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Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn. is a tree in genus Cinnamomum that has been facing global threats due to forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. Many recent studies aim to describe habitats and assess population and species genetic diversity for species conservation by expanding afforestation models for this species. Understanding their current and future potential distribution plays a major role in guiding conservation efforts. Using five modern machine-learning algorithms available on Google Earth Engine helped us evaluate suitable habitats for the species. The results revealed that Random Forest (RF) had the highest accuracy for model comparison, outperforming Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The results also showed that the extremely suitable ecological areas for the species are mostly distributed in northern Vietnam, followed by the North Central Coast and the Central Highlands. Elevation, Temperature Annual Range and Mean Diurnal Range were the three most important parameters affecting the potential distribution of C. parthenoxylon. Evaluation of the impact of climate on its distribution under different climate scenarios in the past (Last Glacial Maximum and Mid-Holocene), in the present (Worldclim) and in the future (using four climate change scenarios: ACCESS, MIROC6, EC-Earth3-Veg and MRI-ESM2-0) revealed that of C. parthenoxylon would likely expand to the northeast, while a large area of central Vietnam will gradually lose its adaptive capacity by 2100.

BackgroundNursing professional is one of the most stressful jobs, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. When caring for COVID-19 patients, nurses face challenging conditions and limited resources, as well as the fear of infecting themselves and their families, putting them at risk for depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency, sources, and risk factors for occupational stress among clinical nurses caring for COVID-19 patients in a Vietnamese tertiary hospital.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among all clinical nurses (184 nurses) at a tertiary hospital in Vietnam from March 15 to April 15, 2021. A questionnaire was used for collecting data. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Risk factors were identified by adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and P values less than 0.05.ResultsThe survey was completed by 89.7% (165/184) of clinical nurses. Most participants were female (85.5%) and ≤ 40 years old (97.6%). Overall, participants reported a medium stress level with an Extended Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) mean score of 1.79 points, and 32.1% had occupational stress. Prevalence of occupational stress among participants caring for COVID-19 patients (34.0%) was not statistically significant difference with that among those who did not (29.4%). Nurses' occupational stress in emergency and intensive care units (50.0%) was substantially higher than that in the other departments (11.7%). The most stressors for participants were difficulties connected to inadequate emotional preparedness, patients and families, and death and dying, with subscale mean scores of 1.97, 1.88, and 1.88 points, respectively. In multivariate analysis, working at an emergency and intensive care unit (OR 4.97), usually or more frequently feeling heavy duty for patients (OR 3.17), and income decrease (OR 3.03) were risk factors associated with occupational stress.ConclusionOne-third of clinical nurses at a tertiary hospital experienced occupational stress, with highest rate occurred at emergency and intensive care units. Nurses' working conditions at emergency and intensive care units should be essentially addressed to improve nurses' occupational stress.

Abstract This multicentre prospective cohort study aimed to compare the accuracy of the PAASH, WFNS, and Hunt and Hess (H&H) scales in predicting the outcomes of adult patients with aneurysmal SAH presented to three central hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam, from August 2019 to June 2021. Of 415 eligible patients, 32.0% had a 90-day poor outcome, defined as an mRS score of 4 (moderately severe disability) to 6 (death). The PAASH, WFNS and H&H scales all have good discriminatory abilities for predicting the 90-day poor outcome. There were significant differences in the 90-day mean mRS scores between grades I and II (p = 0.001) and grades II and III (p = 0.001) of the PAASH scale, between grades IV and V (p = 0.026) of the WFNS scale, and between grades IV and V (p

Maximum likelihood estimators are used extensively to estimate unknown parameters of stochastic trait evolution models on phylogenetic trees. Although the MLE has been proven to converge to the true value in the independent-sample case, we cannot appeal to this result because trait values of different species are correlated due to shared evolutionary history. In this paper, we consider a 2-state symmetric model for a single binary trait and investigate the theoretical properties of the MLE for the transition rate in the large-tree limit. Here, the large-tree limit is a theoretical scenario where the number of taxa increases to infinity and we can observe the trait values for all species. Specifically, we prove that the MLE converges to the true value under some regularity conditions. These conditions ensure that the tree shape is not too irregular, and holds for many practical scenarios such as trees with bounded edges, trees generated from the Yule (pure birth) process, and trees generated from the coalescent point process. Our result also provides an upper bound for the distance between the MLE and the true value.

Cao Bang Geopark is one of three UNESCO heritage sites in Vietnam, with unique geological, landscape and cultural properties of high value to tourism. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the potential for geotourism development in Cao Bang Global Geopark, thereby proposing reasonable development strategies in the future. The research using the multicriteria assessment and SWOT analysis tool found that Cao Bang Global Geopark has a high ability to attract tourists and exploit large tourism resources globally. However, the infrastructure, technical facilities, human resources and investment capital for geotourism are still limited and need to be improved. The research results can be considered useful references for academia and managers in finding strategies and solutions for sustainable geotourism development at Cao Bang Geopark in the future.

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is among the rarest malignant tumors diagnosed in children. PPBs can be histopathologically classified into 3 types: cystic tumor (type I), mixed cystic and solid tumor (type II), and pure solid tumor (type III). We describe a case of type III PPB that was detected in a prenatal fetus, confirmed using histopathological methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case describing a type III PPB detected in a fetus. Prenatal ultrasonography is an excellent tool for detecting pulmonary lesions during the diagnostic phase, and the possibility of PPB should be considered when solid tumors are detected. Early detection can allow for the performance of full resection, leading to a better prognosis for this cancerous tumor.

Background: Educational interventions have been shown to be effective in reducing cancer pain for patients with cancer. However, there is a lack of educational intervention programs for cancer pain management in Vietnam, and none have been studied or implemented in clinical practice. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cultural appropriateness and clinical applicability of a pain management educational intervention program modified from PRO-SELF©: Pain Control Program for patients with cancer. Methods: This quantitative descriptive study was conducted from January to June 2022 with 15 experts, including oncologists, nurses with palliative care and pain relief certifications, and pharmacists. Data were collected using a 23-item questionnaire rated on a 5-point scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The program was evaluated for its appropriateness, clinical applicability, and feasibility, resulting in high ratings with an average of 4.49 ± 0.23, 4.56 ± 0.33, and 4.29 ± 0.55, respectively. The general mean score of the items was 4.46 ± 0.22. Experts also provided comments for adjustments to the program, which were incorporated into a revised draft of the intervention program. Conclusions: The pain management educational intervention program for Vietnamese patients with cancer was considered appropriate and clinically applicable by the experts. Further clinical trials can now be conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness.

Background: The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) measures self-efficacy for pain management in patients with chronic pain, including cancer pain. Although the questionnaire has been translated into many other languages, it has not yet been translated and tested in Vietnam. Objective: This study aimed to translate and validate the PSEQ into Vietnamese. Methods: The PSEQ was translated into Vietnamese using Brislin’s model. Next, the Vietnamese version of the questionnaire (Viet-PSEQ) was evaluated for content validity by six experts using the Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI). The reliability of the questionnaire was examined with 30 patients with cancer, using test-retest reliability (Intra-Class Correlation - ICC) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α). Results: The I-CVI values ranged from 0.5 to 0.88, and the S-CVI value was 0.93. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.91, and the ICC was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.949 – 0.997, p

Assessing the quality of groundwater and upstream water in regions experiencing water scarcity during the dry season, such as the mountainous districts of Northern Vietnam, holds immense significance in the management, utilization, and preservation of natural water resources. In this study, we collected and analyzed 54 samples of groundwater and upstream streamwater within the Nam Mu river basin in Lai Chau province during the dry season. These samples underwent thorough analysis for physicochemical parameters, major ion concentrations, and trace elements. Some results revealed a close relationship between streamwater and groundwater, indicating a similar chemical composition. These waters could be classified based on geological formations, yielding two primary water types in the area. The first type, characterized by Ca ^2+ - Mg ^2+ - HCO _3 ^− is prevalent in Triassic terrigenous sediments. The second type is a mixed water type, ranging from Ca ^2+ - Mg ^2+ - Cl ^− to Ca ^2+ - Na ^+ - HCO _3 ^− , primarily distributed in Permian felsic volcanic formations. These distinct water types are primarily the result of interactions between water and rock, precipitation processes, and ion exchange phenomena. Geochemical simulation results demonstrated the supersaturation of aragonite, calcite, and dolomite minerals, leading to the precipitation of carbonate minerals. Concurrently, the simulation indicated a tendency to dissolve minerals such as fluorite, gypsum, halite, and sylvite. The assessment of water quality using the WQI indicates that, in accordance with QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT 2018 standards, the majority of groundwater and streamwater are suitable for domestic use. However, exceptions exist in certain sample locations where water quality exceeds permissible standards, primarily due to elevated levels of Fe, Mn, and NO _3 ^− concentration. Hence, it is important to implement water treatment processes for the water sourced from these specific locations before their utilization in daily activities to ensure the safety and well-being of the local population.

Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for the direct, quick and quantitative determination of chlorpyrifos residue in bell peppers using the QuEChERS extraction method. The method was validated, and the parameters were confirmed to be within the regulated limits. The limit of detection was 2.6 [micro]g/kg with a linear dynamic range from 5 to 200 [micro]g/kg. The percent recoveries of fortified bell pepper samples at 5, 10, and 50 [micro]g/kg were 84.6, 99.9, and 98.5% with the relative standard deviations of 3.3, 1.8, and 0.6%, respectively. As a result, the bell pepper samples collected from markets in Ho Chi Minh city contained chlorpyrifos despite the fact that in 2019 the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development removed the pesticides containing chlorpyrifos from the list of pesticides permitted for use in Vietnam. This method is suitable for the determination of chlorpyrifos residue in bell peppers with high sensitivity, accuracy, good precision, rapid analysis, and high specificity in a complex matrix., Author(s): Van-Trong Nguyen [sup.1], Long-Ho Tran [sup.1] [sup.2], Thanh-Khue Van [sup.1], Dinh-Vu Le [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.448730.c, 0000 0004 0518 008X, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho [...]

Objectives To investigate the impact of intracerebral haematoma (ICH) on the outcomes and the factors related to an ICH in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) in a low- and middle-income country.Design A multicentre prospective cohort study.Setting Three central hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam.Participants This study included all patients (≥18 years) presenting with aSAH to the three central hospitals within 4 days of ictus, from August 2019 to June 2021, and excluded patients for whom the admission Glasgow Coma Scale was unable to be scored or patients who became lost at 90 days of follow-up during the study.Outcome measures The primary outcome was ICH after aneurysm rupture, defined as ICH detected on an admission head CT scan. The secondary outcomes were 90-day poor outcomes and 90-day death.Results Of 415 patients, 217 (52.3%) were females, and the median age was 57.0 years (IQR: 48.0–67.0). ICH was present in 20.5% (85/415) of patients with aSAH. There was a significant difference in the 90-day poor outcomes (43.5% (37/85) and 29.1% (96/330); p=0.011) and 90-day mortality (36.5% (31/85) and 20.0% (66/330); p=0.001) between patients who had ICH and patients who did not have ICH. The multivariable regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.674; 95% CI: 1.372 to 5.214; p=0.004), World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grades II (AOR: 3.683; 95% CI: 1.250 to 10.858; p=0.018) to V (AOR: 6.912; 95% CI: 2.553 to 18.709; p

Objectives To compare the accuracy of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) Scores in predicting mortality among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis in a low-income and middle-income country.Design A multicentre, cross-sectional study.Setting A total of 15 adult ICUs throughout Vietnam.Participants We included all patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to ICUs for sepsis and who were still in ICUs from 00:00 to 23:59 of the specified study days (ie, 9 January, 3 April, 3 July and 9 October of the year 2019).Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was hospital all-cause mortality (hospital mortality). We also defined the secondary outcome as all-cause deaths in the ICU (ICU mortality).Results Of 252 patients, 40.1% died in hospitals, and 33.3% died in ICUs. SOFA Score (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.688 (95% CI 0.618 to 0.758); cut-off value≥7.5; PAUROC

The level of carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) in the forensic blood sample is a critical evidence to the conclusion that the fatality was related to CO poisoning or other reason causing death. In this study, we validated the method for CO-Hb determination in blood using headspace gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID) for further application to the analysis of forensic samples. The liberated CO from CO-Hb was reduced to methane by a specific catalyst and then analyzed by GC-FID. The quantitative range for CO-Hb was from 2.5 to 100% with the limit of detection down to 0.5%. The average recovery at different levels of CO-Hb was from 96.8 to 98.5% with high repeatability and intermediate precision. The obtained parameters presented that the method was highly sensitive and accurate for CO-Hb determination in blood samples. The method was also applied to the analysis of 27 forensic samples that had the questionable cause of death. Eighteen samples were related to CO poisoning with the level of CO-Hb exceeding 15%. All the results demonstrated that this method could be applied for forensic diagnosis., Author(s): Dinh-Vu Le [sup.1], Minh-Thu Dang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.448730.c, 0000 0004 0518 008X, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, , Go Vap, 70000, [...]

BackgroundEvaluating the prognosis of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) who may be at risk of poor outcomes using grading systems is one way to make a better decision on treatment for these patients. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), WFNS, and Hunt and Hess (H&H) Grading Scales in predicting the outcomes of patients with aSAH.MethodsFrom August 2019 to June 2021, we conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study on adult patients with aSAH in three central hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam. The primary outcome was the 90-day poor outcome, measured by a score of 4 (moderately severe disability) to 6 (death) on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). We calculated the areas under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve (AUROCs) to determine how well the grading scales could predict patient prognosis upon admission. We also used ROC curve analysis to find the best cut-off value for each scale. We compared AUROCs using Z-statistics and compared 90-day mean mRS scores among intergrades using the pairwise multiple-comparison test. Finally, we used logistic regression to identify factors associated with the 90-day poor outcome.ResultsOf 415 patients, 32% had a 90-day poor outcome. The modified WFNS (AUROC: 0.839 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.795-0.883]; cut-off value≥2.50; PAUROCConclusionsIn this study, the modified WFNS, WFNS, and H&H scales all had good discriminatory abilities for the prognosis of patients with aSAH. Because of the better effect size in predicting poor outcomes, the modified WFNS scale seems preferable to the WFNS and H&H scales.

It is common in phylogenetics to have some, perhaps partial, information about the overall evolutionary tree of a group of organisms and wish to find an evolutionary tree of a specific gene for those organisms. There may not be enough information in the gene sequences alone to accurately reconstruct the correct "gene tree." Although the gene tree may deviate from the "species tree" due to a variety of genetic processes, in the absence of evidence to the contrary it is parsimonious to assume that they agree. A common statistical approach in these situations is to develop a likelihood penalty to incorporate such additional information. Recent studies using simulation and empirical data suggest that a likelihood penalty quantifying concordance with a species tree can significantly improve the accuracy of gene tree reconstruction compared to using sequence data alone. However, the consistency of such an approach has not yet been established, nor have convergence rates been bounded. Because phylogenetics is a non-standard inference problem, the standard theory does not apply. In this paper, we propose a penalized maximum likelihood estimator for gene tree reconstruction, where the penalty is the square of the Billera-Holmes-Vogtmann geodesic distance from the gene tree to the species tree. We prove that this method is consistent, and derive its convergence rate for estimating the discrete gene tree structure and continuous edge lengths (representing the amount of evolution that has occurred on that branch) simultaneously. We find that the regularized estimator is "adaptive fast converging," meaning that it can reconstruct all edges of length greater than any given threshold from gene sequences of polynomial length. Our method does not require the species tree to be known exactly; in fact, our asymptotic theory holds for any such guide tree.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, all health workforces, including nursing students, were mobilized to prevent the spread of the disease. The physical and mental health of frontline healthcare workers has been shown to have several adverse effects during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, few studies analyzed the mental health of nursing students participating in COVID-19 prevention, especially in Vietnam. Objective: The study was to identify and analyze the mental health of students and its related factors during the fourth wave of COVID-19 in Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 672 nursing students participating in COVID-19 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from September to October 2021. Self-administered and online-based surveys were used to collect data using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),and the Insomnia Severity Index. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were done for data analysis using R 3.6.0 software. Results: Among our participants, the proportion of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and insomnia were 2.88%, 5.1%, and 4.33%, respectively. Students who had physical activity habits before involvement in COVID-19 and maintained physical activity while participating in the epidemic had lower symptoms of anxiety, depression, and the risk of sleep disturbances. Furthermore, students with healthy diet status had fewer negative consequences on their mental health. Conclusions: Our findings provided evidence for organizations strategizing to preserve the emotional health of nursing students while engaging in the COVID-19 campaign.