Search

Dear Editor, P SP k sp and p are rare but clinically important null phenotypes of the GLOB and P1PK blood group systems, respectively, with P SP k sp being particularly rare.[1] The p phenotype lacks P1, P, and P SP k sp antigens, due to alterations in the 1,4-galactosyltransferase gene ( I A4GALT) i . The patient's serum was not reactive with untreated p phenotype RBCs, indicating the presence of anti-P, however her serum reacted with papain-treated p phenotype RBCs, showing the presence of anti-PX2. [Extracted from the article]

As the Arctic route has shown its potential for Europe-North Asia trade, the number of ships across Arctic route is surging. However, CO 2 emissions generated by ships would harm the regional environment. Thus, how to quantify the CO 2 emissions brought by ships for the present stage and future is critical for Arctic environment governance. As shipping emissions are determined by economic, political, environmental and operational factors, little research has been done to estimate CO 2 emission from a systematical way. This paper proposed a System Dynamics (SD) model that incorporates those comprehensive factors simultaneously for Arctic shipping CO 2 emission projection. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the ships sail across NSR are selected for estimation. 12 scenarios with different fuel usage conditions and ship speeds have been set to investigate the trend of CO 2 emissions. Results show that when under the BAU scenario, the overall shipping CO 2 emission on the NSR by 2050 will be 5506149 tons, which is 1.76 times of the emission level in 2020. Switching to cleaner fuels (such as LNG) and slow steaming are effective ways of emission reduction based on the simulation results. The conclusions can facilitate policy makers in making emission reduction decision. [Display omitted] • A System Dynamics framework for estimating shipping related CO 2 emissions on Arctic shipping route is proposed. • All potential ship types and 3 sailing types (intra-navigation, destination and transit) along NSR are considered in the estimation. • 12 scenarios based on different fuel usage structure and ships' sailing speed are set. • Results indicate that under the BAU scenario, the overall shipping CO 2 emission on NSR by 2050 will be 5506149 tons, which is 1.76 times of the emission level in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]