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This paper has a single goal of finding admissible state trajectories for an unmanned aerial vehicle while utilizing dynamic soaring technique in a linear wind gradient. Loiter pattern trajectory of the small UAV is optimized by employing three non-linear optimal control problems. The whole atmospheric altitude is divided into three regions(below 100m, 100m–115m and above 115m) and each are assigned with carefully chosen wind velocities. The resultant optimized trajectories reveal the possibility of applying dynamic soaring to UAVs which take off with a particular initial velocity from any of the three altitude regions. Performance measures adopted are, maximizing specific energy and specific energy rate extracted by the vehicle, and minimizing the control effort delivered. A 3-DOF point mass model system dynamics of UAV is studied, and control variables are identified as bank angle and lift co-efficient. The state trajectories, euler angle variations, aerodynamic performances are analyzed by changing controls. A suitable wind profile is chosen. The state equations, controls, terminal conditions, objective function, and initial trajectory(initial conditions) are then incorporated into a MATLAB dynamic optimization routine using numerical methods and optimized with the help of genetic algorithm in order to produce converged optimal dynamic soaring trajectories. The results of this study could have a direct impact on the application of UAVs, both military and civilian, as a thrust-off situation could help in saving of fuel and thereby prolong duration of flight, extension of range, and endurance.

Background: Paediatric tuberculosis (TB) indicates presence in the community of sputum -positive pulmonary tuberculosis, presence of childhood risk factors for disease and stage of epidemic. This "orphan disease" exists in the shadow of adult TB and is a significant child health problem, but is neglected. As a result both research and surveillance data in the field of childhood TB has been greatly limited. Objective of the study was to find out the socio-demographic profile of paediatric TB patients registered under RNTCP in Bhopal city.Methods: A study was conducted in all tuberculosis treatment units (TU) of Bhopal city. All paediatric patients in the age group of 0 to 14 years diagnosed as TB and registered under RNTCP and fulfilling inclusion criteria during January to June 2013 (six months) were included in the study. The data was analysed on statistical software SPSS VS.20.Results: The maximum numbers of patients (66.06%) were in the age group of 1-10 years. More than half of the mothers and fathers of paediatric patients are either illiterate or having low educational status. In our study 92.72% of patients belonged to low socio economic status and also 69.09% of paediatric patients lived in overcrowded households and were malnourished.Conclusions: The study concluded that tuberculosis in children affects mainly the age group of 1-10 years and is more common in females. Poor housing conditions contribute to tuberculosis incidence as majority of the paediatric patients lives in semi Pucca and Kaccha house and gave a history of dwelling in overcrowded houses. Majority of children were malnourished.