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The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot grown in tea waste or sago pulp medium and their effects on fermentability and digestibility (in vitro). A randomized block design with 3 dietary treatments and 4 groups of rumen source from different sheep was used in this study. Dietary treatments consisted of P1 = soybean meal protein ration, P2 = BSF maggot meal protein ration grown in tea waste, P3 = BSF maggot meal protein ration grown in sago pulp. The data were analysed using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test. The results show that the NH3 concentration was higher (p

The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of late pregnancy local ewes treated with flushing ration and different feeding frequency. Twelve local ewes in the late pregnancy phase (BW 49.96 ± 9.67 kg) were divided on a Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were P1 (without flushing), P2 (flushing at the before and after mating), P3 (flushing at the before and after mating, and middle of pregnancy), and P4 (flushing at the before and after mating, middle, and late of pregnancy). Flushing concentrate containing 2% coconut oil and 5% lemuru fish oil. The variables observed were nutrient consumption and nutrient digestibility. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA, the data with significant differences in the treatment effects were further tested using Duncan Test. The result showed that the treatments significantly affected (p

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient digestibility and physiological status of local sheep at late pregnancy fed with flushing diet containing palm oil, lemuru oil, and their combination. In this research, the livestock used were 12 female local sheep at late pregnancy with an average body weight of 43.58 ± 5.57 kg were placed in metabolic cages. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments and 3 block replications. The treatments were P1 = control ration (30% grass + 70% concentrate), P2 = control ration + 6% palm oil supplementation, P3 = control ration + 3% lemuru oil and 3% palm oil supplementation, P4 = control ration + 6% lemuru oil supplementation. The feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, and physiological status were measured in this study. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. Means values differences were analyzed using Duncan test. The results showed that the addition of palm oil and lemuru oil to the concentrate diet increased (p

This study tested the hypothesis that dietary glycerol supplementation (GS) would affect growth of Hanwoo steers, beef marbling and palatability, and gene expression for lipid uptake and transport and lipogenesis in the longissimus thoracis (LT). Diets with or without 45.2 g daily glycerol supplementation/kg dry matter concentrate were tested in fourteen Hanwoo steers during a 16-week feeding trial. GS did not affect (P ≥ 0.40) the average daily gain or the gain-to-feed ratio. GS increased the LT marbling score (P = 0.01). GS enhanced (P ≤ 0.01) the sensory traits, including the flavor and overall acceptance of the LT. GS tended (0.05 P ≤ 0.10) to upregulate mRNA levels of fatty acid translocase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid binding protein 4 genes in the LT. These tendencies of upregulated expression of fatty acid uptake and cytosolic transport genes may, in part, contribute to the increased marbling by GS. The increased marbling degree caused by GS may improve palatability including the flavor and overall acceptance of the LT.

This study investigated effects of regrouping and oral meloxicam and chromium administration on growth performance, blood cortisol concentrations, and behaviors in dairy calves. Fifty Holstein calves (average age 196 ± 24.7 days, average body weight 198kg ± 32.7 kg) were equally divided into five groups: no regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (NL), regrouping with lactose monohydrate administration (GL), regrouping with Cr administration (GC), regrouping with meloxicam administration (GM), and regrouping with both meloxicam and Cr administration (GMC). Blood was collected before regrouping and at 3h, 9h, 24h, 1w, and 2w after regrouping. Behaviors have been monitored from d1 to d7. Regrouping did not affect average daily gain (ADG), and the administrations of both meloxicam and chromium increased (P < 0.02) ADG compared to NL group during 2 weeks. Regrouping increased (P < 0.05) plasma cortisol concentrations in GL group, and both meloxicam and chromium and its combination treatments decreased cortisol concentrations compared to GL group at 24h, but not at other times. Regrouping increased (P < 0.05) fight, duration of eating time, head bunt, drinking time, and standing time behaviors in GL group at d1, d2, d2, d3, and d4 respectively. Regrouping also increased (P < 0.05) displacement at eating place in GL group from d3 to d6, but this effect was not significant (P < 0.05) at d7. In conclusion, regrouping caused elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations and abnormal behaviors. Meloxicam, chromium, and/or its combined administrations improved growth performance and reduced circulating cortisol concentrations in regrouped dairy calves, suggesting a feasible strategy to alleviate regrouping stress.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in skeletal muscle including the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM), also known as marbling fat, is one of the most important factors determining beef quality in several countries including Korea, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Genetics and breed, management, and nutrition affect IMF deposition. Japanese Black cattle breed has the highest IMF content in the world, and Korean cattle (also called Hanwoo) the second highest. Here, we review results of research on genetic factors (breed and sex differences and heritability) that affect IMF deposition. Cattle management factors are also important for IMF deposition. Castration of bulls increases IMF deposition in most cattle breeds. The effects of several management factors, including weaning age, castration, slaughter weight and age, and environmental conditions on IMF deposition are also reviewed. Nutritional factors, including fat metabolism, digestion and absorption of feed, glucose/starch availability, and vitamin A, D, and C levels are important for IMF deposition. Manipulating IMF deposition through developmental programming via metabolic imprinting is a recently proposed nutritional method to change potential IMF deposition during the fetal and neonatal periods in rodents and domestic animals. Application of fetal nutritional programming to increase IMF deposition of progeny in later life is reviewed. The coordination of several factors affects IMF deposition. Thus, a combination of several strategies may be needed to manipulate IMF deposition, depending on the consumer’s beef preference. In particular, stage-specific feeding programs with concentrate-based diets developed by Japan and Korea are described in this article.

OBJECTIVE This study was performed to understand transcriptional changes in the genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways following castration of bulls. METHODS Twenty Korean bulls were weaned at average 3 months of age, and castrated at 6 months. Liver tissues were collected from bulls (n = 10) and steers (n = 10) of Korean cattle, and hepatic gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We examined hepatic transcription levels of genes encoding enzymes for irreversible reactions in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis as well as genes encoding enzymes for the utilization of several glucogenic substrates. Correlations between hepatic gene expression and carcass characteristics were performed to understand their associations. RESULTS Castration increased the mRNA (3.6 fold; p

The intramuscular fat (IMF) content of the LM, also known as marbling, is particularly important in determining the price of beef in Korea, Japan, and the United States. Deposition of IMF is influenced by both genetic (e.g., breed, gender, and genotype) and nongenetic factors (e.g., castration, nutrition, stressors, animal weight, and age). Castration of bulls markedly increases deposition of IMF, resulting in improved beef quality. Here, we present a comparative gene expression approach between bulls and steers. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have demonstrated that the combined effects of increases in lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, and fatty acid esterification and decreased lipolysis are associated with increased IMF deposition in the LM. Several peripheral tissues (LM, adipose tissues, and the liver) are involved in lipid metabolism. Therefore, understanding the significance of the tissue network in lipid metabolism is important. Here, we demonstrate that lipid metabolism in LM tissues is crucial for IMF deposition, whereas lipid metabolism in the liver plays only a minor role. Metabolism of body fat and IMF deposition in bovine species has similarities with these processes in metabolic diseases, such as obesity in humans and rodents. Extensive studies on metabolic diseases using epigenome modification (DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA), microbial metagenomics, and metabolomics have been performed in humans and rodents, and new findings have been reported using these technologies. The importance of applying "omics" fields (epigenomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics) to the study of IMF deposition in cattle is described. New information on the molecular mechanisms of IMF deposition may be used to design nutritional or genetic methods to manipulate IMF deposition and to modify fatty acid composition in beef cattle. Applying nutrigenomics could maximize the expression of genetic potential of economically important traits (e.g., marbling) in animals.

This study was performed to compare the content and composition of fatty acids (FA) and volatile compounds among four quality grades (QG1++, 1+, 1, and 2), and to understand their association with carcass characteristics in longissimus dorsi (loin) and semimembranosus (rump) cuts of Korean cattle steers. QG1++ and QG2 loins showed the highest (P

This study examined relationships among carcass and sensory traits, auction price, and computer image analysis (CIA) traits of marbling characteristics in Korean cattle beef. In experiment 1, 43 Korean cattle steers reared in similar feeding conditions were slaughtered at 34 months of age, and carcass traits were evaluated by official meat graders. Carcass auction prices were determined by wholesalers. Cross-sectional photographs of the beef were taken at the 13th thoracic vertebra using beef carcass photography equipment. Image files were analyzed for marbling characteristics using Beef Analyzer II software. Longissimus thoracis (LT) samples obtained after carcass grading were analyzed for sensory traits. Correlations among several variables were analyzed using either Pearson’s correlation or Spearman’s correlation analysis. Marbling score and quality grade (QG) had strong positive correlations (0.63 ≤ r ≤ 0.88, P < 0.01) with several CIA traits, including number of coarse marbling particles (MPs), number of fine MPs, and fineness index. Auction price had strong positive correlations (0.69 ≤ r ≤ 0.76, P < 0.01) with these CIA traits. Most sensory traits were not correlated with CIA traits. In experiment 2, 267 additional LT images photographed at the slaughter house were used for correlation analysis between auction price and CIA traits within an individual QG class [QGs 1 (middle), 1+, and 1++ (best)]. Carcass auction price was positively correlated (0.36 ≤ r ≤ 0.51, P < 0.01) with number of coarse MPs, number of fine MPs, and fineness index in both QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. Overall, marbling score and QG had positive correlations with several CIA traits of marbling characteristics. Carcass auction price had positive correlations with CIA traits in QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. In conclusion, a CIA method after modification could be incorporated into current beef quality grading systems.

Marbling score (MS) is related to beef auction price (AP) in Korea, but how these relate to marbling texture (i.e. number and distribution of marbling particles [MPs]) is not known. We examined relationships among carcass traits, carcass AP, and image analysis marbling texture traits. In experiment 1, carcass data and longissimus thoracis (LT) were obtained from Korean cattle steers reared under similar feeding conditions. MS, quality grade (QG), and AP were related (P 0.001) to numbers of coarse MPs and fine MPs and fineness index. In experiment 2, LT images photographed at a slaughterhouse were used in regression analysis within individual QG classes (QGs: 1 [middle], 1+, and 1++ [best]). AP was related (P 0.001) to numbers of coarse MPs and fine MPs and fineness index in both QGs 1+ and 1++ but not in QG 1. Overall, several marbling texture traits were related to AP, but both MS and QG were more strongly related to AP.

This study was performed to determine the effects of dehorning and lidocaine-plus-flunixin (LF) treatment on indicators of stress (cortisol) and acute inflammation [haptoglobin (Hp)] and behaviors in Korean cattle bull calves, and the associations among these parameters. A total of 36 Korean cattle bull calves (average body weight: 172 ± 3.6 kg; average age: 7.4 ± 0.2 months) were allocated among four treatments (n = 9 head/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: no dehorning with no LF injection; no dehorning with LF injection; dehorning with no LF injection; and dehorning with LF injection. The LF treatment consisted of an anesthetic lidocaine hydrochloride injection in each horn and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, injection immediately prior to dehorning. Dehorning was performed surgically using a Barnes dehorner. Blood was collected immediately before dehorning and at 0.5 and 5 hours and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after dehorning. Rectal temperature was measured at the same time points, except hour 0.5. Dehorning did not affect the average daily gain and concentrate intake. Dehorning increased (P

Objectives were to 1) determine the effect of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) of marbling score (MS) and dietary energy level (DEL) on growth performance and 2) examine correlation between GEBV of carcass weight (CW) and BW during fattening stage of steers. Total 38,805 SNPs were typed by Illumina 50k Bovine Chip (v.3). The GEBV was calculated using genomic-BLUP. Forty-four Korean cattle steers (average 636 kg BW; 808 d of age) were randomly assigned to four groups [2 (high vs. low MS-GEBV) × 2 (high vs. low DEL) factorial arrangement]. A total of 3,821 Korean cattle reference animals were used for estimating GEBV. Average MS-GEBV of high MS-GEBV group was 0.51 (upper 24.8% of reference populations) and average MS-GEBV of low MS-GEBV group was -0.33 (upper 67.5% of reference populations). The concentrate TDN of high and low energy group was 76.5% and 74.5%, respectively. BW was measured at d 0 and four weeks interval during 24 weeks. A perennial ryegrass (1.0 kg/d) and a concentrate (1.2% of BW) were provided to an individual animal. Residual feed was recorded daily. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA using the mixed model procedure in SAS. Significant interactions (P < 0.05) were found between MS-GEBV and DEL in ADG and G:F at 8, 12, and 24 weeks: in high MS-GEBV group, both ADG and G:F were higher (P < 0.05) in high energy group, whereas both tended (P < 0.1) to be lower in high energy group in low MS-GEBV group. Correlation coefficients were obtained using Pearson’s correlation analysis. The CW-GEBV was positively correlated with BWs during all periods (0.32 < r < 0.44; P < 0.03). In conclusion, both MS-GEBV and DEL affected growth performance. The positive correlations between CW-GEBV and BW suggest that the CW-GEBV could be used for predicting cattle growth.

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of glycerol supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and beef sensory traits during finishing stage of steers from September through December 2017. Fourteen Korean cattle steers (average 28.4 ± 0.9 months old; 733 ± 58.5 kg of body weight) were equally assigned to two groups (0 and 5% glycerol supplementation). A concentrate (1.2% of BW) and 1.0 kg of rye grass were individually fed twice daily. Supplementation was done with top-dressing during concentrate feeding. Steers were weighed monthly. After 4 months of study, steers were slaughtered (32.4 ± 0.9 months old), and Longissimus thoracis (LT) samples were collected and analyzed for beef characteristics. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. Glycerol supplementation did not affect ADG and G:F, although it decreased (P = 0.005) concentrate intake. Carcass characteristics including marbling score, quality grade, yield grade, meat color, and texture were unaffected by treatment. Glycerol supplementation did not affect fat content, pH, water holding capacity, meat color (CIE a* and b*) in the LT, although it increased (P = 0.005) color lightness (CIE L*). Sensory traits including appearance, aroma, taste, flavor, tenderness, and juiciness in the LT were unaffected by treatment, but glycerol supplementation increased (P = 0.046) overall acceptance. In conclusion, glycerol supplementation during fattening period did not affect weight gain and feed efficiency and most of carcass characteristics and beef sensory traits in Korean cattle steers.

This study investigated effects of dietary glycerol supplementation on liver, muscle, and adipose gene expression related with gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism and association of gene expression levels with marbling score in Korean cattle steers. Fourteen Korean cattle steers (average age 28.4 months; average body weight 733 kg) were equally assigned to two groups (0 and 5% glycerol supplementation). Glycerol was provided with glycerol (63%)-adsorbed ground wheat bran (37%, DM) by top dressing during roughage feeding. A concentrate (1.2% of body weight) and 1.0 kg of ryegrass were individually fed twice daily. After four months of study, steers were slaughtered, and marbling score was evaluated. Longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue at the 13th thoracic vertebra area and liver were collected and analyzed for mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical significance was analyzed by analysis of variance. Correlations were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. Glycerol supplementation increased (P = 0.01) marbling score. In the LT, glycerol supplementation tended to increase (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) lipid uptake CD36 and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA levels. In subcutaneous adipose tissues, glycerol supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) LPL, adipogenic sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and lipogenic acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA levels and tended to increase (0.05 < P < 0.10) CD36, adipogenic peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARG), and lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression. It did not affect (P > 0.05) mRNA levels of hepatic gluconeogenesis genes. Marbling score showed significant positive correlations (0.57 < r < 0.68; P < 0.05) with mRNA levels of several genes including LPL, PPARG, SREBP1, and ACC in adipose tissues, but not with any genes examined in the LT. Our study demonstrates that lipid uptake, adipogenesis and lipogenesis may mainly contribute to the increased marbling score by glycerol supplementation.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of vitamin E (vit E) and black tea extract (BTE) as antioxidant sources in high poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rations on blood malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and the performance of reproduction and lactation of Garut ewes. Twelve ewes on late pregnancy periods were divided into completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments were control: basal diet without antioxidant, vit E: basal diet supplemented with vit E, and BTE: basal diet supplemented with BTE. The results showed that vit E and BTE supplementation did not affect blood MDA concentration of ewes on late pregnancy, lactation periods, and weaning periods. Antioxidant sources supplementation had no effect on ewe’s nutrient intake, pre-lambing live weight change (LWC), and post-lambing average daily gain (ADG). Vit E supplementation had decreased the milk production, but both of antioxidant sources give positive effect on the milk composition. Nevertheless, the supplementation of vit E and BTE increased the twin type of birth. The vit E supplementation resulted higher lambing rate than BTE, although it had the highest mortality rate of twin lamb. BTE also had better lamb weaning weight than vit E. BTE and vit E gave similar results in ewes productivity on lactation period. In conclusion, this study confirmed that BTE was more effective used as antioxidant source than vit E to prevent the oxidative reaction of PUFA. Vit E supplementation on high PUFA ration reduced ewes milk production but it had similar reproduction performance with BTE. Key words: antioxidant, black tea extract, ewes, lactation, reproduction, vitamin E

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak limbah teh hitam (ELT) sebagai sumber antioksidan, dan level energi - protein pakan serta interaksi antara keduanya terhadap stabilitas oksidasi dan kualitas daging ayam broiler. Percobaan ini menggunakan analisis variansi pola faktorial 3 x 3 (3 faktor level pemberian aditif pakan ELT dan 3 tipe pakan) dan perbedaan yang signifikan dilanjutkan uji Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Tipe pakan yaitu tipe 1: energi - protein rendah, tipe 2: energi - protein sedang, tipe 3: energi - protein tinggi. Tiap perlakuan pakan diberi 3 level pemberian aditif: ELT 0, 500, dan 1.000 mg/kg pakan. Percobaan dilakukan selama 42 hari menggunakan 45 ekor ayam, tiap perlakuan terdiri atas 5 ekor ayam sebagai replikasi. Parameter yang diukur meliputi komposisi kimia daging, kualitas fisik daging, kadar malonaldehyde (MDA), kadar kolesterol, dan komposisi asam lemak daging. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa level pemberian ELT dan level energi – protein pakan saling berinteraksi dalam mempengaruhi nilai pH, susut masak dan kadar MDA, total asam lemak jenuh (SFA), total asam lemak mono tidak jenuh (MUFA) serta total asam lemak poli tidak jenuh (PUFA) daging. Pemberian ELT berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap kualitas kimia daging, tetapi berpengaruh nyata menurunkan pH daging, kadar MDA dan SFA daging (P