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A capacidade de remover digitalmente a camada de verniz na fase de diagnóstico de uma pintura, sem qualquer intervenção química ou física, poderá ser uma vantagem, pois permite prever o resultado do procedimento de limpeza da camada de proteção e auxiliar a proposta de tratamento. Duas pinturas de Adriano de Sousa Lopes foram investigadas por imagiografia hiperespectral na zona da luz visível, antes e após a remoção da camada de verniz. A reflectância espectral foi estimada em cada caso e sua comparação utilizada para avaliar o efeito da remoção da camada de verniz. As pinturas simuladas com a camada de verniz envelhecida foram comparadas com a intervencionada, sem verniz, comparando as coordenadas cromáticas e outros descritores cromáticos. Verificou-se que considerando o efeito da camada de verniz de cada pintura individualmente obtêm-se erros mais baixos do que considerando a média da camada de verniz das duas pinturas. Verificou-se também que simular a remoção da camada de verniz sem saber a transmitância do verniz original produz resultados limitados e que os erros são menores se o conteúdo cromático for obtido sem considerar a luminosidade., The ability to digitally remove the varnish layer during the pre-conservation diagnostic of a painting, without any chemical or physical intervention, could be an advantage because it enables the prediction of the outcome of the cleaning procedure of the protective layer and contributes to the treatment proposal. Two paintings from Adriano de Sousa Lopes were investigated by hyperspectral imaging in the visible range, before and after the varnish layer removal. The spectral reflectance was estimated in each case and its comparison used to assess the effect of the varnish layer removal. The simulated paintings with the old varnish layer were compared with those restored, with no varnish, by comparing the chromaticity coordinates and other chromatic descriptors. It was found that considering the effect of the varnish layer of each painting individually produces lower errors than considering the average of the varnish layer across paintings. It was also found that simulating the varnish layer removal without knowing the varnish transmittance produces limited results and that the errors are smaller if the chromatic content is assessed without considering lightness.

Varnish layers applied to paintings often discolor as they age, upsetting the original colour relationships intended by the artist. The removal of aged varnish layers using physical and chemical means is a highly skilled and often time-consuming operation, which is not lightly undertaken. There are many aspects under consideration before embarking upon such treatment, including the visual result inferred by spot cleaning tests. In this article, we develop a technique for digital removal of discolored varnish that can help to envisage how a painting will look following cleaning treatment. The digital technique was applied to Vincent van Gogh's painting Field with Irises near Arles (May 1888), in parallel to the painting actually being cleaned, which allowed direct validation of the method developed. In the new method, we utilized not only hyperspectral data from parts of the painting with and without the varnish, but also experts' identification of spots on the painting where unmixed white pigment has been applied. The physical model that we use is based on Kubelka-Munk two-constant theory, commonly used to model the optical properties of paint. We show that with this model it is possible to determine the transmittance and reflectance of the varnish layer as function of wavelength. Results from previous studies confirm the calculated values. With the new method, we created a high-resolution digital image of the painting, as it would look after varnish removal, at a moment when the actual varnish was still present on the painting. The new method may help conservators and others involved in decisions made regarding issues of varnish removal from paintings, or may help to visualize the colors of a painting without discolored varnish in cases where its physical removal cannot be safely accomplished and so is not an option.

Distal radius fractures are associated with high individual and socioeconomic relevance. Optimized radiography and computed tomography (CT) imaging are essential for individualized therapy planning. Plain CT imaging with 3D reconstruction and digital removal of the carpus and ulna is helpful for choosing the surgical approach in the presence of intra-articular radius fractures. If the fracture line leads towards the scapholunate compartment, ligamentous injury requiring treatment can be detected or ruled out before surgery with the help of direct CT arthrography (CTA). Acquisition of imaging data and morphometrical analysis must be standardized and reproducible. In the diagnostics of distal radius fractures it is necessary for radiologists and surgeons to use a unified fracture classification.

The ability to digitally remove the varnish layer during the pre-conservation diagnostic of a painting, without any chemical or physical intervention, could be an advantage because it enables the prediction of the outcome of the cleaning procedure of the protective layer and contributes to the treatment proposal. Two paintings from Adriano de Sousa Lopes were investigated by hyperspectral imaging in the visible range, before and after the varnish layer removal. The spectral reflectance was estimated in each case and its comparison used to assess the effect of the varnish layer removal. The simulated paintings with the old varnish layer were compared with those restored, with no varnish, by comparing the chromaticity coordinates and other chromatic descriptors. It was found that considering the effect of the varnish layer of each painting individually produces lower errors than considering the average of the varnish layer across paintings. It was also found that simulating the varnish layer removal without knowing the varnish transmittance produces limited results and that the errors are smaller if the chromatic content is assessed without considering lightness., A capacidade de remover digitalmente a camada de verniz na fase de diagnóstico de uma pintura, sem qualquer intervenção química ou física, poderá ser uma vantagem, pois permite prever o resultado do procedimento de limpeza da camada de proteção e auxiliar a proposta de tratamento. Duas pinturas de Adriano de Sousa Lopes foram investigadas por imagiografia hiperespectral na zona da luz visível, antes e após a remoção da camada de verniz. A reflectância espectral foi estimada em cada caso e sua comparação utilizada para avaliar o efeito da remoção da camada de verniz. As pinturas simuladas com a camada de verniz envelhecida foram comparadas com a intervencionada, sem verniz, comparando as coordenadas cromáticas e outros descritores cromáticos. Verificou-se que considerando o efeito da camada de verniz de cada pintura individualmente obtêm-se erros mais baixos do que considerando a média da camada de verniz das duas pinturas. Verificou-se também que simular a remoção da camada de verniz sem saber a transmitância do verniz original produz resultados limitados e que os erros são menores se o conteúdo cromático for obtido sem considerar a luminosidade., Thanks to the Foundation for Science and Technology through the HERITAS doctoral program (REF.ª: PD/00297/2013), (co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Operational Programs for the 2014- 2020 programming period of Portugal 2020), by the financing of the scholarship of Liliana Cardeira (PD/BD/128381/2017).

Autofluorescence is a long-standing problem that has hindered fluorescence microscopy image analysis. To address this, we have developed a method that identifies and removes autofluorescent signals from multi-channel images post acquisition. We demonstrate the broad utility of this algorithm in accurately assessing protein expression in situ through the removal of interfering autofluorescent signals.Availability and implementationhttps://ellispatrick.github.io/AFremoverContactellis.patrick@sydney.edu.auSupplementary informationSupplementary Figs. 1–13

Rationale and key points This article provides practitioners with information about how to perform digital removal of faeces in a safe, effective and patient-centred manner, promoting privacy and dignity. Passing faecal matter is essential to enable the elimination of waste. For some people, however, defecation is not possible without some form of intervention; this could be the administration of oral medication or an enema, insertion of suppositories or digital removal of faeces. ▶ Bowel care is a fundamental aspect of patient care. ▶ Digital removal of faeces should be performed by a practitioner competent in this skill. ▶ Digital removal of faeces is an invasive procedure and should only be carried out when necessary following holistic patient assessment. Reflective activity Clinical skills articles can help update your practice and ensure it remains evidence based. Apply this article to your practice. Reflect on and write a short account of: 1. How you think this article will improve your practice. 2. How the patient receiving the care you delivered might have felt. Subscribers can upload their reflective accounts at: rcni.com/portfolio .

To assess the accuracy of virtual cleaning of Old Master paintings (i.e. digital removal of discolored varnishes), a physical model was developed and experimentally tested using reflectance imaging spectroscopy on three paintings undergoing conservation treatment. The model predicts the reflectance spectra of the painting without varnish or after application of a new varnish from the reflectances of the painting with the aged varnish, given the absorption of the aged varnish and the scattering terms. The resulting color differences between the painting actually and virtually cleaned can approach the perceivable limit. Residual discrepancies are ascribable to spatial variations in the characteristics of the aged varnish (scattering, optical thickness) and the exposed painting (surface roughness). (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

Objectives The aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the efficacy of ridge preservation and repair involving SocketKAP(™) and SocketKAGE(™) devices following tooth removal; and (ii) ridge contour changes at 6 months post-extraction in intact sockets and sockets with dehiscence defects. Material and methods Thirty-six patients required a total of 61 teeth to be extracted. Five cohorts were established with groups A-C involving intact sockets and groups D and E involving facial dehiscence: (A) Negative Control; (B) SocketKAP(™) alone; (C) Anorganic Bovine Bone Mineral (ABBM) + SocketKAP(™) ; (D) Negative Control; and (E) ABBM + SocketKAP(™) + SocketKAGE(™) . Preoperative CBCT and laser-scanned casts were obtained. Teeth segmented from preoperative CBCT were merged with study cast images to allow for digital removal of teeth from the casts. Volumetric measurements of ridge contour were performed. Images of preoperative and 6 months post-operative casts were superimposed to measure ridge contour changes. Results Post-extraction contour loss occurred in all sockets primarily in the crestal 3 mm but was also detected up to 6 mm from alveolar crest. For intact sockets, SocketKAP(™) or SocketKAP(™) + ABBM interventions led to greater percentages of remaining ridge contour when compared to controls. A significant difference favoring SocketKAP(™) + SocketKAGE(™) + ABBM treatment was observed for sockets with facial dehiscence when compared to controls. Conclusion SocketKAP(™) , with or without ABBM, significantly limited post-extraction ridge contour loss in intact sockets. In the absence of a group treated with only the SocketKAGE(™) , it is not possible to determine its efficacy, although the combination of SocketKAGE(™) + SocketKAP(™) + ABBM was effective in limiting post-extraction ridge contour loss in sockets with dehiscence defects.

This article describes the development of an evidence-based procedure for the digital removal of faeces (DRF) and the problems and barriers encountered--not least the absence of primary evidence. The procedure for DRF that evolved is based on the best evidence available. It sets out the criteria for performing DRF and directs the practitioner's actions, while still being adaptable to the individual patient's situation. It should help to ensure that nurses performing DRF do so within the remit of their professional and legal responsibilities, and that patients receive the most effective care grounded in the current state of knowledge.

Computed tomography colonography (CTC) enables evaluation of the colon with minimal invasiveness. In spite of advances in multidetector CT (MDCT) technology and advanced software features, including electronic bowel cleansing (digital removal and tagging of fluid and debris), a number of potential pitfalls in the evaluation of the 3D volumetric dataset persist. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the strengths and potential pitfalls in the detection of colorectal polyps using CTC via a primary three-dimensional (3D) approach for evaluation.

Human studies of haemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms require knowledge of the pre-aneurysmal vasculature. This paper presents an objective and automated technique to digitally remove an aneurysm and reconstruct the parent artery, based on lumen geometries segmented from angiographic images. Relying on robust computational geometry concepts, notably Voronoi diagrams of the digitised lumen surface, the aneurysm attachment region is first defined objectively using lumen centrelines. Centrelines within this region are replaced by smooth interpolations, which then guide the interpolation of Voronoi points within the attachment region. Combined with Voronoi points from outside the attachment region, the parent artery lumen, without the aneurysm, can be reconstructed. Plausible reconstructions were obtained, automatically, for a set of 10 side-wall or terminal aneurysms, of various sizes and shapes, from the ANEURISK project data set. Application of image-based computational fluid dynamics analysis to a five side-wall aneurysm cases data set revealed an association between the recently proposed gradient oscillatory number (GON) and the site of aneurysm formation in four of five cases; however, elevated GON was also evident at non-aneurysmal sites. A potential application to the automated delineation of aneurysms for morphological characterisations is also suggested. The proposed approach may serve as a broad platform for investigating haemodynamic and morphological factors in aneurysm initiation, rupture and therapy in a way amenable to large-scale clinical studies or routine clinical use. Nevertheless, while the parent artery reconstructions are plausible, it remains to be proven that they are faithful representations of the pre-aneurysmal artery.

Although local hemodynamic forces are widely believed to play a role in aneurysm pathogenesis, the hemodynamic mechanisms have not been confirmed in a prospective manner. Ideally, one would identify the patient-specific vessel that is prone to aneurysm formation and follow it longitudinally to investigate the associated aneurysm formation factors or mechanisms. However, such studies are not practical in humans, and so the knowledge to predict aneurysm formation at a specific location, a priori, is not available.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

This paper presents an automatic technique that removes blotches from archived photographs. In particular, we focus on blotches caused by water and dirt that cause a variable semi-transparency in the degraded region. The proposed digital removal consists of an automatic shrinking of the blotch that preserves the original image details. This operation is based on visibility laws in the wavelet domain. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed model is also effective on critical blotches produced by dust and dirt.

A 2-year-old child was brought into the Accident Department with a history that he had swallowed his dummy. There were no direct witnesses to the injury. The child had come up to its mother salivating and pointing to its mouth. The initial incident happened approximately 20 min prior to presentation at the Accident Department after a 999 call. Attempts at digital removal of the dummy by ambulancemen had failed. The child was pink and quiet but responding to commands and cooperative. He had a small abrasion to his forehead presumably due to his initial fall when his dummy was forced into his mouth. The teat of the dummy was clearly visible in the pharynx. The child was able to breathe by virtue of the two air holes in the flange piece of the dummy.

Matthew, a paraplegic for over 20 years, could have died during a recent admission to his local general hospital. This was not because of the medical reason for his admission, but because of the staff's lack of knowledge and understanding about one of his fundamental care needs. Matthew depends on manual evacuation (or digital removal of faeces) as his established, routine method of bowel management.

Between 1973 and 1975, "early" operation with removal of necrotic tissue was performed on 15 patients with acute haemorrhagic-necrotizing pancreatitis. Partial necrotizing pancreatitis was found in ten patients, of whom seven survived. But all patients with total pancreatic necrosis died. Two early operations in patients with a necrotizing bout in the course of chronic recurrent pancreatitis were successful. The surgical procedure consisted of digital removal of necrotic tissue (greater than digitoclasia less than) and left-sided resection, combined with adequate drainage. Patients with acute, partial necrotizing pancreatitis can be saved by early operation, while those with total necrosis would require almost immediate surgical intervention, before the onset of lethal complications.

A PATIENT with a large solid object impacted in the lower part of his esophagus is in great danger of death. Extraction through the mouth with forceps and esophagoscope is perilous and often impossible. This is because manipulation of the object through a tube of great length and with a diameter of only 1 cm. is extremely difficult. Forceful, blind traction on it is likely to rupture the esophagus. The danger of this accident is great when the object has sharp points or has caused pressure necrosis of the esophagus. Transpleural removal has been done and also digital removal through the stomach, but there are serious objections to both operations. These considerations made us think it worth while to report the following method which we have used with success in 1 case. We can find but one report of the use of a similar method. This is by Boone and