua City. Using sensor-derived air temperature and relative humidity data, our approach provides detailed micro-climate information to identify heat-prone areas in Padua City. According to this in- formation, the first pilot project test of scenario development was selected to assess how best to achieve a cooling effect through the use of green-blue infrastructure in order to combat the heat hazard in Padua City. Furthermore, this study addresses the urgency of developing Nature-Based Solutions in Padua City's planning to reduce the heat effect during heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the visibility phenomenon caused by the metal mesh of FMLOC under the point source illumination. We built a simulation model based on PSF of Huygens integral mode, processed the simulation results with background filtration algorithm. When there is only one graphic unit and no gap spacing between single‐cycle graphic units in FMLOC sensor pattern, the phenomena were significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]