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The Daniudi gas field in China's Ordos Basin is located in the transitional zone between palaeo‐topographic highs and slopes, whereby dissolution‐collapse breccias are widespread within the palaeokarstic reservoir. Abundant cores, well logs and thin sections were used to study palaeo‐topography, palaeokarstic breccia types, diagenesis and reservoir pore characteristics. The results indicated that reservoir quality is controlled by lithology, palaeo‐topography and diagenesis. The extent of palaeokarstic reservoir dissolution was shown to be determined by lithologic differences, whilst only gypsiferous dolostones and finely crystalline dolostones emerged in reservoir formation. Palaeo‐topography was also found to regulate reservoir development. The reservoirs are primarily located 20 m below the Ordovician unconformity in palaeo‐topographic hills and palaeo‐topographic slopes, whilst their depth is palaeo‐topography dependent. Lithology and palaeo‐topography also coordinate the distribution of palaeokarst breccia facies. Clast‐supported and matrix‐supported chaotic breccias were found in argillaceous dolostone strata. However, crackle–mosaic breccias occurred in gypsiferous dolostones and crystalline dolostones, located in palaeogeomorphic residual hills and slopes. Reservoirs generally develop in crackle–mosaic breccias of Ma51 and Ma52 sub‐Members, the quality of such reservoirs is dependent on the development and distribution of palaeokarst breccia facies and diagenesis. Dissolution of dolomite and anhydrite nodules was found to result in moldic pores and dissolution‐enlarged pores. Overall, the most damaging effect on reservoir quality resulted from calcite cement infilling moldic pores, enlarged pores and fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As observed by remote sensing images in December 2013 and January 2014, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) bloom occurred on the south side of the Agulhas Current (38°S-45°S). The dynamic mechanisms of Chl-a bloom were studied by satellite remote sensing data, reanalysis data and Argo data. The periodic shedding of the Agulhas ring led to a significant eastward shift of the Agulhas retroflection from December 2013 to January 2014, without the obstruction of flowing complex eddies and with increased current flow. Then, the horizontal transfer of Chl-a occurred along the south side of the Agulhas Current (38°S-45°S). Nitrate concentrations reached 10–15 μmol·L-1 on the south side of the Agulhas Current, where a deepened mixed layer and upwelling and the vertical transport of nutrients contributed to the Chl-a bloom. In addition, sufficient light and suitable precipitation provide good conditions for Chl-a bloom on the south side of the Agulhas Current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detachment of the cyclonic eddy (CE) from the mainstream on the north side of the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) is first observed and analyzed with a multiparameter eddy dataset and eddy detection technique. It is found that there exists a special form (ACA) of two anticyclonic eddies (AE) sandwiching a cyclonic eddy (CE). The cyclonic eddy is then locally shed from the jet and shifts to the west before finally being recaptured by the mainstream. From observations, cyclonic eddy detachments in ACA form can be classified into two categories based on the detachment mode and on the sea surface height (SSH) data. Using reanalysis data, satellite observation data and Argo data, the analysis reveals that the positional relationship between the anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddy affects the detachment type. In addition, the existence of the ARC itself, with its giant meandering morphology and dissipative effect, also provides conditions for the detachment of the cyclonic eddy. • The detachment of the cyclonic eddy from the north side of the Agulhas Return Current was first observed and analyzed. • There exists a special form (ACA) of two anticyclonic eddies (AE) sandwiching in a cyclonic eddy (CE). • The positional relationship between the anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddy affects the detachment type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The He 8 sandstone unit in the Western Sulige field is one of the most prolific gas‐producing intervals in the Ordos Basin. Sedimentologic and reservoir characteristics analysis were conducted to investigate the reservoir's petrological, diagenetic, petrophysical properties, and production characteristics. Three sandstone types and four lithofacies were identified. The two most commonly observed lithofacies are labelled lithofacies C and D. Lithofacies C is composed of fine‐ to medium‐grained litharenites (Sandstone I); lithofacies D includes coarse‐grained sublitharenites (Sandstone II) and coarse‐grained/gravelly litharenites (Sandstone III). Compared with Lithofacies C, Lithofacies D was deposited as a series of laminated sand sheets in a higher energy fluvial system. The tightness of Sandstone I is a result of an episode of intense compaction of the rock framework causing early‐diagenetic dissolution of grains and deformation of ductile rock fragments. The processes that led to the low permeability of Sandstone II and Sandstone III are more complex. In addition to intense compaction, the growth and emplacement of quartz and clay cements are a critical factor. Diagenesis and porosity evolution analysis show that the petrophysical properties of these sandstones were better at the gas charging time. The porosity and permeability values of Sandstones II and III are similar at surface, but significantly different at formation pressure. This leads to differences in gas production rates. Sandstone II has higher gas production rates and cumulative gas production than Sandstone III. The presence or absence of Sandstone II controls the distribution of sweet spots within less productive tight gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in children with diarrhoea associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (D+HUS) and cerebral involvement was evaluated retrospectively. Methods: DWI within 24 h of onset of neurological symptoms. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured in grey/white matter and correlated with clinical and laboratory findings. Results: DWI was abnormal in all. Abnormal ADC was detected in the supratentorial white matter (6/12) and cortex (1/12), the basal ganglia (5/12), the thalami (4/12), and the cerebellum (1/12). ADC was reduced in 5/12, increased in 4/12, and both in 3/12. Mean serum sodium was lower in patients with DWI abnormalities affecting the white matter (6/12), than in those with basal ganglia/thalamic involvement (6/12). Neurological outcome was normal in 4/11 and abnormal in 7/11, and 1 patient died, outcome did not correlate to either localisation or type of DWI abnormality. Conclusions: In D+HUS with neurological symptoms, early DWI may reveal abnormal ADC not only in the basal ganglia/thalami, but also in the white matter/cortex. Besides thrombotic microangiopathy, toxic effects of shiga toxin, azotaemia and hyponatraemia / hypoosmolality may be involved in cerebral involvement in children with D+HUS. Findings on early MRI seem not to predict clinical course or outcome. Key Points: • DWI MR imaging may detect early CNS involvement in haemolytic uraemic syndrome • Different pathogenetical mechanisms may contribute to the CNS disease in HUS • Early MRI findings do not seem to allow prediction of clinical outcome [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An intense tropical cyclone (TC), TC Hellen, occurred in the northern Mozambique Channel on March 27, 2014, and moved from the east coast of the African continent to the northern Madagascar island. TC Hellen dramatically altered the marine environment in the northern Mozambique Channel, resulting in a significant chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) bloom. A giant surface Chl-a northwest-ward movement from the northwest coast of Madagascar Island was first observed after the passage of TC Hellen in the northern Mozambique Channel. The dynamic mechanisms of these phenomenon were studied by satellite remote sensing, multisource reanalysis data, and Argo float data. The results show that transient northwestward-moving eddies, upwelling, and winds had important effects on the Chl-a bloom and its northwestward movement. Ekman transport driven by coastal southeasterly winds entrained waters with high Chl-a concentrations to the northwest, while TC Hellen enhanced cyclonic eddy upwelling and uplifted nutrient-rich deep water to the upper ocean. This vertical mixing and upwelling in turn triggered the Chl-a bloom in the offshore surface layer. This study provides insight into the reflection of phytoplankton dynamics by TCs in the northern Mozambique Channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About 50% of the patients 5–7 years after kidney transplantation show impairment of memory, attention and executive function. Tacrolimus frequently induces neurological complications in the first few weeks after transplantation. Furthermore, tacrolimus treatment is associated with impaired cognitive function in the long-term in patients after liver transplantation. We hypothesize that long-term tacrolimus therapy is associated with cognitive dysfunction and alterations of brain structure and metabolism in patients after kidney transplantation. Methods: Twenty-one patients 10 years after kidney transplantation underwent cognitive testing, magnetic resonance imaging and whole brain 31-phosphor magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the assessment of brain function, structure and energy metabolism. Using a cross-sectional study design the results were compared to those of patients 1 (n = 11) and 5 years (n = 10) after kidney transplantation, and healthy controls (n = 17). To further analyze the share of transplantation, tacrolimus therapy and kidney dysfunction on the results patients after liver transplantation (n = 9) were selected as a patient control group. Results: Patients 1 and 10 years after kidney transplantation (p = 0.02) similar to patients 10 years after liver transplantation (p<0.01) showed significantly worse cognitive function than healthy controls. In contrast to patients after liver transplantation patients after kidney transplantation showed significantly reduced adenosine triphosphate levels in the brain compared to healthy controls (p≤0.01). Patients 1 and 5 years after kidney transplantation had significantly increased periventricular hyperintensities compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our data indicate that cognitive impairment in the long-term after liver and kidney transplantation cannot exclusively be explained by CNI neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gucheng area, located in the east of the Tarim Basin, is one of the important gas exploration targets, and the Upper Cambrian dolostone is the main pay layer. The dolostone is considered to be altered by hydrothermal fluids, but the hydrothermal altering degrees are still unclear. In this study we report the petrography and in situ trace elemental data, and try to discuss the hydrothermal fluids and their impact on the Upper Cambrian dolostones. Based on the petrography and CL properties, five types of dolomites are identified. MD1 and MD2 are the matrix dolomites. The crystal size of MD1 range from approximately 30 to 100 μm, while the MD2 is larger than 200 μm. Cement dolomite (CD) occurring only in vugs and fractures is subdivided into three types depending on the CL properties. CD‐zone1 is the core of CD with dull CL colours. CD‐zone2 comprises a bright red CL colour zone and a dull CL colour zone, and CD‐zone3 is the rim of CD dolomite with bright red CL colours. MD2 and CD‐zone1 show light rare earth elements (LREE) depletion, middle rare earth elements (MREE) enrichment and negative Eu anomalies. The REEY patterns of CD‐zone3 dolomite are marked by LREE enrichment and positive Eu anomalies. CD‐zone2 is the transitional mineral phase that shows slightly LREE depletion and negative Eu anomalies. The REEY patterns of CD‐zone1 suggest that CD‐zone1 is likely formed by local redistribution of older dolomites in a closed system. The REEY patterns of CD‐zone3 may indicate a magmatic associated hydrothermal fluid. Based on the petrography and in situ trace elemental data, the Permian magmatic fluid, which is recorded in CD‐zone2 and CD‐zone3 dolomites, may be only limited within fractures, while unlikely significantly altered the matrix dolomite in the Upper Cambrian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of deeply buried hydrocarbon is still a challenge for the petroleum geology. The Shunbei area is a newly discovered oil fields, located in the center of the Tarim Basin. The oil is mainly yielded from the Middle–Lower Ordovician carbonate reservoirs with depth > 7000 m in the Shunbei No. 1 and No. 5 fault zones. Calcite cements filled in vugs (v-calcite) and fractures (f-calcite) are identified in limestones and dolostones of the carbonate reservoirs. F-calcites in the Shunbei No. 1 fault zone trap secondary inclusions in trails, which comprise liquid-dominated biphase aqueous inclusions, liquid-dominated biphase oil inclusions, and/or oil-bearing triphase inclusions. F-calcite and v-calcite in the No. 5 fault zone trap secondary inclusions in trails, which consist of liquid-only monophase aqueous inclusions, liquid-dominated biphase aqueous inclusions, liquid-dominated biphase oil inclusions, liquid-only monophase oil inclusions, and/or oil-bearing triphase inclusions. The ranges of the homogenization temperature ( T h ) and ice-melting temperature ( T m − ice ) in the Shunbei No. 1 fault zone are, respectively, 130–150°C and -2.1–-1.5°C. The coexistence of liquid-only and liquid-dominated aqueous inclusions in the Shunbei No. 5 fault zone indicates that the aqueous inclusions are trapped at low temperatures. The aqueous inclusions in the Shunbei No. 5 fault zone show a range from -0.4 to -0.2°C in T m − ice which is very close to the meteoric fluid. In the context of the burial-thermal history and the Cambrian source rock evolution, the charging process of hydrocarbon in the Shunbei No. 1 and No. 5 fault zones corresponds to the Silurian and Middle Ordovician, respectively. Results of fluid inclusions indicate a tightly coupling relationship between the hydrocarbon charging process and fault system evolution in the Shunbei area. This study reveals the application of fluid inclusion under the systemically petrographic constraints to decipher the charging history of hydrocarbon, especially for the deeply buried reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the interaction between tropical cyclones (TCs) and the upper ocean in the Bay of Bengal (BoB), TC Nada in 2016 is studied by analyzing ocean reanalysis data, ocean satellite remote sensing data and Argo buoy data. The results show that Nada influenced the anticyclonic eddy (ACE) present at 83.8°E,9.8°N, which propagated westward and formed a new ACE east of Sri Lanka, leading to the EICC bifurcation. An Eastern Sri Lankan Jet (ESLJ) was produced. After the ACE disappeared, the boundary current velocity increased from 1.4 m·s−1 to 1.6 m·s−1. Meanwhile, the main axis of the boundary current is shifted westward. The barrier layer thickness (BLT) was thickened by 33 m at the ACE and thinned by 10 m at the cyclonic eddy (approximately 11°N, 82°E). The mixed layer depth (MLD) became shallower within both the CE and the ACE, which can explain why there were no large-scale phytoplankton blooms in the eddies. Additionally, a part of the sea boundary current intruded into the Palk Strait affected by Nada. The chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the Palk Strait increases from 0.08 to 0.67 mg·m−3, causing a phytoplankton bloom. This study helps to estimate the ecological impact of TCs in the western BoB. • After Nada landed, the K3 section flowed faster, bringing phytoplankton into the Palk Strait and causing a Chl-a bloom. • The main axis of the EICC is shifted to the west by the influence of Nada. • Nada influenced the ACE present at 83.8°E,9.8°N, which formed a new ACE east of Sri Lanka, leading to the EICC bifurcation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chronic fatigue, mood alterations and cognitive impairment are frequent accessory symptoms of HCV infection. Fatigue and mood alterations have also been observed in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but not in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infection, thus indicating an autoimmune response as possible cause of HCV infection‐associated encephalopathy. Data, however, are sparse. This study aimed to prove that HCV patients feature similar to those with autoimmune liver disease but contrary to HBV patients regarding neuropsychiatric symptoms. A total of 132 noncirrhotic patients (HCV: 46, HBV: 22, AIH: 27, PBC: 29, AIH/PBC: 8) completed questionnaires addressing the domains mentioned above. Eighty‐eight underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Patient groups were compared among each other and to 33 healthy controls. Fatigue, anxiety and depression scores were significantly increased, and the SF‐36 mental score significantly decreased in all patient groups compared to controls. Fatigue was significantly more pronounced in HCV than in HBV patients. HCV patients scored significantly worse than HBV patients but not AIH and PBC patients in the SF‐36. HCV, AIH and PBC but not HBV patients did significantly worse than controls in word learning. Recognition of words was impaired in HCV, AIH and PBC patients and recognition of figures in HCV patients, exclusively (P ≤ 0.002). HCV patients did also worse than controls and HBV patients concerning alertness and working memory (P ≤ 0.001). The neuropsychiatric profiles of HCV patients are similar to those of AIH and PBC patients but differ from those of HBV patients, suggesting an autoimmune response as a possible cause for these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energetic ionic liquids (EILs) based upon nitrate, perchlorate and dicyandiamide salts of 1-alky/esteryl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium are synthesized. The structures are characterized by 1 H NMR, FT-IR and element analysis. The density, constant volume combustion heat and specific heat capacity of these EILs are determined through experiment. Their interaction energies of ion pairs, standard molar volume, standard molar heat capacity and standard molar enthalpy of formation are calculated by DFT/B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) and further researched. The thermodynamics function data relative to the reference temperature (298 K) are obtained based on the C p from 303 to 353 K. The influences of temperature, molecular structure and interaction energy of ion pairs on ρ and C p are also discussed systematically. In addition, the density and thermodynamic properties of EILs are deduced from theoretical calculation and experimental evidences. As a result, the physicochemical properties estimation of EILs using theoretical calculation method can be applied in the field of modern military, science, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical cyclone (TC) Madi with an inverted V-shaped track happened over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) from Dec. 5 to Dec. 12, 2013. In this paper, the strong oceanic and atmospheric responses during the turning of the inverted V-shaped track of Madi were studied using the multisource satellite remote sensing and Argo float data. The results indicate that the response during the pre-turn phase (00:00 Dec.5 to 06:00 Dec.10) is more acute than that during the post-turn phase (06:00 Dec.10 to 18:00 Dec.12) of Madi. During the pre-turn phase, the cumulative precipitation reached 206 mm, the sea surface temperature (SST) decreased from 27.7 °C to 24.5 °C, and the maximum wind speed (MWS) increased from 7.71 m·s−1 to 43.72 m·s−1. At the turning corner on Dec.10, a symmetrical distribution of temperature drop, with greater precipitation on the left than that on the right. Meanwhile, the deep vertical wind shear was 17.13 m·s−1 with a northwestward moving cyclonic eddy. The barrier layer thickness was reduced from 25.82 m (24.88 m) to 23.8 m (12.38 m) during the pre-turn (post-turn) phase. Moreover, the potential vorticity (PV) caused by the ocean eddy disturbance is closely related to the intensity of TC. This study helps to estimate the sea-air interactions in the western BoB. • Madi with an inverted V-shaped track. The oceanic response was more noticeable on the left side of the path. • The abrupt southwesterly turn of Madi was influenced by meridional winds below 700 hPa, environmental flows, PV and RH. • Due to dry and cold air invaded, latent heat flux and PV weakened, TC intensity weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the design and preparation of novel functional materials using biomimetic approaches for the high adsorption and precise selective capture of biomolecules have been actively investigated. In this work, molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs) with a homogeneous polymer shell anchored onto SiO core particles were successfully synthesized via the surface iniferter-initiated polymerization under room temperature in aqueous media. Herein, a clinically relevant immunostimulating hexapeptide from human casein (IHHC) was chosen as a template. Moreover, a novel double imidazolium dicationic ionic liquid with multiple binding sites was synthesized and used as the cross-linker to improve the recognition performance and enhance the adsorption capacity of MIMs simultaneously. The as-prepared microspheres were characterized through various methods. Results revealed that MIMs not only exhibited excellent selective recognition for IHHC but also possessed a high adsorption capacity through the synergistic effect of directional and non-directional interactions, which demonstrated their potential use in the practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the synthesis of l -(+)-α-(positive butyl)-leucine ethyl ester ionic liquids with anions based on bromide (Br − ), terafluoroborate (BF 4 − ) and hexafluorophosphate (PF 6 − ) were presented. The structures and purities of these amino acids ionic liquids (AAILs) were characterized by 1 H NMR and the determinations of water content. The interaction energies of AAILs-solvents/amino acids and dipole moment of AAILs were obtained through ab initio at MP2/6-311G ++(2d, p). The relationships between the solubility of AAILs and common solvents, molecular structure and the interaction energies of AAILs-solvents along with the influences of temperature and molecular structure on the bio-solubility of AAILs were discussed systematically. The results revealed that the solubility of the title AAILs increased firstly and then decreased with decreasing dielectric constant of solvent. With the dipole moment of AAILs and hydrogen bond interaction increasing, the solubility in polar solvents had an increasing trend. With the interaction energies of AAILs-solvents becoming bigger, AAILs can be easily dissolved in the solvents. The dissolution of amino acids in AAILs was largened with temperature increasing. Additional, the ease or difficulty of dissolution for amino acids in AAILs can be predicted by theoretical calculation. This prediction is consistent with the dissolution behavior of AAILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alterations in brain glucose metabolism and in peripheral glucose metabolism have frequently been observed in major depressive disorder (MDD). The insulin independent glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) plays a key role in brain metabolism while the insulin-dependent GLUT4 is the major glucose transporter for skeletal and cardiac muscle. We therefore examined methylation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in fifty-two depressed inpatients and compared data to eighteen healthy comparison subjects. DNA methylation of the core promoter regions of GLUT1 and GLUT4 was assessed by bisulfite sequencing. Further factors determined were fasting glucose, cortisol, insulin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We found significantly increased methylation of the GLUT1 in depressed inpatients compared to healthy comparison subjects (CG). Further findings comprise increased concentrations of fasting cortisol, glucose, insulin, and increased IL-6 and TNF-α. After six weeks of inpatient treatment, significantly lower GLUT1 methylation was observed in remitted patients compared to non-remitters. GLUT4 methylation was not different between depressed patients and CG, and did not differ between remitted and non-remitted patients. Although preliminary we conclude from our results that the acute phase of major depressive disorder is associated with increased GLUT1 methylation and mild insulin resistance. The successful treatment of depression is associated with normalization of GLUT1 methylation in remitters, indicating that this condition may be reversible. Failure of normalization of GLUT1 methylation in non-remitters may point to a possible role of impeded brain glucose metabolism in the maintenance of MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various degrees of dolomitization are widely present in the Yingshan Formation in the Gucheng area of the Tarim Basin. To determine the petrological characteristics and origin of the massive dolomites present, a rich combination of tools was well used, including previous research results, core and thin-section samples, cathodoluminescence, carbon (C-) and oxygen (O-) isotopes, strontium (Sr-) isotopes and content, and burial-thermal history data. The results of this analysis successfully reveal three primary matrix dolomites and three special cements, as follows: (1) microcrystalline to very fine crystalline nonplanar-a dolomite (MD1); (2) very fine to fine crystalline planar-s to planar-e dolomite (MD2); (3) medium to coarse crystalline nonplanar-a to planar-s dolomite (MD3); (4) coarse crystalline nonplanar-a saddle dolomite cement (SD) and (5) medium to coarse crystalline calcite cements (C1 and C2). Among them, MD1 precipitated from the reflux of mildly evaporated seawater, and MD2 was formed by the first significant recrystallization of MD1 in shallow burial environments. In particular, some MD3 was formed by the second significant recrystallization of MD1 in medium-burial environments. The others, even SD, were likely the products of the third significant recrystallization and cementation in deep-burial environments that precipitate under the action of a hydrothermal fluid mixture composed of mantle-derived fluid and Cambrian thermal brine. In addition, C1 and C2 would form close to the times in which the Himalayan and Late Caledonian–Early Hercynian hydrocarbon charging events occurred, respectively. • The origin of the dolomites of the Yingshan Formation in the study area was analysed systematically for the first time. • MD had undergone dolomitization and varying degrees of recrystallization by two different sources of fluids. • C1 and C2 formed during the Himalayan and Late Caledonian–Early Hercynian orogenic periods respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thick Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician carbonates of the Gucheng uplift (southeastern Tarim Basin, northwestern China) have been extensively dolomitized, leading to the formation of massive dolomite reservoirs. The origins of different dolomites and their original fluids were studied based on an integrated analysis of petrology, geochemical data (C, O, and Sr isotopes) and fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs). The D1 (very finely to finely crystalline planar-e/s dolomite) and the D2 (finely to medium crystalline planar-s/a dolomite) dolomites were formed from the mesosaline to penesaline seawater in the subsurface to shallow burial stage. The increasing temperatures and changes of dolomitizing fluid properties led to the formation of different textures and distributions. Both D1 and D2 dolomites, compared to the matrix limestone, show no obvious improvements in porosity, which indicates that early dolomitizations did not create or preserve the primary pores. CD1 (finely to medium crystalline nonplanar-e/s dolomite) and CD2 (medium to coarsely crystalline nonplanar saddle dolomite) dolomites are dolomite cements of hydrothermal alteration at the deep burial stage. Due to changes in temperature and Mg2+ concentrations of the hydrothermal fluids, the precipitation of CD1 and CD2 dolomites exhibited different textures and filling sequences. In the limited space of matrix dolomite, hydrothermally altered dolomite was dominated by D3 (medium to coarsely crystalline nonplanar-a dolomite). The late calcite fillings were precipitated on account of decreasing Mg2+ concentration at the end of the hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal fluids, depleted in Mg2+ and enriched in silica, could be deep-basinal brines driven by the strongly transpressional faults from the Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian. Compared to D1 and D2 dolomites, the higher porosities in hydrothermally altered dolomite indicate that hydrothermal fluids are constructive to the formation of reservoirs. Hydrothermal alteration products showed obvious differences between the dolomite and limestone, and led to different performance in physical characteristics. Hence, the hydrothermally altered reservoirs in the eastern Tarim Basin were mostly distributed in the dolomite but were less developed in the limestone. This study provides new insights into the evolution of dolomitizing fluids that are responsible for multiple dolomitization events and the formation of the hydrtothermal dolomite in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere around the world. • The mesosaline to penesaline seawater and increasing temperatures promoted the formation of D1 and D2 dolomite. • The hydrothermal fluids are featured by depleted Mg2+ and enriched silicon. • The hydrothermal alterations show selective improvements to the dolomite reservoirs in southeast of the Tarim Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While acute neurotoxic side effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) are well-known, data upon long-term effects on brain structure and function are sparse. We hypothesize that long-term CNI therapy affects the neuroimmune system, thereby, increasing the risk of neurodegeneration. Here, we measured the impact of CNI therapy on plasma levels of brain- and T cell-derived cytokines in a cohort of patients after liver transplantation (LT). Levels of T cell-mediated cytokines (e.g. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) and brain-derived cytokines (e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)) were measured by multiplex assays in plasma of 82 patients about 10 years after LT (17 with CNI free, 35 with CNI low dose, 30 with standard dose CNI immunosuppression) and 33 healthy controls. Data were related to psychometric test results and parameters of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the CNI free LT patient group (p=0.027) compared to healthy controls. BDNF levels were significantly lower in LT patients treated with CNI (CNI low: p<0.001; CNI standard: p=0.016) compared to controls. PDGF levels were significantly lower in the CNI low dose group (p=0.004) and for PDGF-AB/BB also in the CNI standard dose group (p=0.029) compared to controls. BDNF and PDGF negatively correlated with cognitive function and brain volume (p<0.05) in the CNI low dose group. Our results imply that long-term treatment with CNI suppresses BDNF and PDGF expression, both crucial for neuronal signaling, cell survival and synaptic plasticity and thereby may lead to cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration. • Calcineurininhibitors (CNI) may induce long term neurological side effects. • After liver transplantation CNI influence the level of T- cell mediated cytokines and brain derived cytokines. • CNI suppress BDNF and PDGF expression, both crucial for neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The double wedge cut method was adopted for tunnel centre crown excavation. • The three-round installation induces greater forces due to progressive rock damage. • The two-round installation method causes smallest internal forces. • Control of over-break by two-round installation substantially saves cost and time. • The two- and three-round installation methods allow more operation space. In conventional drill and blast tunnelling, initial ground support is placed immediately after the current round is shot before excavation of the next round (i.e. one-round installation method). When tunnelling in hard rock, one-round installation of initial ground support conservatively ensures tunnel integrity, but meanwhile brings up other problems such as over-break at tunnel face, slow excavation rate and so forth. In this study, a large-span tunnel in Class III hard rock was monitored by a network of sensors to investigate tunnel internal forces in three construction scenarios where initial ground supports were placed in different timing and sequence: (1) initial ground support installed immediately after current round (2) support installed after two rounds (3) support installed after three consecutive rounds. The collected field measurements together with construction records were evaluated from three aspects: structural stability, constructability and cost-effectiveness. Results show that the installation of initial ground support after two rounds generally led to the most regular and minimum tunnel internal forces of the three construction scenarios, whilst it managed to minimize under & over-break and allow more space for construction convenience. In the meanwhile, this installation sequence significantly accelerated tunnel advance rate at lower material cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]