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Tingginya tingkat urbanisasi menyebabkan meluasnya wilayah perkotaan dan menciptakan daerah keras yang mengakibatkan suhu tinggi di wilayah perkotaan, termasuk Banda Aceh. Permasalahan ini tentu menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan bagi masyarakat Banda Aceh. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa suhu udara yang terlalu tinggi dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang serius di masyarakat. Suhu permukaan Banda Aceh diukur menggunakan Spectral Radiance dari Satellite Imager, kemudian dibandingkan dengan data yang diukur langsung di lokasi penelitian. Hasil menunjukkan suhu udara di Banda Aceh berkisar antara 22,32°C hingga 34,86°C. Selain itu, terjadi korelasi antara penggunaan ruang dengan tingkat suhu udara Banda Aceh berdasarkan parameter hard area dan vegetasi. Namun, hanya variabel jarak dengan badan air yang memiliki korelasi signifikan terhadap perubahan tingkat suhu. Surface Temperature Distribution Using Spectral Radiance from Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in Banda Aceh Abstract . The high rate of urbanization will have an effect on land change. The increasing number of buildings and lack of green open space will hinder the direction of wind speed, cause inconvenience to the public. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of surface temperature in the city of Banda Aceh based on the spectral emission of Landsat images from vegetation density, distance from the river, and built-up area. The air temperature data were obtained using the classification method from the digital number value of the Landsat image to the spectral radiance and then converted into air temperature. The density of the built-up area was analyzed from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDBI) and the density of the vegetation was analyzed from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The air temperature distribution map from the image is divided into 3 zones that are densely populated (built-up area), vegetation and distance to water bodies to be measured directly in the field. The air temperature from the lansat 8 images ranged from 22.32°C to 34.86°C. The zone with a distance of 3,457 km from a water body, with less vegetation density (

Green bands in satellite remote sensing play an important role in monitoring water and vegetation information. Due to the lack of observed green band, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-16) Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) sensor uses a synthetic one. This study presents an ABI green band generation method using the Pix2Pix based on conditional generative adversarial networks (CGANs) and convolutional neural network techniques with data observed in the visible range of the GOES-16/ABI sensor. Our model was constructed from the radiance data sets in the red, blue, and green bands of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari-8/9 satellites from August 27, 2018 to May 1, 2019, and applied to generate a GOES-16 ABI green band using the ABI blue band radiance data. A comparison between the AHI and the Pix2Pix-generated AHI green bands displayed high accuracy, evaluated through bias = 0.120, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.983 in digital number (DN) units, and correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.999. Furthermore, comparison between the Pix2Pix-generated and synthetic ABI green bands resulted in a good agreement (bias = 1.029 and RMSE = 2.892 in DN units, CC = 0.993). The statistical comparison between the green band, and red or blue band resulted in the exceptional performance of the Pix2Pix-generated ABI green band compared to the synthetic ABI green band. Consequently, our Pix2Pix-based model can be effectively used to generate nonexistent green band of ABI sensor and be applied in a variety of scientific applications requiring green band.

River Beas originates in the Himalayas in Central Himachal Pradesh, and merges with river Sutlej at Harike in the state of Punjab and this river is a habitat of the endangered freshwater dolphin, Platanista gangetica minor R. The pollution of water bodies is a significant environmental jeopardy as the river is the prime source of water for the consumption by human beings and aquatic species residing in the river. The water quality indices (WQI) of the river Beas using nine standard parameters recommended by National Sanitation Foundation, were determined for pre-monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons at three sampling sites between the towns of Beas and Harike over a stretch of 63 km. The results of WQI of river Beas at Harike before confluence with river Sutlej and at Goindwal Sahib is superior to those at the Beas bridge. This is due to self-purification of the water downstream from Beas bridge to Harike. Season-wise, water quality during the pre-monsoon season was somewhat superior at Harike and Beas. This is attributed to fast degradation of organic matter in river during the summer season. Bioassay for appraising the toxicity of river water was also determined by using Girardinus guppii fish and their results indicate that the water of river Beas is not toxic. Toxicity bioassay using Girardinus guppii fish indicates that the water of river Beas is not toxic. Digital number (DN) values of the river water were obtained from Landsat-TM imagery. $${\text{PO}}_{4}^{{3 - }}$$ , TDS and turbidity of the river water were regressed on the reflectance values. Using multiple and β-regression analysis, it was found that $${\text{PO}}_{4}^{{3 - }}$$ , TDS and turbidity contribute positively to band 2(G) and negatively to band 3(R). Multiple linear regression and β-regression analysis showed that $${\text{PO}}_{4}^{{3 - }}$$ and turbidity are regressed on the normalized difference water index negatively and positively respectively. Correlations between the target and output values from artificial neural network for $${\text{PO}}_{4}^{{3 - }}$$ , TDS and turbidity were highly significant. It is suggested that removal strategies like introduction of aquatic phytoremediation plants must be involved in land management policies in order to mitigate the anthropogenic jeopardy. We affirm that the significance of applying water quality management tools using nature dependent solutions and well-organized management policies.

With the speedy development of the economy and the advancement of urbanization, the number of communication mediums and transportation is increasing instantaneously that's why Bangladesh needs a smart solution in every sector. In this paper, RFID and Image processing based automated toll collection system is introduced to monitor the toll plaza. A road zipper device is introduced for a proper lane management system that helps to reduce the traffic jam. Two step-based toll collection system ensured the specification of the vehicle then deduct the toll amount from their account without stopping the vehicles. For this proposed model, vehicles need to insert a digital number plate and the number plate information is embedded on the RFID tags. This paper presents a prototype of a road zipper and automatic toll collection device that gives proper results as expected. This system is automated, so it reduced human error. Thus, making an intelligent transportation system will become easier.

Gaofen 2 (GF-2) high spatial resolution imagery has been recognized as an important data source for mapping vegetation pattern dynamics. The Kauth-Thomas (KT) indices of brightness, greenness, and wetness derived from single-date imagery has also been proved to be better than the common vegetation indices in monitoring the vegetation, mapping land desertification, and classifying land covers. However, for change detection of vegetation status, multitemporal Kauth-Thomas (MKT) transformation is found to be a more effective approach. In this paper, the parameters defining the KT dimensions for single-date mIHS pansharpeniing GF-2 data (acquired on April 30, 2016) were derived. Then, the MKT transformation matrix was proposed using a linear transformation process, which could be applied to GF-2 digital number image data for detecting vegetation pattern dynamics in the future.

The delimitation of sampling points is an important step to avoid unnecessary costs in water collection process and laboratory analysis. Based on the accumulated reflectance of PlanetScope imagens, it was possible to verify areas of greater spectral variability related to the presence of Optically Active Components (OAC). In order to do that, the accumulated reflectance method was used, based on multitemporal images. For that, three PlanetScope Ortho Scene Products were tested: Atmospheric Corrected for Surface Reflectance (SR), Digital Number (DN), and Top of Atmosphere Reflectance (TOA) images. SR and DN products had similar outcome, while DN product was not ideal for the purpose of this article. Even though SR and DN products were able to delimitate sampling points, they may have radiometric issues, mainly because of their near infrared values.

The finite numerical resolution of digital number representation has an impact on the properties of filters. Much effort has been done to develop efficient digital filters investigating the effects in the frequency response. However, it seems that there is less attention to the influence in the entropy by digital filtered signals due to the finite precision. To contribute in such a direction, this manuscript presents some remarks about the entropy of filtered signals. Three types of filters are investigated: Butterworth, Chebyshev, and elliptic. Using a boundary technique, the parameters of the filters are evaluated according to the word length of 16 or 32 bits. It has been shown that filtered signals have their entropy increased even if the filters are linear. A significant positive correlation (p &lt, 0.05) was observed between order and Shannon entropy of the filtered signal using the elliptic filter. Comparing to signal-to-noise ratio, entropy seems more efficient at detecting the increasing of noise in a filtered signal. Such knowledge can be used as an additional condition for designing digital filters.

Mangrove resources provide economic and ecological value. The expansion of residential areas makes the level of need for shelter as well as the region increases. This will have an impact on the utilization of mangrove in sufficient needs such as firewood, charcoal and building materials. If continue berlasngsung then do not deny the existence of mangrove degradation. The occurrence of mangrove degradation will have a direct impact on the local community. Considering the importance of mangrove function and the need for data of mangrove area change, it is needed to analyze the change of mangrove area in coastal of Bangka Tengah, which will be analyzed within 15 years in 2002 and 2017, so that the result of this study is expected to be further management by local government to conserve mangrove forests. This research was conducted from December 2017 to March 2018 with location station determination based on unsupervised image classification, that is classification based on digital number using RGB_231 image composite for ASTER image. Based on the results of the study, there is a change of mangrove area from 2002-2014 as much as 176.3 Ha or about 15.95% and in 2014-2017 there is an increase of 36.23 Ha or about 3.9%. The value of NDVI analys in East Coast of Central Bangka Regency in 2017 ranges from 0.005 to 0.156. the occurrence of the reduction of mangrove area due to the changing function of mangrove land into settlement, mangrove logging in the utilization of charcoal and mining industry. The addition of the extent of the addition of seedlings along the coast of Kurau and Penyak.

REMOTE SENSING FOR COASTAL STUDIES. Coastal ecosystem is an ecological system that is important and the most productive area on earth. On the other hand, pressure on coastal ecosystems for human necessity cause decrease quality of coastal ecosystems. Utilization of coastal areas requires the proper management and suitable with objective. Good management requires appropriate information for decisionmaking. For spatial data, acquisition of information through remote sensing data is the best option. This paper will discuss the utilization of using remote sensing for coastal analysis. Coastal management requires information accurately and quickly to follow up issues or problems that growth up. Remote sensing has provided the capability to provide that information by translating information from digital number to thematic information. Regardless from the problem existing mapping method, utilization remote sensing in the future will be the main data on coastal management, especially in the monitoring and measurement of biophysical parameter in coastal areas.

In this paper, a most significant bits (MSBs) prediction strategy for the design of successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in battery pack voltage detection is proposed to reduce conversion time without losing accuracy. The strategy takes advantage of the battery pack voltages characteristics where there is a strong correlation among neighboring cell voltage values. By generating the MSBs with the quantization results of the battery pack in the previous loop, the ADC just needs to convert the remaining least significant bits (LSBs). This paper analyzes the relationship between saved time and five parameters: reading frequency (f), cell number of battery pack (N), cell number (CN) for MSB-prediction, standard deviation (σ), change rate of digital number (K), which can give a feasible prediction on saved working time in any conditions. With this strategy, in a f = 50 kHz, N = 10, CN = 8, σ = 10 system, up to 27.83% A/D conversion time can be saved in charging state, and 27.89% A/D conversion time can be saved in discharging state.

When assessing remote sensing data, nighttime light data have shortcomings that can be attributed to sensor limitations and the influence of the natural environment. Signal leakage errors in nighttime light data were identified in this study. A regression model was created to reduce signal leakage error by selecting sampling points in coastal area. Lighting variations in Edogawa between 2008 and 2013 were compared based on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s nighttime light data. The lighting variation characteristics in Edogawa from 1992 to 2012 at 5-year intervals were also analyzed. The results show that the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan led Edogawa’s light digital number values to peak in 2002. The annual Edogawa lighting changes from 2007 to 2013 were also explored. The 2008 global financial crisis led to the lowest compounded night light index and average digital number in Edogawa during these 7 years.

This article proposes a simple statistical approach to combine nighttime light data with official national income growth figures. The suggested procedure arises from a signal-plus-noise model for official growth along with a constant elasticity relation between observed night lights and income. The methodology implemented in this paper differs from the approach based on panel data for several countries at once that uses World Bank ratings of income data quality for the countries under study to produce an estimate of true economic growth. The new approach: (a) leads to a relatively simple and robust statistical method based only on time series data pertaining to the country under study and (b) does not require the use of quality ratings of official income statistics. For illustrative purposes, some empirical applications are made for Mexico, China and Chile. The results show that during the period of study there was underestimation of economic growth for both Mexico and Chile, while official figures of China over-estimated true economic growth.

Though coastal blue spectrum is used in many domain of earth remote sensing, a majority of multispectral missions are still ignored it. This paper proposed a coastal blue reconstructing method by common-used blue spectrum with ZY-1(02D) data. The reconstructing method was established by three mathematical models: 1) the relation model of surface reflectance based on the responsivities for terrestrial objects; 2) the relation model of apparent radiances based on the radiance transferring model for earth-observing; 3) the relation model of image gray scale based on the imaging theory of multispectral cameras. Comparisons of image digital number and surface reflectance between the reconstructed coastal blue data and raw coastal blue data showed the relative errors of 4.87% with image gray scale and 3.15% with surface reflectance. The results demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing and expanding spectrum for major multispectral missions without coastal blue.

The study devoted to problem of landslide dynamic in the territory of Dnipropetrovsk oblast. Study area covered right bank of Dnipro river, between Dnipro and Kamyanske cities. The territory characterized with hilly plain relief on loss soils. Specific combination of geomorphological and climate factors within the territory causes appearance the huge number of landslides. According to the highlighted problems the main aim of this study was to check the hypothesis about long-term dynamic and relation between activation of landslide processes and sunspot activity. The secondary aim was to determine stable diagnostic signs of landslides using satellite images. In accordance to aims the data base of Landsat images was created. The time series of images covered warm season during twenty years period (from 1988 till 2011 years). At the first stage of the study images were preprocessed and digital number was converted into reflectance values. Its allowed to investigate changes of surface type in long term dynamic. The surface changes were studied within locations of active and non-active landslides. There are all over 90 known locations where landslides took placed within this territory. The spectral analysis determined that most relevant signs of landslide are changes with vegetation and soil cover. According to this, the dynamic of surface type transformations was studied using normalized built-up and vegetation indexes (NDBI and NDVI). However, in the urban territory there were problems with recognition type of surface because of insufficient space resolution of Landsat images. This issue had medium influence on the statistical reliability of correlation value. Nevertheless, correlation and in-row statistical analysis showed cyclic and trend type of surface dynamic. More than half of locations characterized with cyclic dynamic, and the last part – with trend dynamic. The zero hypothesis about statistical homogeneity of extremum values NDVI and NDBI confirmed at significance level 0,5. General long-term tendency of NDBI and NDVI has opposite character to itch other: NDBI trend is descending, NDVI – is rising. It allowed to conclude about stabilization of landslides processes in the territory. However, the central hypothesis of the research was confirmed partially. The main part of landslide events took placed in the beginning and in the end of summer seasons of 1988, 2001 and 2007 years. The first pair of years matched with the highest sunspot activity.

With the continued development and economic growth, Bangladesh needs to be digitalized in every way possible. In this paper, RFID based Automated Toll Collection System is introduced as a solution of the traffic problems and also to maintain transparency in the toll collection system. The proposed system aims to make a digital toll collection system which can eliminate the delay on toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnel without cash and without requiring cars to stop. This paper focuses on an electronic toll collection system which uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to identify a vehicle specifically for collecting toll. The proposed RFID system uses tags that are mounted on the digital number plate of the vehicles, through which information embedded on the tags are read by RFID readers. It is possible to reduce the need for vehicle owners and toll collection authorities to distribute tickets and collect tolls manually in this system Information on the toll payment can also be easily exchanged between the vehicle owners and toll authorities. As a result, transparency in toll payment can be ensured with reduced manual labor and human errors. Thus, building smart transportation system will become easier.

Cloud-free remote sensing images are required for many applications, such as land cover classification, land surface temperature retrieval and agricultural-drought monitoring. Cloud cover in remote sensing images can be pervasive, dynamic and often unavoidable. Current techniques of cloud removal for the VNIR (visible and near-infrared) bands still encounters the problem of pixel values estimated for the cloudy area incomparable and inconsistent with the cloud-free region in the target image. In this paper, we proposed an efficient approach to remove thick clouds and their shadows in VNIR bands using multi-temporal images with good maintenance of DN (digital number) value consistency. We constructed the spectral similarity between the target image and reference one for DN value estimation of the cloudy pixels. The information reconstruction was done with 10 neighboring cloud-free pair-pixels with the highest similarity over a small window centering the cloudy pixel between target and reference images. Four Landsat5 TM images around Nanjing city of Jiangsu Province in Eastern China were used to validate the approach over four representative surface patterns (mountain, plain, water and city) for diverse sizes of cloud cover. Comparison with the conventional approaches indicates high accuracy of the approach in cloud removal for the VNIR bands. The approach was applied to the Landsat8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) image on 29 April 2016 in Nanjing area using two reference images. Very good consistency was achieved in the resulted images, which confirms that the proposed approach could be served as an alternative for cloud removal in the VNIR bands using multi-temporal images.

This study examined variability in the quantity and type of math talk used by caregivers and their children during traditional and digital number board game play, and further examined how brief guidance might increase math talk in both game conditions. Sixty-three caregiver-child (3-to-5-years old; M = 53.32 months) dyads played a traditional board game (Chutes and Ladders) and a digital version of the same game. Half of the participants received a verbal prompt to encourage caregivers to foster their children's math skills during game play. Results showed that caregivers' and their children's talk about math was significantly higher in the traditional game condition. Caregivers and their children also engaged in significantly more math talk related to counting and identifying numerals in traditional board game play. Use of a prompt did not promote caregivers' math talk in either of the game conditions.

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescane System (DMSP/OLS) stable night-time light (NTL) data showed great potential in urban extent mapping across a variety of scales with historical records dating back to 1990s. In order to advance this data, a systematic methodology review on NTL-based urban extent mapping was carried out, with emphases on four aspects including the saturation of luminosity, the blooming effect, the intercalibration of time series, and their temporal pattern adjustment. We think ancillary features (e.g. land surface conditions and socioeconomic activities) can help reveal more spatial details in urban core regions with high digital number (DN) values. In addition, dynamic optimal thresholds are needed to address issues of different exaggeration of NTL data in the large scale urban mapping. Then, we reviewed three key aspects (reference region, reference satellite/year, and calibration model) in the current intercalibration framework of NTL time series,...