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Cadmium(Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that is highly toxic even at very low concentrations. Although Cd is a non-essential trace metal, when reached to high levels in agricultural soils, it can be easily absorbed by plants. Cadmium accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its subsequent transfer to food chain is an important problem worldwide. Bentonite is a material essentially composed by montmorillonite and related clay minerals of the smectite group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bentonite (0, 3, 6 and 12%) application on Cd uptake of bread wheat growing in high Cd (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg soil) application. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions acid soil. The experiment was conducted randomized block design with three replicates. The results revealed that shoot dry weight of bread was significantly increased with increasing doses of bentonite applications. While the dry weight of shoot without bentonite application was 480 mg/plant, it increased approximately 2 fold with 12% bentonite application. Cadmium concentration with the bentonite of control application decreased 4 times from 20.74 ppm to 5.07 ppm with application of 12% bentonite. The results show that Cd toxicity in the shoot was alleviated by bentonite treatment.

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in developing countries are experienced at an early age. This study was performed to investigate the frequency of reactivation and risk factors of infection acquired at an early age of nontransplant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy with weekly monitoring of CMV levels in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study of 172 pediatric patients (102 boys and 70 girls) with ALL. All patients were monitored routinely for CMV-DNA at the initial presentation of leukemia and twice a week during chemotherapy. The CMV immunoglobulin (Ig)M/IgG titers were measured at admission. Results: CMV seropositivity at baseline was 90,11%. The overall prevalence of CMV infection (viremia) was 70.34%, 116 of whom were seropositive for CMV IgG and 5 of whom were negative for CMV at the time of ALL diagnosis. Reactivation was more common than de novo CMV infections (P=0.000). CMV seropositivity at the beginning of the leukemia diagnosis was found to be an independent predictor for developing CMV infection (P=0.001). A total of 60 CMV infection episodes were treated with antivirals. Four of these included organ involvement. The duration of CMV-DNA viremia episodes was longer in patients with CMV-DNA >= 1000 copies/mL (n=45) than in those with lower CMV-DNA levels (P=0.002). Infection was shown not to be associated with chemotherapy phase. Conclusion: This study suggests the importance of monitoring for CMV infections in developing countries because of frequent reactivations in seropositive ALL patients. It should be kept in mind that low CMV-DNA levels may also lead to organ involvement.

[No Abstract Available]

Objective: This study has been conducted so as to contribute to health statistics of hydatid cyst by the data obtained from our clinic, and to discuss hydatid cysts in unusual locations. Material and Method: Cases diagnosed as hydatid cyst at Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Research and Education Hospital Pathology Clinic between 2007 and 2015 have been evaluated based on criteria such as age, sex and location. Results: A total of 364 cases, 209 females and 155 males, have been included in the study. The subjects in the cases are aged between 4 and 81 (mean: 38.84). Regarding the sites, 254 (69.8%) of the cases are located in liver, and 53 (14.6%) in the lung. Fifty-seven cases (15.6%) have been detected in unusual sites other than the lung or liver. The rate of isolated organ involvement, other than the lung and liver, has been found to be 10.3%. Conclusion: Since hydatid cyst can be found in all the body sites, it should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of all cystic lesions.

Objective: To investigate whether the choice of a hypovascular or a hypervascular site of a thyroid nodule affects the efficacy of the ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration procedure or not. Methods: Sixty solid thyroid nodules in 60 patients with hypo- and hypervascular parts were included in this prospective clinical study. Under color Doppler sonographic guidance, the fine needle aspiration was made with 22-gauge needle. Radiological and cytological features as well as the adequacy of samples were noted and compared. Results: Sonographically, 25 nodules (41.7%) were hetereogenous and calcified, 21 were hypoechoic (35%), 10 were isoechoic (16.7%) and 4 were hyperechoic (6.6%). Rate of adequate sampling when only hypervascular was used or hypovascular sites were evaluated were 81.7% and 83.3%, respectively. When both sites were evaluated together, rate of adequate sampling was found to be 91.7% in total. Presence and distribution of endothelial cells in the sample seems not to influence the diagnostic value of the procedure. Conclusion: Our results indicate that vascularity of a thyroid nodule outlined by color Doppler sonography can aid in optimizing the efficiency of fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The samples obtained from aspirates of hypo- and hypervascular sites are both complementary and assessment of these sites together yields better results in terms of diagnostic accuracy., Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı ultrason destekli jet iğne biyopsisinde hipovasküler ya da hipervasküler tiroid nodül tercihinin prosedür verimliliğine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Bu prospektif çalışmada hipovasküler ve hipervasküler tiroid nodülleri olan 60 hasta değerlendirilmiştir. Renkli Doppler sonografik yönlendirme altında 22 numara iğne ile jet iğne biyopsisi gerçekleştirmiştir. Radyolojik ve sitolojik faktörler ve numunelerin yeterliliği değerlendirilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Sonografik olarak 25 nodül (%41.7) heterojen ve kalsifiye, 21 nodül hipoekoik (%35), 10 nodül izoekoik (%16.7) ve 4 nodül (%6.6) hiperekoik olarak tanımlanmıştır. Yalnızca hipervasküler ve hipovasküler nodüller değerlendirildiğinde yeterli örneklem oranı %81.7 ve %83.3 olarak ölçülmüştür. Her iki grup beraber değerlendirildiğinde toplam yeterli örneklem oranı %91.7 olarak bulunmuştur. Örneklerde endotelyal hücrelerin bulunmasının ya da bu hücrelerin dağılımının prosedürün teşhis değerini etkilemediği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlara göre renkli Doppler sonografisi ile tiroid nodüllerinin vaskülaritesinin incelenmesinin jet iğne biyopsisinin etkinliğini optimize edebileceği görülmüştür. Hipovasküler ve hipervasküler bölgelerde yapılan biyopsiler birbirini tamamlayıcıdır ve bu verilerin birlikte kullanılması teşhis doğruluğunu arttırmaktadır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yabancı unsurlu, internet yoluyla işlenen şeref ve haysiyete saldırıdan doğan sorumluluk davalarında mahkemelerin milletlerarası yetkisinin nasıl tayin edileceği sorusuna Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) hukuku ve Türk hukukunu kıyaslayarak cevap aramaktır. Şeref ve haysiyete saldırıdan doğan sorumluluk davaları ve bu davalarda mahkemelerin milletlerarası yetkisi iki hukuk sistemi (Kıta Avrupası hukuku ve Anglo Sakson hukuku) arasında ve her iki hukuk sisteminin kendi içinde birbirinden farklı düzenlemelerin olduğu bir alandır. Bunun nedeni, şeref ve haysiyete saldırıdan doğan davalarda, kişilerin şeref ve haysiyetinin korunması ile ifade ve basın özgürlüğünün çatışmasıdır. Her hukuk sistemi bu iki değeri kendi hukuk politikaları doğrultusunda dengelemektedir. Bu karşıtlığın yanı sıra şeref ve haysiyete saldırıdan ve saldırının internet ortamında gerçeklemesinden kaynaklanan bazı iç içe geçmiş sorunlar vardır. İlk sorun, şeref ve haysiyete saldırıdan doğan zararın, özellikle manevi zararın bir yere lokalize edilmesidir. Kişinin şöhretinin, itibarının nerede zarar göreceği, acı ve ızdırap duyacağı yerin belirlenmesi kolay olmayabilmektedir. İkinci sorun ise internetin hiçbir yerde olmayan ama her yerden erişilebilen doğasıdır. İnternet içeriğine coğrafi kısıtlamalar hariç her yerden erişilebilir olması, olası bir uyuşmazlığın birden fazla devlet ile irtibat içinde olmasına ve davacıya kendi menfaatine uygun bir yetkili mahkemede dava açmasına olanak sağlar. Bu durum milletlerarası usul hukukunda bir sorun olarak kabul edilen aşırı yetkiye neden olabilir. Aşırı yetki, çalışma konumuz açısından forum shopping'in özel bir türü olan libel tourism'in en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Davacı lehine olan bu durum, davalı medya aktörlerinin/internet kullanıcılarının makul olarak öngöremediği bir yer mahkemesinde yargılanacak olması dünya çapında ifade ve basın özgürlüğünü kısıtlayacak soğutma etkisi, kendi kendini sansür etkisi yaratabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada her iki hukuk düzeninin milletlerarası yetki kuralları kıyaslanırken, her iki değer arasında dengenin nasıl sağlandığı, libel tourism, aşırı yetki kuralları çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelime: Milletlerarası yetki, şeref ve haysiyete saldırı, ifade ve basın özgürlüğü, libel tourism, aşırı yetki. The aim of this study is to search answers by comparing the United States (US) and the Turkish law, in order to determine international jurisdiction in the cases of liability arising from defamation involving foreign elements on the internet. The cases arising from the act of infringement of defamation and the international jurisdiction of the courts in these cases are in a field between two different legal systems (Continental Europe and Anglo-Saxon law) and both legal systems have different regulations in themselves. The reason for this is the conflict between the protection of human defamation and the freedom of expression and press in cases arising from the act of infringement of defamation. Each legal system balances these two values in Accordance with their own legal policies. In addition to this opposition, there are some internal problems that arise from the acts of infringement of defamation and from the fact that the infringement occurs on the internet. The first cause of the problem is that especially the moral damage that is arisen from the acts of infringement of defamation is localized. It may not be easy to determine where the reputation of the person will be damaged, and where he/she will suffer from it. The second problem is the nature of the internet, which is accessible from anywhere but it can not be present anywhere. The accessibility of internet content from anywhere, except for geographical restrictions, is allowing a potential dispute to be in contact with multiple countries and the plaintiff to sue in a competent court for its own benefit. This situation is recognized as a problem in international procedural law that causes the exorbitant jurisdiction. The exorbitant jurisdiction is one of the most important reasons for libel tourism, a special type of forum shopping, which is called libel tourism in terms of our study. This situation, which is in favor of the plaintiff, and the fact that the defendant media actors/internet users will be on trial in a court of a place where they can not reasonably foresee, can create a chilling effect, self-censorship effect that restricts a world-wide freedom of expression and the press. In this study, while comparing the rules of jurisdiction of both international legal systems the balance between the two values is evaluated within the scope of rules of exorbitant jurisdiction, libel tourism. Key words: International jurisdiction, defamation, freedom of expression and press, libel tourism, exorbitant jurisdiction. 209

Expression levels of several molecules implicated in carcinogenesis were examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the prognostic significance of their expression levels in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) was evaluated. A total of 115 GA and 20 control gastric tissue samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using 33 antibodies targeting molecules known to play a part in the development of various tumors. Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and loss of AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and CD44 expression in GA patients were significantly correlated with lymph node (LN) metastasis, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. The results demonstrated that ALDH1A and ARID1A may be strong independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Our results demonstrated that ALDH1, CD44, ARID1A, and CAIX in immunoreactive GA tumor cells exhibit different expression profiles compared with control cells and that these differences are associated with patient survival. The molecules with differential expression profiles were associated with some common functions, including hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and SW1/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling. In addition, the loss of ALDH1, ARID1A, and CD44 and the overexpression of CAIX are important for tumor invasion and metastasis; therefore, they may serve as useful prognostic indicators of long-term survival in patients with GA. In conclusion, our study found that abnormal expression of some of the proteins evaluated in GA tumor cells might have an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression and thus may influence the prognosis of patients with GA.

WOS: 000438747600018 Background: This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the adequacy of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration specimens. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1,700 endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration samples obtained from 822 patients (500 males, 322 females; mean age 56 +/- 13 years; range 16 to 83 years) was performed between March 2011 and March 2014 at our center. Variables potentially associated with sampling adequacy, such as all cytological materials and procedure notes (lymph node and/or lesion size, localization, needle pass number, and slide number) were examined. Results: The overall specimen adequacy was 79.8%. The specimen adequacy was associated with needle pass number (P

Corticosteroids (CS) have anti-inflammatory and immuno-suppressive effects and which they are widely used for allergic diseases, autoimmune and immune-related diseases. CS cause rarely immediate type hypersensitivity reactions after administration of oral and parenteral. Incidence of reaction has been reported 0.3-0.5% (1, 2). Methyl-prednisolone (MPZ) is one of the most common corticosteroids that caused allergic reactions (3, 4). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing to obtain material that does not reflect the lymph node(inadequate material). Methods: Files of EBUS-TBNA performed patients between July 2013-November 2014 in our clinic were examined retrospectively.Demographic data of patients,the stations,short axis and morphological characteristics of EBUS-TBNA performed LNs,number of punctures from each LN and needle type used in EBUS-TBNA were recorded.The absence or limited number of lymphocytes in the smear (with 40xmagnification, Results: 331 patients included in the study.A total of 1655 punctures(2.56±0.74/LN) were performed from 644 LNs in 331 patients.The average short axis of LNs was 1.75±1.05 cm.There was no statistically significant relationship between age and gender of the patients,short diameter,echogenicity and edge features of the LNs with obtaining inadequate material.The number of LN puncteres were 307 and 337 with M(Medi-GlobeGmbH) type and O(Olympus) type needles respectively and the ratio of obtaining inadequate material with them were were 15.3% and 13.1% respectively(p> 0.05).However a highly significant inverse relation between obtaining inadequate material with puncture number for each LN was revealed(p Conclusion: Three or more puncture from each LN should be performed in order to increase the diagnostic value of EBUS-TBNA.