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This report describes two ways for extensification in the dairy and arable sectors. In the dairy sector, the options are to decrease the herd size while maintaining a stable farm area or to lease additional land while maintaining a stable herd size. In the arable sector, the ratios of non-break crops (mainly root crops such as potatoes, sugar beets, onions and carrots) in the cropping plan can be decreased while maintaining a stable farm area or additional land can be leased while maintaining stable areas for non-break crops. Extensification leads to loss of income, unless it is compensated through additional farm activities, a shift to organic production and sales, or compensation by the administration., Dit rapport beschrijft twee manieren van extensivering in de melkveehouderij en de akkerbouw. In de melkveehouderij zijn de opties om de veestapel te verkleinen bij gelijkblijvende bedrijfsoppervlakte of om extra grond bij te pachten bij gelijkblijvende veestapel. In de akkerbouw kunnen de aandelen niet-rustgewassen (met name rooigewassen zoals aardappelen, suikerbieten, uien en peen) in het bouwplan verlaagd worden bij gelijkblijvende bedrijfsoppervlakte, of er kan extra grond worden gepacht bij gelijkblijvende arealen niet-rustgewassen. Extensivering gaat gepaard met inkomensverlies, tenzij dit gecompenseerd wordt door aanvullende activiteiten, omschakeling naar biologische productie en afzet ofcompensatie door de overheid.

One of the ways in which chain parties and banks are in contact with farmers is through newsletters and brochures. This study investigates which messages chain parties and Banks communicate about the future of agriculture, and the extend to which these correspond with the transition towards nature inclusive farming that is envisioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality., Ketenpartijen en banken hebben contact met boeren onder meer door middel van nieuwsbrieven en brochures. Dit onderzoek gaat na welke boodschappen ketenpartijen en banken uitdragen over de toekomst van de landbouw en in hoeverre deze samengaan met de door het Ministerie van LNV gewenste transitie richting natuurinclusieve landbouw.

A short exploratory study looked at what dairy goat farmers could do to improve biodiversity. There are numerous possibilities, including on the own yard, the own land and through feed measures. It is important not only to look at the ‘technical’ possibilities for improving biodiversity, but also to pay sufficient attention to support among farmers and economic aspects., Door een kort verkennend onderzoek is bekeken wat melkgeitenhouders zouden kunnen doen aan het verbeteren van de biodiversiteit. Er zijn tal van mogelijkheden, onder andere op het eigen erf, op de eigen grond en door voermaatregelen. Het is belangrijk om niet alleen te kijken naar de ‘technische’ mogelijkheden voor verbetering van de biodiversiteit, maar ook voldoende aandacht te besteden aan draagvlak en economische aspecten.

An increasing number of real estate actors appear to be searching for ways to incorporate nature and biodiversity in urban development projects. In this article, we study three Dutch urban development projects with high biodiversity ambitions in order to learn how they came to fruition. We combine transition theory with practice theory and identify key barriers and drivers on the basis of these approaches. We highlight that incorporating biodiversity in urban development projects requires considerable knowledge development, implies a higher entrepreneurial risk and asks for various pragmatic solutions to overcome barriers. We identify four key recommendations for promoting nature-inclusive urban development: (1) facilitate knowledge development and exchange; (2) incorporate and reward biodiversity in environmental certification schemes and tender criteria; (3) translate a strategic vision on biodiversity into concrete regulations to bridge the policy implementation gap; (4) stimulate the uptake of nature-inclusive urban development in corporate visions.

There are multiple ways to achieve healthier diets in urban food environments. However, people with different backgrounds will have different views on how food systems and urban food environments should change to achieve the healthier diets’ objective or overcome the identified gaps. With a participatory approach, one can determine common visions on what the future food system including urban food environments should look like. Moreover, multiple pathways with diverging emphasis can exist next to each other. However, the organisation of workshops without a network is time consuming. With the collaboration of the Collective Impact Coalition on Ghanaian Urban Food Environments (GUFE) initiated by the Netherlands Food Partnership, a series of participatory workshops with stakeholders was organised to identify the common vision on what the food environment in Accra should look like in 2050, which transition pathways were envisioned, and which action perspectives were identified for the pathways. Within the GUFE coalition, actions were proposed and for those actions a Theory of Change (TOC) exercise was employed. The results of the transition pathways were linked to those TOC results of the GUFE actions. The multiple interactions with the stakeholders resulted in three different pathways towards healthier diets in Accra. The emphases of these pathways were different: i) the cultural pathway maintaining and promoting Accra’s food culture, ii) the economic pathways optimising the food supply chain into Accra in every stage of the process, and iii) and the environmental pathway on greening the city with food crops and trees. The emphasis emerged from the group of stakeholders rather than indicated by the researchers beforehand. Although the descriptions of the pathways were drawn up independently, there can be observed some similarities and differences when comparing the action perspectives of the three pathways. The common elements of the action perspectives were education

Just transition is currently a leading principle in discussions about transitions. But what does that mean? How do we make sure that transitions are just? We have developed an operational framework to help people in the transition process to put justice in practice, based on a review of the literature, analysis of just transition practices and dialogues between policymakers, scientists and practitioners. We have scoped our work in the context of food systems transformation and climate change. The operational framework consists out of four steps and several questions that help to raise awareness on the potential to make transitions more just. It can even be used to initiate a dialogue among people in transition process on how they jointly would put justice into the transition practices. The report concludes with a knowledge agenda that summarises pending research questions that would be useful to further complete the operational framework., Rechtvaardige transitie is een veel gebruikt principe. Maar wat bedoelen mensen ermee? En hoe realiseer je een transitie die als rechtvaardig beschouwd wordt? Op basis van wetenschappelijke bevindingen, analyse van praktijkervaringen en dialogen tussen beleidsmakers, wetenschappers en praktijk mensen is er in dit rapport een operationeel kader ontwikkeld dat ervoor zorgt dat rechtvaardigheid beter ingebed wordt in de transitieprocessen. Om dit kader te maken, is gebruik gemaakt van de context van voedselsysteemtransformatie en klimaatadaptatie/mitigatie. Het operationeel kader bestaat uit vier stappen die elk een aantal vragen omvatten. Deze vragen maken mensen in transitie processen meer bewust van de mogelijkheden om de transitie meer rechtvaardig te laten verlopen. De vragen stimuleren een diepgaande zoektocht en kunnen in sommige processen zelfs een gesprek tot stand brengen over hoe mensen rechtvaardigheid concreet willen vorm geven.Het rapport eindigt met een kennisagenda die een overzicht geeft van de huidige kennisvragen waar nog onduidelijkheid over is. Een aantal van die vragen zouden verder verkend kunnen worden om zo hetoperationele kader weer verder aan te vullen.

This research explored the possible options for initiating more online practical networks, in line with young current and future farmers (next generation). It also studied the most promising elements for online platforms that strengthen the interaction between the practical field (such as farmers and horticulturists) and between scientists and the practical field in terms of knowledge sharing and learning. The main focus is on the interest in online practical networks and online knowledge exchange, the need for information, what an online practical network should look like, what a suitable way of online exchange is and what requirements it should meet., In dit onderzoek is verkend wat de mogelijke opties zijn voor het in gang zetten van meer online praktijknetwerken, aansluitend bij jonge (toekomstige) boeren (next generation). Ook is bestudeerd wat de meest kansrijke elementen zijn voor online platforms die de interactie tussen praktijk (zoals boeren en tuinders onderling) en wetenschappers en praktijk versterken op het gebied van kennisdeling en leren. Daarbij is vooral gekeken naar de interesse voor online praktijknetwerken en online kennisuitwisseling, de informatiebehoefte, hoe een online praktijknetwerk eruit zou moeten zien, wat een geschikte manier van online uitwisselen is en waar dit aan zou moeten voldoen.

This paper presents the results of an exploration into the adoption of biodiversity-friendly practices by the real estate sector, by researching which factors determine companies’ intentions to use nature-inclusive design and construction concepts (NID). NID represents practices in which nature and building are inextricably linked when (re)designing building projects. We applied the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), a well-known framework for studying behavior. A telephone survey was carried out among 103 employees at different types of companies in the real estate sector. The findings showed that attitude, social norms, and perceived behavioral control are all significant explanatory variables for the intention of using NID. Perceived behavioral control is the strongest predictor. In addition, interest in NID strengthens the predictive value of perceived behavioral control. The empirical findings in this study serve as a first attempt to provide insights into the determinants of behavior in favor of using NID and, by extension, looking for drivers for change. The study was carried out in the Netherlands, but the results may be applicable or interesting to other countries as well when looking for opportunities to enhance biodiversity in urban areas or considering how the real estate sector could give substance to their vital role in spatial developments.

In order to stimulate extensification of agriculture, public authorities can make use of various policy instruments that target factors influencing decisions of farmers regarding the intensity of their farm. This report is an inventory of options for public policy action and identifies behavioural factors that are addressed in policy development only to a limited extent., Overheden kunnen verschillende instrumenten inzetten om desgewenst extensivering van de landbouw mogelijk te maken en die aansluiten bij factoren die een rol spelen bij de keuzes van boeren om al dan niet te extensiveren. Dit rapport inventariseert aanbevolen handelingsperspectieven voor de overheid en identificeert gedragsfactoren die nog beperkt in beeld zijn in beleidsontwikkeling voor extensivering.

The global food system is facing big problems, such as global food security for a growing population, climate change and biodiversity conservation, which ask for transitions of the food system. To analyze or contribute to a food system transition it is important to explore possible ‘transition pathways’ towards more sustainable food systems. A ‘transition pathway’ is a narrative that describes how a new or adapted system may evolve out of a previous system. To create impact pathways need to be developed with the engagement of stakeholders. In this document, an overview is given of approaches, methods and tools which are relevant for stakeholder engagement in the development of transition pathways towards sustainable food systems. The report is intended for those who are involved in transition initiatives in a role as researcher, consultant of process facilitator. Approaches refer to the paradigms behind the way research is done. Methods are the strategies and processes that are utilized in – here - the development of transition pathways. Tools are the means that help to fulfil a task in a (research) project, for instance to collect, analyse or present information. The number of tools is endless. We distinguished several approaches: • Participatory research • Action research (e.g. multi-stakeholder partnerships) • Shared knowledge creation (e.g. community of practice) • Combinations of models and participation (e.g. transition support system approach) • Issue advocacy Next to that, we specifically describe the (different) role(s) of researchers in stakeholder involvement. Stakeholder involvement requires new skills of researchers. It helps if they have a broad experience and can understand several worlds. Approaches come to expression in the used methods. We distinguish: • Interactive scenario-building (e.g. participatory mapping) • Back-casting (e.g. socio-technical scenarios) • Participatory design (e.g. reflexive interactive design) • Participatory ‘research in pr

This research studied how the interaction between science and practice (vertical) and practice (horizontal) is experienced and can be accelerated. The aim is to share knowledge more efficiently, to learn from each other and to create new networks. The focus is on networks and area-oriented approaches within dairy farming and arable farming. The main focus is on reaching and stimulating entrepreneurs, crucial points to accelerate knowledge sharing and learning, what knowledge is needed and how networks can be connected and new ones can be set up., In dit onderzoek is bestudeerd hoe de interactie tussen wetenschap en praktijk (verticaal) en praktijk onderling (horizontaal) wordt ervaren en kan worden versneld om kennis efficiënter te delen, onderling te leren en nieuwe netwerken te laten ontstaan. De focus ligt hierbij op netwerken en gebiedsgerichte aanpakken binnen de melkveehouderij en akkerbouw. Daarbij is vooral gekeken naar het bereiken en stimuleren van ondernemers, cruciale aandachtspunten om kennisdeling en leren te versnellen, aan welke kennis er behoefte is en hoe je netwerken kunt verbinden en nieuwe kunt opzetten.

The real estate industry can play a key role in a wider transition to a nature-inclusive living environment that offers social, economic and ecological resilience. In this research, we look explicitly for a pro-active green contribution from the industry to the liveability and resilience of urban areas. To set such practices in motion, we are looking for points of departure in the considerations being made by different actors in the real estate industry. We do this by developing a transition approach for nature-inclusive enterprise. This approach looks at the real estate industry more widely, including landowners, investors, architects, property owners and project developers., De vastgoedsector kan een belangrijke rol spelen in een bredere transitie naar een natuurinclusieve leefomgeving die sociaal, economisch en ecologisch veerkrachtig is. In de huidige praktijk legt groen het vaak af tegen concurrerende ruimteclaims. Met dit project zoeken we naar aanknopingen om beweging in de vastgoedsector te creëren naar meer groen in een stedelijke omgeving. Dat doen we door het ontwikkelen van een transitieaanpak voor natuurinclusief ondernemen. In deze aanpak wordt gekeken naar de vastgoedsector in brede zin (zoals grondbezitters, investeerders, architecten, vastgoedeigenaren en projectontwikkelaars).

This report explores first of all literature on transition management. The knowledge gained is taken into account to develop a route planner, which can be used to stimulate nature-inclusive agriculture at a regional level. This route planner is intended for stakeholders who want to promote nature-inclusive agriculture in their own region. We then ask ourselves what nature-inclusive agriculture means, and how it relates to circular agriculture and ecosystem services. An important focus in the route planner is the development of a vision. For this reason, concrete measures are described for arable farming and livestock farming that fit into such a nature-inclusive vision., In dit rapport wordt allereerst literatuur over transitiemanagement verkend. De opgedane kennis wordt meegenomen om een routeplanner te ontwikkelen, die gebruikt kan worden om natuurinclusieve landbouw op regioniveau te stimuleren. Deze routeplanner is bedoeld voor initiatiefnemers die in hun eigen regio natuurinclusieve landbouw willen bevorderen. Vervolgens vragen we ons af wat onder natuurinclusieve landbouw wordt verstaan, en hoe die zich verhoudt tot kringlooplandbouw en ecosysteemdiensten. Een belangrijk aandachtspunt in de routeplanner is het ontwikkelen van een toekomstbeeld. Daarom worden voor de akkerbouw en veehouderij concrete maatregelen beschreven die passen in een dergelijk natuurinclusief toekomstbeeld.

Social innovation is considered a relevant concept to tackle societal challenges and needs in rural areas and to promote smart, inclusive and sustainable growth. The characterising sector of rural areas is agriculture; therefore, the focus of this paper is on social innovation in the field of social farming. Among the many factors leading to the emergence and development of social innovation, agency has been considered relevant in the literature on transformability and transformative social innovation as it is the ability to turn contextual difficulties into opportunities for social innovation and for inclusive growth. This paper proposes an evaluation framework to assess the different dimensions of agency by triangulating quantitative with qualitative data and by using indicators. This paper adopts a case study approach, analysing two cases of social farming in Italy and the Netherlands. The results show that the social innovation idea and the resilience of the agency are among the most relevant dimensions for the emergence and development of social innovations. Finally, this paper discusses the three most relevant factors for agency to lead to social innovation: idea and embeddedness of the agency, transformability of the context through agencys resilience, and agency as catalyst for empowerment.

This policy review aimed (i) to investigate how urgencies such as urbanisation and climate change are recognised in the current policies of a low-income country, and (ii) to investigate how food security, and urban food security in particular, interacts with these policies. Ghana is used as an example. The policy review revealed that the agricultural, nutrition and health, spatial development and climate policies dealt with one or more aspects of food security within the food system framework. The overall conclusion is that the aspects of food security are still covered by the traditional policies: agriculture mainly deals with production, distribution and exchange of food. Nutritional value and food safety, for instance, are main concerns of the health and nutrition policy. However, Ghana is developing the Long-Term National Development Plan (LTNDP) which combines several policies. Food safety is also increasingly considered for the exchange of food from an export perspective: export requires particular food quality standards. The results of our policy review confirm that the integration of food security elements is still in an early process of development. In addition, the urban aspect of food security was hardly considered in the policies relating to food security in Ghana. This review was explored for (urban) food security in Ghana. It is likely that results for other African countries or other low-income countries in other continents would have yielded similar results.

The population of the world is becoming increasingly urbanised due to a combination of natural population growth and rural–urban migration. This will pose major challenges to feed the future population and meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Meeting these complex challenges requires an integrated approach. The transition support system (TSS) approach integrates decision support tools and stakeholder analyses for these complex issues. This study has focused attention on the application of decision support tools of the TSS approach that visualises the urgency of future food security as a proof of concept. To this end, the future food security of the city of Accra, the capital of Ghana, has been taken as a case study. The use of Global-Detector and its maps illustrated a quick way to downscale data and projections from MAGNET (Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool) and perform spatial analyses without the burden of acquiring additional data. Downscaling of macroeconomic results of future projections provides insights into future urban food security. Giventhese insights, stakeholders might urge policy or interventions. The results of the exercise are largely determined by the availability of data and maps; in particular, the more detailed information is available, the more accurate the results of our exercise will be.

Due to the combined effect of climate change, expected population growth and increased concentration of population in cities and towns, food insecurity in urban areas is becoming of increasing concern and is regarded as one of the most prominent development challenges for the 21st century. Cities differ with respect to their specific food security risks and opportunities of local food supply to meet the increasing demand for food. The tool “Global Metropolitan Detector” has been developed to compare cities of the world based on different dimensions of food security, particularly availability, accessibility, and affordability of food, risk of floods and climate change, and healthy diets. Worldwide publicly available datasets, e.g. from FAOSTAT, EarthStat and WorldClim, are used. These are separately converted (aggregated/disaggregated) to a homogenous 5 arc-minute grid and combined in the tool to calculate (by weighted average) and compare the demand and local supply of food, including the required area of land to meet the city-specific consumption needs (measured in “Food Metres”). The purpose is to benchmark 850 cities based on several aspects related to food security. The resulting benchmark of cities and their indicator values can be visualised in maps showing their position with respect to food security in general, or investigate particular aspects in more detail, e.g. cities having low/high flood risks or cities that are better able to meet the demand of (fresh) vegetables and fruit from local producers. The maps can support policymakers to identify causes and locations of food insecurity, and the indicative results – based on limited available worldwide data – can serve as an inducement for further investigation with more detailed data from cities.

Increasingly, urban stakeholders are becoming more engaged in contributing to reducing the intensified flooding risks due to climate change in Belgium, the UK and the Netherlands. The aim of this study is to motivate stakeholder engagement for urban flood management. A template is provided including a total of four steps defining stakeholder positions, task roles and barriers, and showing how to deal with the barriers by suggesting communication levels, strategies and approaches. Overall, green solutions to drainage are thought to be favourable to quality of life, recreation, playground, air quality, health, heat stress, and depending on levels of inclusiveness, green can also contribute to social cohesion.