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Significance: Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a flavin-dependent disulfide oxidoreductase. The active form of DLDH is a stable homodimer, and its deficiencies have been linked to numerous metabolic disorders. A better understanding of redox and nonredox features of DLDH may reveal druggable targets for disease interventions or preventions. Recent Advances: In this article, the authors review the different roles of DLDH in selected pathological conditions, including its deficiency in humans, its role in stroke and neuroprotection, skin photoaging, Alzheimer's disease, and DLDH as a nondehydrogenating protein, and construction of genetically modified DLDH animal models for further studying the role of DLDH in specific pathological conditions. DLDH is also vulnerable to oxidative modifications in pathological conditions. Critical Issues: Novel animal models need to be constructed using gene knockdown techniques to investigate the redox- and nonredox roles of DLDH in related metabolic diseases. Specific small-molecule DLDH inhibitors need to be discovered. The relationship between modifications of specific amino acid residues in DLDH and given pathological conditions is an interesting area that remains to be comprehensively evaluated. Future Directions: Cell-specific or tissue-specific knockdown of DLDH creating specific pathological conditions will provide more insights into the mechanisms, whereby DLDH may have therapeutic values under a variety of pathological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 794–806. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a large multienzyme complex that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A with reduction of NAD+. Distinctive from PDCs in lower forms of life, in mammalian PDC, dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2; E2p in PDC) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase binding protein (E3BP) combine to form a complex that plays a central role in the organization, regulation, and integration of catalytic reactions of PDC. However, the atomic structure and organization of the mammalian E2p/E3BP heterocomplex are unknown. Here, we report the structure of the recombinant dodecahedral core formed by the C-terminal inner-core/catalytic (IC) domain of human E2p determined at 3.1 Å resolution by cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM). The structure of the N-terminal fragment and four other surface areas of the human E2p IC domain exhibit significant differences from those of the other E2 crystal structures, which may have implications for the integration of E3BP in mammals. This structure also allowed us to obtain a homology model for the highly homologous IC domain of E3BP. Analysis of the interactions of human E2p or E3BP with their adjacent IC domains in the dodecahedron provides new insights into the organization of the E2p/E3BP heterocomplex and suggests a potential contribution by E3BP to catalysis in mammalian PDC.

Background: Despite recent improvements in therapy, the five-year survival rate for patients with advanced melanoma is poor, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, applying proteomics and structural approaches to models of melanoma cells. Methods: Sublines from two human (A375 and SK-MEL-28) cells with acquired vemurafenib resistance were established, and their proteomic profiles when exposed to denaturation were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis. The pathways derived from bioinformatics analyses were validated by in silico and functional studies. Results: The proteomic profiles of resistant melanoma cells were compared to parental counterparts by taking into account protein folding/unfolding behaviors. Several proteins were found to be involved, with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) being the only one similarly affected by denaturation in all resistant cell sublines compared to parental ones. DLD expression was observed to be increased in resistant cells by Western blot analysis. Protein modeling analyses of DLD's catalytic site coupled to in vitro assays with CPI-613, a specific DLD inhibitor, highlighted the role of DLD enzymatic functions in the molecular mechanisms of BRAFi resistance. Conclusions: Our proteomic and structural investigations on resistant sublines indicate that DLD may represent a novel and potent target for overcoming vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In human metabolism, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is one of the most intricate and large multimeric protein systems representing a central hub for cellular homeostasis. The worldwide used antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) may potentially induce teratogenicity or a mild to severe hepatic toxicity, where the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This work aims to clarify the mechanisms that intersect VPA-related iatrogenic effects to PDC-associated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD; E3) activity. DLD is also a key enzyme of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase, and the glycine decarboxylase complexes. The molecular effects of VPA will be reviewed underlining the data that sustain a potential interaction with DLD. The drug-associated effects on lipoic acid-related complexes activity may induce alterations on the flux of metabolites through tricarboxylic acid cycle, branched-chain amino acid oxidation, glycine metabolism and other cellular acetyl-CoA-connected reactions. The biotransformation of VPA involves its complete β-oxidation in mitochondria causing an imbalance on energy homeostasis. The drug consequences as histone deacetylase inhibitor and thus gene expression modulator have also been recognized. The mitochondrial localization of PDC is unequivocal, but its presence and function in the nucleus were also demonstrated, generating acetyl-CoA, crucial for histone acetylation. Bridging metabolism and epigenetics, this review gathers the evidence of VPA-induced interference with DLD or PDC functions, mainly in animal and cellular models, and highlights the uncharted in human. The consequences of this interaction may have significant impact either in mitochondrial or in nuclear acetyl-CoA-dependent processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common late morbidity in preterm infants, is characterized by impaired alveolar development caused by persistent lung inflammation. Studies have shown that NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated inflammation is critically involved in the development of BPD. As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Eclipta prostrata (EAP) exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties. Our study aims to investigate whether EAP could improve the lung development of BPD by suppressing the lung inflammatory response., Methods: The BPD rat model was established by intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and postnatal exposure to hyperoxia. Changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis were assessed by treatment with EAP. The effect of EAP on the NLRP3 inflammasome was tested in vitro using the THP-1 cell line and primary alveolar macrophages. Proteomics analysis was used to elucidate the mechanism of action of EAP., Results: Histopathological and immunofluorescence results of lung tissues revealed that LPS and hyperoxia induced lung injury and triggered NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in alveolar macrophages. EAP ameliorated BPD lung injury, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and reduced gasdermin D (GSDMD) expression in alveolar macrophages. EAP downregulated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway molecules (NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β) and GSDMD in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages and primary alveolar macrophages. In addition, proteomics analysis identified that dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) interacted with EAP. Inhibition of DLD activity abolished the protective effects of EAP., Conclusions: Our study suggested that EAP could attenuate arrest of alveolar development via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in a DLD-dependent way, and could be a potential therapeutic method for BPD., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a homodimeric flavin‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the NAD+‐dependent oxidation of dihydrolipoamide. The enzyme is part of several multi‐enzyme complexes such as the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase system that transforms pyruvate into acetyl‐co‐A. Concomitantly with its redox activity, DLDH produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in cellular apoptotic processes. DLDH possesses several moonlighting functions. One of these is the capacity to adhere to metal‐oxides surfaces. This was first exemplified by the presence of an exocellular form of the enzyme on the cell‐wall surface of Rhodococcus ruber. This capability was evolutionarily conserved and identified in the human, mitochondrial, DLDH. The enzyme was modified with Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) groups, which enabled its interaction with integrin‐rich cancer cells followed by "integrin‐assisted‐endocytosis." This allowed harnessing the enzyme for cancer therapy. Combining the TiO2‐binding property with DLDH's ROS‐production, enabled us to develop several medical applications including improving oesseointegration of TiO2‐based implants and photodynamic treatment for melanoma. The TiO2‐binding sites of both the bacterial and human DLDH's were identified on the proteins' molecules at regions that overlap with the binding site of E3‐binding protein (E3BP). This protein is essential in forming the multiunit structure of PDC. Another moonlighting activity of DLDH, which is described in this Review, is its DNA‐binding capacity that may affect DNA chelation and shredding leading to apoptotic processes in living cells. The typical ROS‐generation by DLDH, which occurs in association with its enzymatic activity and its implications in cancer and apoptotic cell death are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite recent improvements in therapy, the five-year survival rate for patients with advanced melanoma is poor, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, applying proteomics and structural approaches to models of melanoma cells. Methods: Sublines from two human (A375 and SK-MEL-28) cells with acquired vemurafenib resistance were established, and their proteomic profiles when exposed to denaturation were identified through LC-MS/MS analysis. The pathways derived from bioinformatics analyses were validated by in silico and functional studies. Results: The proteomic profiles of resistant melanoma cells were compared to parental counterparts by taking into account protein folding/unfolding behaviors. Several proteins were found to be involved, with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) being the only one similarly affected by denaturation in all resistant cell sublines compared to parental ones. DLD expression was observed to be increased in resistant cells by Western blot analysis. Protein modeling analyses of DLD’s catalytic site coupled to in vitro assays with CPI-613, a specific DLD inhibitor, highlighted the role of DLD enzymatic functions in the molecular mechanisms of BRAFi resistance. Conclusions: Our proteomic and structural investigations on resistant sublines indicate that DLD may represent a novel and potent target for overcoming vemurafenib resistance in melanoma cells.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus uses bacterial secretion systems and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) to induce various diseases and to adapt to harsh environments, respectively. Information pertaining to the identity of secreted proteins and functional characterization of ICEs has been previously reported, but the relationship between these elements remains unclear. Herein we investigated secreted proteins of V. parahaemolyticus strains JHY20 and JHY20△ICE using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS, which led to the identification of an ICE-associated secreted protein – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH). Considering the data related to its physical and biochemical characterization, we predicted that DLDH is a novel immunogenic protein and associated with virulence in JHY20. Our findings indicate a potential relationship between ICE-associated transport and secreted proteins and shed light on the function of such transport mechanisms. We believe that our data should enhance our understanding of mobile genetic elements.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus uses bacterial secretion systems and integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) to induce various diseases and to adapt to harsh environments, respectively. Information pertaining to the identity of secreted proteins and functional characterization of ICEs has been previously reported, but the relationship between these elements remains unclear. Herein we investigated secreted proteins of V. parahaemolyticus strains JHY20 and JHY20△ICE using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS, which led to the identification of an ICE-associated secreted protein – dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH). Considering the data related to its physical and biochemical characterization, we predicted that DLDH is a novel immunogenic protein and associated with virulence in JHY20. Our findings indicate a potential relationship between ICE-associated transport and secreted proteins and shed light on the function of such transport mechanisms. We believe that our data should enhance our understanding of mobile genetic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipoic acid is a conserved cofactor necessary for the activation of several critical enzyme complexes in the aerobic metabolism of 2-oxoacids and one-carbon metabolism. Lipoate metabolism enzymes are key for lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage. In this study, we found that Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) Mhp-Lpl, which had been previously shown to have lipoate-protein ligase activity against glycine cleavage system H protein (GcvH) in vitro, did not lipoylate the lipoate-dependent subunit of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (PdhD). Further studies indicated that a new putative lipoate-protein ligase in M. hyopneumoniae, MHP_RS00640 (Mhp-LplJ), catalyzes free lipoic acid attachment to PdhD in vitro. In a model organism, Mhp-LplJ exhibited lipoate and octanoate ligase activities against PdhD. When the enzyme activity of Mhp-LplJ was disrupted by lipoic acid analogs, 8-bromooctanoic acid (8-BrO) and 6,8-dichlorooctanoate (6,8-diClO), M. hyopneumoniae growth was arrested in vitro. Taken together, these results indicate that Mhp-LplJ plays a vital role in lipoic acid metabolism of M. hyopneumoniae, which is of great significance to further understand the metabolism of M. hyopneumoniae and develop new antimicrobials against it.

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that comprises an essential component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Lines of evidence have shown that many dehydrogenases possess unrelated actions known as moonlightings in addition to their oxidoreductase activity. As part of these activities, we have demonstrated that DLDH binds TiO2 as well as produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS production capability was harnessed for cancer therapy via integrin-mediated drug-delivery of RGD-modified DLDH (DLDHRGD), leading to apoptotic cell death. In these experiments, DLDHRGD not only accumulated in the cytosol but also migrated to the cell nuclei, suggesting a potential DNA-binding capability of this enzyme. To explore this interaction under cell-free conditions, we have analyzed DLDH binding to phage lambda (λ) DNA by gel-shift assays and analytic ultracentrifugation, showing complex formation between the two, which led to full coverage of the DNA molecule with DLDH molecules. DNA binding did not affect DLDH enzymatic activity, indicating that there are neither conformational changes nor active site hindering in DLDH upon DNA-binding. A Docking algorithm for prediction of protein-DNA complexes, Paradoc, identified a putative DNA binding site at the C-terminus of DLDH. Our finding that TiO2-bound DLDH failed to form a complex with DNA suggests partial overlapping between the two sites. To conclude, DLDH binding to DNA presents a novel moonlight activity which may be used for DNA alkylating in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report biochemical studies on two Cys residues mutation (Cys15Thr, Cys38Gly) nearest to the active site and three other amino acid substitution mutations expected to be the part of active site of Ld DLDH_Variant1. Our biochemical studies show that the replacement of Cys15 increases the K m for dihydrolipoamide (DLD) substrate by five folds and NAD+ by three fold indicating that this mutation affects the binding of DLD and NAD+ significantly. Cys38 was also mutated to 'Gly' which resulted in nine fold greater K m for NAD+ without affecting K m for DLD. However, even after these mutations (Cys15Thr and Cys38Gly), reduced enzyme activity suggests that both the 'Cys' residues are not involved in disulfide bond formation but affect the binding of substrates. The data hints towards the possibility of a different catalytic mechanism from the classical class I - pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase. Remaining other mutated residues Ala48Ile, Asp49Gly, and Ala54Ile showed an increase in two to three-folds K m value for NAD+, which means these residues are important for the binding of NAD+ to the enzyme. However, Ala48Ile and Asp49Gly mutations showed a decrease of K m for DLD. Apart from the mutational studies, localization of Ld DLDH_Variant2 of Ld DLDH was also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), an economically important marine fish in China, has suffered from serious vibriosis, which has resulted in great economic losses for the large yellow croaker industry. Vaccination has been considered to be a safe and effective method to prevent and control vibriosis. However, due to the complex diversity and serotypes of the Vibrio genus, the progress of Vibrio vaccine development is still slow. In this study, we prepared recombinant Vibrio dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (rDLD) protein and investigated its potential as a candidate to be a subunit vaccine against Vibrio. The lysozyme activity and the rDLD-specific antibody level in sera of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β), MHC IIα/β, CD40, CD8α, IL-4/13A, and IL-4/13B were significantly up-regulated in the spleen and head kidney of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD, suggesting that rDLD could induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in this species. In addition, rDLD protein increased the survival rate of large yellow croakers against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with the relative percent of survival (RPS) being 74.5% and 66.9%, respectively. These results will facilitate the development of a potential subunit vaccine against Vibrio in large yellow croaker aquaculture.

Liang-Jun Yan Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA Abstract: 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA) is a potent hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. It is also a well-known inhibitor of mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. MICA was extensively studied in the 1960s and 1970s and was once tested for its antidiabetic effect in diabetic Chinese hamsters, whereby MICA was shown to exhibit pronounced glucose-lowering ability while also leading to increased rate of death of the diabetic animals. Since then, MICA’s potential ability in lowering blood glucose in diabetes has never been revisited. In my opinion, MICA should be comprehensively reexplored for its antidiabetic properties in a variety of rodent diabetes models. For a given animal model, its dose-dependent effect and the effects of different routes of administrations as well as its synergistic effects with other glucose-lowering drugs should also be investigated. More studies in the future on this chemical may provide novel insights into its role as an antidiabetic agent. Keywords: 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, antidiabetic, diabetes, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, gluconeogenesis, mitochondria

One popular and relevant proposed function for cyanobacterial hemoglobin (Synechocystis Hb) is anaerobic nitrite reductase in vivo. During such reduction reactions, the hexacoordinated heme iron atom of Syn Hb is oxidized from the ferrous (Fe+2) to ferric (Fe+3) state and prevent damage by limiting the concentration of toxic metabolites such as nitrite. In order to perform these functions in vivo , there must be a mechanism that converts inactive Fe+3- Syn Hb back to the active Fe+2- Syn Hb to accomplish the nitrite reductase function. Here, we report a cognate reductase protein for Synechocystis hemoglobin which can reduce the Fe+3- Syn Hb to Fe+2- Syn Hb, thus lending a support to the proposed nitrite reductase function. This reductase is also able to reduce pentacoordinate Hbs such as myoglobin but with lower affinity compared to hexacoordinate Syn Hb. In silico model of reductase protein-cyanobacterial hemoglobin complex revealed that the heme active site of Hb faces the catalytic center of the reductase protein and several amino acids in the interface interacts non-covalently thus favoring their interaction. Overall, our in vitro study provides the basic foundation for the understanding of the specific molecular mechanism of action and interaction of the Syn Hb reductase protein, which need to be investigated in further detail. • Identification of reductase protein for Syn Hb that supports nitrite reductase function of Hb • In vitro assay revealed conversion of Fe3+- Syn Hb to Fe2+- Syn Hb in presence of reductase protein. • FAD- and NADH-binding domain of the reductase interacts with the CD-loop and helix F of Syn Hb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica is one of the serious cosmopolitan stored grain pests worldwide. High phosphine resistant R. dominica has been reported in several countries. The evolution of strong phosphine resistance is a major challenge for continuous application of the fumigant. Rapid detection of phosphine resistance level is a prime key to implement an appropriate strategy for control the stored-product pests. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) is a key metabolic enzyme mediating the phosphine resistance in population of R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Caenorhabditis elegans. Analysis of the DLD sequences deposited in GenBank revealed that the P45/49S mutation was the most common one in many PH3-resistant stored-product pest insects. This information now enables direct detection of resistance using molecular diagnosis in field populations. We herein propose a method for rapid detection of phosphine resistance in R. dominica according to P49S point mutation of the DLD gene. Our data provides evidence that the ARMS-PCR method can be used for early warning of phosphine resistance in R. dominica in field conditions.

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LADH, E3) deficiency is a rare (autosomal, recessive) genetic disorder generally presenting with an onset in the neonatal age and early death; the highest carrier rate has been found among Ashkenazi Jews. Acute clinical episodes usually involve severe metabolic decompensation and lactate acidosis that result in neurological, cardiological, and/or hepatological manifestations. Clinical severity is due to the fact that LADH is a common E3 subunit to the alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoadipate, and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes, and is also a constituent in the glycine cleavage system, thus a loss in LADH function adversely affects multiple key metabolic routes. However, the severe clinical pictures frequently still do not parallel the LADH activity loss, which implies the involvement of auxiliary biochemical mechanisms; enhanced reactive oxygen species generation as well as affinity loss for multienzyme complexes proved to be key auxiliary exacerbating pathomechanisms. This review provides an overview and an up-to-date molecular insight into the pathomechanisms of this disease in light of the structural conclusions drawn from the first crystal structure of a disease-causing hE3 variant determined recently in our laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A protein engineering strategy was applied to eliminate the inhibition of NADH to pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. • This is the first study concerning protein engineering of pyruvate dehydrogenase based on structure-guided design. • A novel IAA350/351/358VVV triple mutant of pyruvate dehydrogenase was verified to have lower NADH sensitivity and higher activity. Abstract A sufficient supply of reducing equivalents is essential for obtaining the maximum yield of target products in anaerobic fermentation. The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex controls the critical step in pyruvate conversion to acetyl-CoA and NADH. However, in anaerobic Escherichia coli , PDH residing in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (LPD) component is normally inactive due to inhibition by NADH. In this study, the protein engineering of LPD by structural analysis was explored to eliminate this inhibition. A novel IAA350/351/358VVV triple mutant was successfully verified to be more effective than other LPD mutants reported till date. Notably, PDH activity with the triple mutant at an [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio of 0.15 was still higher than that of the wild-type without NADH addition. The altered enzyme of the PDH complex was also active in the presence of such high NADH levels. This is the first study concerning protein engineering of PDH by structure-guided design. The presence and functional activity of such an NADH-insensitive PDH complex provides a useful metabolic element for fermentation products and has potential for biotechnological application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Worldwide, the increasing number of insecticide-resistant insects is one of the main problems in agriculture not only in the field but also in storage. The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica , is one of the cosmopolitan insects that infests a wide range of stored cereals and related commodities. However, strongly resistant populations of R. dominica have been detected in Australia that could threaten the market access of infested commodities. A resistant strain originally collected in Australia showed extremely high levels of resistance to phosphine, around 100-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain. The resistant strain has a mutation in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), which is a well-known phosphine resistance mechanism in some coleopteran insects. Thus, here, we tried to identify their phosphine resistance mechanism based on transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq in the adult stage in addition to the mutation effect in R. dominica. Over 1 Gb was sequenced in each replication (susceptible and resistant), and similar to the synergistic test, cytochrome P450, carboxylesterase, CbE and glutathione S-transferase, GST gene families were significantly differently expressed in two strains (p <.05). In particular, the CYP4C1 -like gene showed seven-fold greater expression in the resistant strain. Additionally, an EF4-type CbE, an epsilon-type GST and three heat shock protein genes were also highly expressed in the resistant strain. These differential gene expression between the phosphine susceptible and resistant strains show the same pattern as the results of bioassay with synergist that means these gene regulations could be associated with phosphine resistance in R. dominica. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Similar to the synergistic test, P450, CbE and GST gene families were significantly differently expressed in PH3-S and PH3-R. • CYP4C1-like gene was over expressed in the phosphine resistant strain, PH3-R. • An FE4-type CbE, an epsilon-type GST genes were also highly expressed in the PH3-R • These gene regulations could be associated with phosphine resistance in R. dominica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer affects millions of people each year and imposes a huge economic and social burden worldwide. Cuproptosis is a recently discovered novel mode of cell death. The exact function of the cuproptosis-related gene dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) and its role in pan-cancer is unknown., Methods: Data were retrieved from the GTEx, TCGA, and multiple online websites. These data were used to assess the expression, prognosis, and diagnostic value of DLD in various tumors. The relationship of DLD with immune microenvironment immunomodulators, immune checkpoints, tumor mutational load (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and oncology drug sensitivity was explored by correlation analysis., Results: The mRNA and protein expression of DLD differs in most cancers. Survival analysis showed that DLD was associated with prognosis with KIRC, KIRP, KICH, and UCS. DLD had a strong diagnostic value in KIRC, GBM, PAAD, and LGG (AUC > 0.9). DLD promoter methylation affects the aberrant expression of LIHC, LUSC, PAAD, READ, and THCA. DLD was negatively correlated with stromal score, immune score, and ESTIMATE score in UCEC, TGCT, LUSC, and SARC. In UCS, resting memory CD4 T cells and activated NK cells were significantly correlated with DLD expression. Significant correlations were also observed between DLD expression and immunomodulators, immune checkpoints, TMB, and MSI in various cancers. Importantly, we also identified a number of potential drugs that may target DLD., Conclusion: DLD expression is associated with a variety of tumor prognoses and plays an integral role in tumorigenesis, tumor metabolism, and immunity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Jiahui Lin et al.)

The microtubule associated tau protein becomes hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While hyperphosphorylation promotes neurodegeneration, the cause and consequences of this abnormal modification are poorly understood. As impaired energy metabolism is an important hallmark of AD progression, we tested whether it could trigger phosphorylation of human tau protein in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of AD. We found that inhibition of a mitochondrial enzyme of energy metabolism, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) results in elevated whole-body glucose levels as well as increased phosphorylation of tau. Hyperglycemia and tau phosphorylation were induced by either RNAi suppression of the dld-1 gene or by inhibition of the DLD enzyme by the inhibitor, 2-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA). Although the calcium ionophore A23187 could reduce tau phosphorylation induced by either chemical or genetic suppression of DLD, it was unable to reduce tau phosphorylation induced by hyperglycemia. While inhibition of the dld-1 gene or treatment with MICA partially reversed the inhibition of acetylcholine neurotransmission by tau, neither treatment affected tau inhibited mobility. Conclusively, any abnormalities in energy metabolism were found to significantly affect the AD disease pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism and utilization of plant-derived aromatic substances are fundamental to the saprophytic growth of Streptomyces . Here, we studied an enzyme activity reducing 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol and nitroblue tetrazolium in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). N-terminal amino acid sequencing of a nitroblue tetrazolium-reducing enzyme revealed that the enzyme corresponds to the SCO2180 product. The protein exhibited a marked similarity with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, the E3 subunit of 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex. A recombinant SCO2180 protein formed a homodimer and exhibited a diaphorase activity catalyzing NADH-dependent reduction of various quinonic substrates. Similar nitroblue tetrazolium-reducing activities were observed for other Streptomyces strains isolated from soil, implying that the diaphorase-catalyzed reduction of quinonic substances widely occurs in the extracytoplasmic space of Streptomyces . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) regulates many crucial metabolic pathways as a multi-enzyme complex. Leishmania donovani dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ( Ld DLDH) has two variants present on two different chromosomes with very less sequence similarities. In the current study, we cloned both the variants in pET28a (+) vector and expressed in Rosetta-gami (DE3) E. coli strain . Expressed proteins were finally purified from pellets using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Purified enzymes were biochemically characterized and different kinetic parameters were studied. Both the variants showed maximum activity in pH range of 7.0–8.0 and temperature 50 ± 5 °C in the physiological direction. The estimated K m for dihydrolipoamide (DLA) and NAD + were 2.7 ± 0.48 mM and 171.23 ± 11.59 μM respectively for variant 1 (LdBPK291950.1). In the case of variant 2 (LdBPK323510.1), K m values for DLA and NAD + were found to be 829.85 ± 37 μM and 226 ± 1.56 μM respectively. The variant 2 was more efficient in terms of activity. While both the forms of the enzymes showed diaphorase activity, variant 1 was found to be better. Sequence dissimilarities of both forms were analyzed for biological insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) has been reported to inhibit mouse sperm motility by inducing the tyrosine phosphorylation of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD). This study aimed to assess the potential effects of vitamin C (Vc) on ameliorating Cd-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of DLD and the specific underlying mechanism. Vc induced the dephosphorylation of DLD or inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of DLD. Accordingly, DLD activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) levels, ATP levels and motility parameters were all restored to normal levels by Vc. Moreover, the effects of Vc on ameliorating these indicators had striking similarities to the effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In addition, neither the antioxidant melatonin nor the universal oxidant H 2 O 2 influenced the tyrosine phosphorylation of DLD. Hence, the protective effects of Vc on the tyrosine phosphorylation of DLD might be attributed to its binding to Cd ions outside or inside sperm, and were not due to its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate a possible role of mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) as a chemical preconditioning target for neuroprotection against ischemic injury. We used 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA), a reportedly reversible DLDH inhibitor, as the preconditioning agent and administered MICA to rats mainly via dietary intake. Upon completion of 4 week's MICA treatment, rats underwent 1 h transient ischemia and 24 h reperfusion followed by tissue collection. Our results show that MICA protected the brain against ischemic stroke injury as the infarction volume of the brain from the MICA-treated group was significantly smaller than that from the control group. Data were then collected without or with stroke surgery following MICA feeding. It was found that in the absence of stroke following MICA feeding, DLDH activity was lower in the MICA treated group than in the control group, and this decreased activity could be partly due to DLDH protein sulfenation. Moreover, DLDH inhibition by MICA was also found to upregulate the expression of NAD(P)H-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. In the presence of stroke following MICA feeding, decreased DLDH activity and increased Nrf2 signaling were also observed along with increased NQO1 activity, decreased oxidative stress, decreased cell death, and increased mitochondrial ATP output. We also found that MICA had a delayed preconditioning effect four weeks post MICA treatment. Our study indicates that administration of MICA confers chemical preconditioning and neuroprotection against ischemic stroke injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a redox enzyme involved in decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA during the cascade of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial adenine triphosphate (ATP) production. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLDH can either enhance or attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Recent research in our laboratory has demonstrated that inhibition of DLDH induced antioxidative responses and could serve as a protective approach against oxidative stress in stroke injury. In this perspective article, we postulated that chronic inhibition of DLDH could also attenuate oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. We discussed DLDH-involving mitochondrial metabolic pathways and metabolic intermediates that could accumulate upon DLDH inhibition and their corresponding roles in abrogating oxidative stress in diabetes. We also discussed a couple of DLDH inhibitors that could be tested in animal models of type 2 diabetes. It is our belief that DLDH inhibition could be a novel approach to fighting type 2 diabetes.

A significant problem in the oxidative breakdown of lignin is the tendency of phenolic radical fragments to re-polymerise to form higher molecular weight species. In this paper we identify an extracellular flavin-dependent dehydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Thermobifida fusca that prevents oxidative dimerization of a dimeric lignin model compound, which could be used as an accessory enzyme for lignin depolymerisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper ions can bind directly to lipoylated components of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, triggering the aggregation of mitochondrial lipoylated proteins and the destabilization of Fe-S cluster proteins, resulting in copper-dependent cell death. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) is a key protein of the TCA cycle and constitutes the E3 component of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, which is deeply interconnected with the mitochondrial electron transfer chain in the TCA cycle. Tumor cells demonstrate dependency on glutaminolysis fuelling to carry out the TCA cycle and essential biosynthetic processes supporting tumor growth. Therefore, DLD plays an important role in the tumor biological process. However, to the best of our knowledge, no pan-cancer analysis is currently available for DLD. Therefore, the present study first explored the DLD expression profile in 33 tumors in publicly available datasets, including TIMER2, GEPIA2, UALCAN, cBioPortal and STRING. TIMER2, GEPIA2 and UALCAN were used for exploring gene expression; survival prognosis was detected by GEPIA2; genetic alteration was analysed by cBioPortal; immune infiltration data was obtained from TIMER2; interacting proteins of DLD were detected by STRING. DLD was found to be highly expressed in colon, liver, lung, stomach, renal, corpus uteri endometrial and ovarian cancers compared with normal tissues, and its high expression was associated with poorer prognosis in ovarian cancer. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provided the first comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of the oncogenic role of DLD across different tumors types. As the expression of DLD in ovarian cancer was high, and high expression is associated with poor prognosis, experimental verification of DLD in ovarian cancer was conducted. In the present study, DLD expression was found to be high in the ovarian cancer OC3 cell line, compared with the normal ovarian epithelial IOSE80 cell line by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. After knockdown of DLD expression, it was found that DLD regulated metabolic pathways by suppressing the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio, which then in turn suppressed tumor cell proliferation detected by MTT assay. In conclusion, the present pan-cancer analysis of DLD demonstrated that DLD expression was associated with the clinical prognosis, immune infiltration and tumor mutational burden in 33 tumor types, and experimental verification in ovarian cancer was conducted. These results may contribute to the understanding of the role of DLD in tumorigenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study investigated the feasibility of using a phosphorescence oxygen analyser to measure cellular respiration (mitochondrial O2 consumption) in foreskin samples and their fibroblast-rich cultures.Methods: Foreskin specimens from normal infants were collected immediately after circumcision and processed for measuring cellular respiration and for culture. Cellular mitochondrial O2 consumption was determined as a function of time from the phosphorescence decay of the Pd (II) meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-tetrabenzoporphyrin. Results: In sealed vials containing a foreskin specimen and glucose, O2 concentration decreased linearly with time, confirming the zero-order kinetics of O2 consumption by cytochrome oxidase. Cyanide inhibited O2 consumption, confirming that the oxidation occurred mainly in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The rate of foreskin respiration (mean ± SD) was 0.074 ± 0.02 μM O2 min-1 mg-1 (n = 23). The corresponding rate for fibroblast-rich cultures was 9.84 ± 2.43 μM O2 min-1 per 107 cells (n = 15). Fibroblast respiration was significantly lower in a male infant with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene mutations, but normalised with the addition of thiamine or carnitine. Conclusion: The foreskin and its fibroblast-rich culture are suitable for assessment of cellular respiration. However, the clinical utility of foreskin specimens to detect disorders of impaired cellular bioenergetics requires further investigation.