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This research was conducted to determine the effect of seed rates in mixtures of pea + oat on the green forage and silage protein fractions evaluated by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS). Experiment was established in autumn of 2012, on October the 20th and plant samples were taken in spring 2013 at forming the first pods on 2/3 plants of pea at Institute for forage crops, Krusevac, Republic of Serbia, using five different mixture rates of pea and oat crops (100% pea + 0% oat; 0% pea + 100% oat; 25% pea + 75% oat; 50% pea + 50% oat and 75% pea + 25% oat). After harvesting pea: oat mixtures were treated with bacterial inoculant and ensiled in anaerobic jars for 45 days. Green forages and silage samples were analyzed for DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein), primary protein fractions-TP (true protein), NPN (non protein nitrogen), IP (insoluble protein), SolP (soluble protein), NDICP (neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and ADICP (acid detergent insoluble crude protein) and protein fractions by CNCPS. An analysis of variance found statistically significant differences among mixture rates for all variables, except IP and SolP. Silage from monoculture pea had the highest NPN (696.2 g kg(-1) CP) and SolP (713.8 g kg(-1) CP), followed by the mixture of pea with oat 75:25 (662.5 and 653.4 g kg(-1) CP, respectively). Analyzing the CNCPS protein fractions of pea: oat silages it was found that silage from pea monoculture contained the highest PA fraction (non protein nitrogen, immediately degraded in the rumen) and that PA fraction increased with increasing pea ratios in silages, which was a direct reflection of their high NPN and SolP in green forages and in silages. Because of those facts 25:50 and 50:50 pea: oat mixtures silages could be recommended for ruminant feeding. The investigated bacterial inoculant can increase the TP content, as well as PB 1 (true protein rapidly degraded in the rumen) and PB 3 (slowly degraded True Protein in the rumen, because it is associated with the cell wall) fractions.

This research was conducted to determine the effect of seed rates in mixtures of pea + oat on the green forage and silage protein fractions evaluated by Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS). Experiment was established in autumn of 2012, on October the 20th and plant samples were taken in spring 2013 at forming the first pods on 2/3 plants of pea at Institute for forage crops, Kruševac, Republic of Serbia, using five different mixture rates of pea and oat crops (100% pea + 0% oat; 0% pea + 100% oat; 25% pea + 75% oat; 50% pea + 50% oat and 75% pea + 25% oat). After harvesting pea:oat mixtures were treated with bacterial inoculant and ensiled in anaerobic jars for 45 days. Green forages and silage samples were analyzed for DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein), primary protein fractions-TP (true protein), NPN (non protein nitrogen), IP (insoluble protein), SolP (soluble protein), NDICP (neutral detergent insoluble crude protein) and ADICP (acid detergent insoluble crude protein) and protein fractions by CNCPS. An analysis of variance found statistically significant differences among mixture rates for all variables, except IP and SolP. Silage from monoculture pea had the highest NPN (696.2 g kg-1 CP) and SolP (713.8 g kg-1 CP), followed by the mixture of pea with oat 75:25 (662.5 and 653.4 g kg-1 CP, respectively). Analyzing the CNCPS protein fractions of pea:oat silages it was found that silage from pea monoculture contained the highest PA fraction (non protein nitrogen, immediately degraded in the rumen) and that PA fraction increased with increasing pea ratios in silages, which was a direct reflection of their high NPN and SolP in green forages and in silages. Because of those facts 25:50 and 50:50 pea:oat mixtures silages could be recommended for ruminant feeding. The investigated bacterial inoculant can increase the TP content, as well as PB1 (true protein rapidly degraded in the rumen) and PB3 (slowly degraded True Protein in the rumen, because it is associated with the cell wall) fractions.

The results of experiments where lucerne, maize, sunflower and sorghum were ensiled and the importance of compression level on the quality of obtained silages were presented in the paper. Level of compression is more important in silages with higher dry matter content, with more mature material which is also cut in longer particles. With the higher level of silage mass compression the higher degree of anaerobic condition is provided and therefore higher production of lactic acid with lower production of acetic acid, which results in lower pH values. With higher compression of silages the total loss of nutrients is reduced, although it may be higher when moisture content is higher. That is why with perennial legumes and grasses it is better to wilt the material, while maize and sorghum are cut at the optimum maturity phase, prior to ensiling. U radu su prikazani rezultati eksperimenata siliranja lucerke, kukuruza, suncokreta i sirka, i značaj stepena sabijenosti za kvalitet silaža od različitog materijala. Stepen kompresije je utoliko značajniji ukoliko materijal koji se silira ima veći sadržaj suve materije, potiče od zrelijeg materijala i krupnije je seckan. Pri većem stepenu sabijanja silomase u startu se obezbeđuje veći stepen anaerobnosti, te je veća produkcija mlečne i manja produkcija sirćetne kiseline, odnosno potižu se niže pH vrednosti. Pri boljem stepenu sabijenosti smanjuju se i ukupni gubici u hranljivim materijama, mada oni mogu da budu veći kod vlažnijeg materijala. Zato se kod višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava vrši provenjavanje a za kukuruz, suncokret i sirak siliranje se obavlja u optimalnoj fazi zrelosti.

The results of ensiling of various byproducts of crops, vegetables, food and vine industry are shown in the article. These products are ensiled because of their high moisture content, while their nitrogen content is increased by mixing them with fresh lucerne or its hay, or non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds are added. The results of domestic experiments show that better results are achieved when lucerne was added, considering lower pH values and lower amounts of ammonia and soluble nitrogen in the produced silages. However, when grape pomace was ensiled in September the problem is low availability of lucerne and that is why NPN compounds are utilized. When they are used the amount of soluble nitrogen matters in silage is increased, which may cause some negative influence on production, health and fertility in ruminants. U radu su prikazani rezultati siliranja različitih pratećih proizvoda ratarstva, povrtarstva, prehrambene industrije i vinarija. Navedeni proizvodi se, zbog visokog sadržaja vlage, konzervišu siliranjem a u cilju povećanja sadržaja sirovih proteina vrši se njihovo kombinovanje sa zelenom lucerkom i lucerkinim senom, ili se dodaju NPN jedinjenja. Rezultati domaćih eksperimenata pokazuju da se pri upotrebi lucerke dobijaju bolji rezultati u pogledu kvaliteta silaža, odnosno manje pH vrednosti i manje količine amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota. Međutim, pri siliranju komine grožđa u septembru mesecu, javlja se problem zbog malih količina lucerke, zbog čega se koriste NPN jedinjenja. Njihovom upotrebom povećava se količina rastvorljivih azotnih materija u silaži, što može biti problem za proizvodnost, zdravlje i plodnost preživara.

The paper presents the needs of pheasant flock and the possibility of designing a mixture with substitutions feed of animal origin or products of soybean processing. Basis of concrete examples, three types of concentrate mixtures, it can be seen that the preparation of concentrate mixtures for pheasants hens possible without the use of animal feedstuffs, while reducing the share of products of soybean processing, using synthetic amino acids. Thanks to this, a lower price and concentrate mixtures. At the same time, it is possible to fulfill the requirements in accordance with the standards and restrictions for certain nutrients because of the presence of some toxic matters. U radu su izložene potrebe matičnog jata fazana i mogućnost balansiranja smeša uz supstituciju hraniva animalnog porekla ili proizvoda prerade soje. Na osnovu konkretnih primera, odnosno tri vrste smeša koncentrata, vidi se da je pripremanje smeša koncentrata za fazanke nosilje moguće bez upotrebe hraniva animalnog porekla, uz smanjenje udela proizvoda prerade soje, korišćenjem sintetičkih aminokiselina. Zahvaljujući tome, postiže se i niža cena smeša koncentrata. Istovremeno, na taj način moguće je ispuniti zahteve u skladu sa normativima, kao i ograničenja za pojedina hraniva zbog prisustva nekih antinutritivnih materija.

For contemporary and economical livestock production, especially cattle and sheep raising, it is necessary to achieve high production of livestock feed while reducing production costs. Improving the production of perennial grasses and legumes creates a good basis for the development of livestock production in different agro-ecological conditions of Serbia. It also establishes a link between farming and animal husbandry, which is of particular importance for the preservation and higher fertility of arable land and the protection of agro-ecosystems. An important factor for the cheaper production of livestock feed is the possibility to provide sufficient quantities of quality seeds at affordable prices. Production of quality seeds of local varieties of perennial legumes is possible to obtain sufficient amounts of good quality forage. Current situation in forage crop seed production of the Republic of Serbia is unsatisfactory because the seed of perennial grasses are mostly imported. Domestic production of alfalfa, red clover and birdsfoot trefoil met domestic needs only in some years. Seed of imported varieties are often not satisfactory because those varieties are not adapted to our local agro-ecological conditions. The present results provide the basis and direction for further researches that may provide solutions to increase seed yields and which will be widely accepted in practice, which will make the production more cost-effective. Institute for forage crops Kruševac is making a significant contribution to the development of technology of seed productions, especially alfalfa, red clover and perennial grasses. Therefore the role of the Institute is very important and necessary link between production, processing and trading seeds of perennial legumes and grasses in Serbia. Za savremenu i ekonomičnu stočarsku proizvodnju, a naročito govedarsku i ovčarsku potrebno je ostvariti visoku produkciju stočne hrane uz istovremeno smanjenje troškova proizvodnje. Unapređenjem proizvodnje višegodišnjih trava i leguminoza stvara se dobra osnova za razvoj stočarske proizvodnje u različitim agroekološkim uslovima Srbije. Takođe se uspostavlja veza između ratarstva i stočarstva, što je od posebne važnosti za očuvanje i povećanje plodnosti oraničnog zemljišta i zaštite agroekosistema. Značajan faktor za jeftiniju proizvodnju stočne hrane je mogućnost obezbeđenja dovoljnih količina kvalitetnog semenskog materijala po povoljnim cenama. Proizvodnjom kvalitetnog semena domaćih sorti višegodišnjih leguminoza moguće je dobiti dovoljne količine kvalitetne kabaste stočne hrane. Trenutno stanje u proizvodnji semena krmnog bilja u Republici Srbiji je nezadovoljavajuće jer se seme višegodišnjih vlatastih trava uglavnom uvozi. Domaća proizvodnja semena lucerke, crvene deteline, žutog zvezdana je samo u pojedinim godinama na nivou domaćih potreba. Seme uveženih sorti uglavnom nije zadovoljavajuće jer te sorte nisu prilagođene našim agroekološkim uslovima. Dosadašnji rezultati daju osnov i ukazuju na pravac istraživanja koja u narednom periodu mogu dati rešenja koja bi uticala na povećanje prinosa semena i koja će biti široko prihvaćena u praksi, a što će ovu proizvodnju učiniti rentabilnijom. Institut za krmno bilje u Kruševcu daje značajan doprinos u razvoju tehnologije semenske proizvodnje, naročito lucerke i crvene deteline, kao i višegodišnjih trava. Stoga je uloga ovog Instituta veoma važna i neophodna karika između proizvodnje dorade i prometa semena višegodišnjih leguminoza i trava u Srbiji.

Different phases of plant development (beginning of bloom - 10% flowers, midbloom - 50% flowers), two growth cycles (II and IV cut) and two levels of biomass wilting (DM = 320 gkg-1 and 410 gkg-1) on changes in chemical composition, proteolysis and quality of lucerne silage were investigated in this experiment. Experiment was set as statistical model 2×2×2 (2k). Based on the results of chemical analysis it is confirmed that in earlier cut lucerne silages there was more crude protein, ammonia and soluble nitrogen , and less crude fiber (p lt 0.05). Lucerne silages from IV cut were very little different from silages from II cut in nutrient content and quality parameters. Wilting lucerne to the highest level of dry matter reduced total fermentation and proteolysis (p lt 0.05). At the same time there were no significant differences in chemical composition of silages (p>0.05), unless protein. On the basis of this investigations it can be concluded that ensiling of lucerne in latter phases of plant development, with higher degree of wilting, produces silages with better quality parameters, but also with significantly lower nutritive value. Therefore the use of various methods of induction and stimulation of lactic acid fermentation is recommended for lucerne mass cut in earlier development phases - with the aim to obtain maximum nutrients and best quality. U radu je ispitivan uticaj različitih faza razvića (početak cvetanja - 10% iscvetalosti, sredina cvetanja - 50% iscvetalosti), dva ciklusa korišćenja (II i IV otkos) i dva stepena provenulosti biomase, odnosno sadržaja suve materije (SM = 320 g/kg i 410 g/ kg) na promene parametara hemijskog sastava, proteolize i kvaliteta silaže lucerke. Eksperiment je postavljen po statističkom modelu 2×2×2 (2k). Na osnovu rezultata hemijskih analiza utvrđeno je u silažama ranije košene lucerke veći sadržaj proteina, amonijaka i rastvorljivog zota i manji sadržaj sirove celuloze (p lt 0,05). Silaže lucerke iz IV otkosa su se minimalno razlikovale u pogledu sadržaja hranljivih materija i parametara kvaliteta u odnosu na silaže lucerke iz II otkosa. Provenjavanje lucerke do većeg nivoa suve materije je dovelo do redukcije fermentacije i proteolize (p lt 0,05). Pri tome nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u pogledu hemijskog sastava silaža (p>0,05), izuzev proteina. Na osnovu izvedenih ispitivanja može se zaključiti da se siliranjem lucerke iz kasnijih faza razvića, uz veći stepen provenjavanja, postiže bolji kvalitet silaža, ali se signifikantno smanjuje hranljiva vrednost. Zbog toga se preporučuje primena različitih metoda indukcije i stimulacije mlečnokiselinskog vrenja za materijal košen u ranijim fenofazama, kako bi se dobila maksimalna hranljiva vrednost i maksimalan kvalitet.

An overview of current trends in lucerne use in animal nutrition in different forms: fresh lucerne, preserved lucerne - hay and haylage, or a component of mixtures as dehydrated lucerne and protein-carotenoide concentrate of lucerne juice are presented in paper. The nutritive value of lucerne is directly affected by the stage of maturity, method of preservation, processing and utilization in animal diets. Based on morphological changes the chemical composition of alfalfa plants can be estimated with high correlations (above 90%). Due to numerous factors that affect on chemical composition of lucerne hay, the nutritive value is highly variable, and using of lucerne hay in rations for ruminants is minimal, according to requirements for optimal digestion and ruminal function. The cut length of lucerne haylage affects average particle length of total mixed rations for ruminants. The physical form and effectiveness of ration is significant parameter for regular rumen function, digestibility of nutrients, and production performances of ruminants, particularly highyielding lactating cows. The largest reasons for difficulties in preserving lucerne as haylage are in its high buffer capacity, the insufficient content of fermentable sugars and fast degradation of nitrogen compounds. The most favorable results were obtained with simultaneous use of carbohydrate supplements with homofermentative lactic bacteria for wilted plant material. In spite of relatively high content of crude fiber, lucerne may be significant for nonruminant nutrition after specific treatment and processing, particularly for hen feeding with the purpose of yolk color modification. Lucerne juice may be particularly important for this purpose because it is a proteincarotenoide concentrate. It can be concluded that lucerne still remains one of the main feedstuffs due to its high nutrition value and exceptional biological characteristics.

Analysis the efficiency of processing equipment for natural alfalfa seed of purity of 71% during various technological processes is given in this paper. Seeds for the establishment and use of alfalfa must be of high purity, germination and genetic values. The purpose of cleaning is to eliminate all grains of other species and varieties, together with an inert material out seeds and extract the grain of pure culture. The quality of processed alfalfa seed is stated in the rules of the quality of agricultural products. After each stage of processing on the processing equipment, the purity and composition of impurities were tested. A very important indicator of the efficiency of extraction and percentage of seed loss in the processing is the percentage of Cuscuta spp. seed before and after passing through a magnetic separator. The aim of the study was to determine the relevant parameters for each of the applied technological processes during alfalfa seed processing. The relevant parameters that were determined during the test were: pure seed (%), weed seeds and seeds of other crops (%), inert matter (%), the amount of processed seed (kg), seed processing time (h), seed loses (%) and processing yield (%). Based on the results, the appropriate technological process for alfalfa seed processing can be chosen and optimization and rationalization of the processing can be done. .

The domestic results of the ensiling of annual legumes and cereals combination produced in conjunction are presented in the paper. The technology of conjunction production of vetch or peas with cereals in order to produce green mass as fodder or for silage is accepted in many farms in Serbia and was used for decades. With conjunction production of annual legumes the problem of their support is biologically solved and silage with more balanced chemical composition and nutritive is obtained. Contrary to that, production of soy or faba beans in conjunction with maize, and preparing silage of that biomass is present only in scientific papers and very rarely in practice today. The main reason for that is problem with sowing annual legumes and very small percentage of those species in total plant mass. As an alternative to that, in some papers the kidney beans production as annual legume was described in conjunction with maize. The kidney beans proportion in total bio mass was up to 30%, which is significantly improving protein value of produced silage with its maximum quality. U radu su prikazani domaći rezultati siliranja različitih združenih useva jednogodišnjih leguminoza sa strnim ili prosolikim žitima. Tehnologija gajenja združenih useva grahorice ili graška sa strnim žitima u cilju proizvodnje biomase u zelenom konvejeru ili za silažu prihvaćena je na mnogim farmama Srbije i koristi se decenijama. Pri združenom gajenju jednogodišnjih leguminoza rešava se biološki problem polegljivosti leguminoza i dobija se silaža sa bolje izbalansiranim hemijskim sastavom i hranljivom vrednošću. Nasuprot tome, gajenje soje i boba u združenoj setvi sa kukuruzom i siliranje takve biomase je za sada prisutno samo u naučnim radovima, a vrlo malo i u praksi. Glavni razlog za to je zasenjivanje jednogodišnjih leguminoza, odnosno jako malo učešće ovih vrsta u ukupnoj biljnoj masi. Kao alternativa tom problemu u nekim domaćim ogledima nudi se gajenje pasulja kao jednogodišnje leguminoze u kombinaciji sa kukuruzom. Učešće biomase pasulja u ukupnoj biomasi za siliranje iznosi i do 30%, usled čega se bitno povećava proteinska vrednost takve silaže uz njen maksimalan kvalitet.

The ensiling experiment with Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. was done in experimental silos with volumes of 60 dm(3) and organized as a three-factorial layout (2 x 2 x 2), where factor A was the vegetation phase of phacelia (the budding phase or the end of flowering phase), factor B was without or with lucerne, ratio 1 : 1, and factor C was phacelia without or with fertilizer, N = 45 kg ha(-1) Maize meal 5% was added to all silages. Silages from phacelia cut at the budding phase and at flowering, had on average lower pH values (5.37 : 5.89), lower lactic acid (26.47 : 60.53 g kg(-1) DM), lower acetic acid (59.57 : 73.72 g kg(-1) DM), and higher butyric acid (15.54 : 0.11 g kg(-1) SM), respectively. The addition of lucerne produced a high effect on acid content (P lt 0.05). Silages made from phacelia and lucerne had lower pH values (4.99 : 6.28), higher lactic acid (62.20 : 24.80 g kg(-1) DM) content, and contained no butyric acid (0.00 : 15.65 g kg(-1) DM). Nitrogen fertilization of phacelia had no effect on silage quality. The addition of lucerne increased the content of crude protein, and decreased the contents of crude fibre and ash. According to the DLG method (1997), ensiling the material after flowering produces better silage and improves its quality, while combining with lucerne improves the quality to an even greater extent.

The review of the problem of the proteolysis in ensiled feeds is given in the paper, and the means of its effective control. Very intensive proteolysis in ensiled material is an outcome of non-coordinated effects of proteolytic enzymes originating from plant cells and present microorganisms. The result of these unwelcome processes is the increase of the soluble and degradable protein content, decrease in protein utilization and lower animal production. This problem is specially evident and significant in leguminous silages. Modern methods for proteolysis control are based on the stimulation and induction of homofermentative lactic acid fermentation in order to rapidly obtain the required pH value, also on direct acidification with organic acids and wilting of the ensiling material until the level of moisture which is unsuitable for proteolytic enzyme’s activity. U radu je u vidu pregleda prikazan problem proteolize u silažama leguminoza i načini njene efikasne kontrole. Veoma intenzivna proteoliza u siliranom materijalu je posledica nekoordisanog delovanja proteolitičih enzima poreklom iz biljnih ćelija i prisutnih mikroorganizama. Rezultat ovih nepoželjnih procesa jeste porast količine rastvorljivih i razgradivih proteina, slabije korišćenje proteina i smanjenje proizvodnje. Ovaj problem je posebno izražen i značajan za silaže leguminoza. Savremeni postupci za kontrolu proteolize baziraju se pre svega na stimulaciji i indukciji homofermentativne mlečne fermentacije u cilju brzog postizanja optimalnih pH vrednosti, direktnoj acidifikaciji organskim kiselinama i provenjavanju siliranog materijala do nivoa vlage nepogodnog za delatnost proteolitičkih enzima.

Unfavorable weather conditions in the moment which is optimal for the first cut in lucerne make the traditional process of its conserving, as hay, very rarely possible. Because of that the recommended solution is conserving by making silage or haulage. Due to high buffering capacity and low level of fermentable sugars lucerne cannot be ensiled alone. In many experiments several possible solutions were established, among them: wilting, combining with plants which are easily fermentable, stimulating the lactic acid fermentation with the addition of feds rich carbohydrates and biological additives (bacterial and enzyme inoculants), chemical conservation and others. Today the most advanced method is ensiling with the addition of biological additives which is in agreement with the trend of production of healthy or organic food. At the moment the most intensive effort is used in the investigation of the third generation of biological additives, which incorporate not only of homo fermentative but also hetero fermentative lactic acid bacteria. The products of such inoculants increase the aerobic stability of silages and this is why those additives are not only applicable to legume silages but also for maize silage. Nepovoljni vremenski uslovi u vreme pristizanja prvog i količinski najvažnijeg otkosa lucerke otežavaju ili onemogućavaju konzervisanje lucerke tradicionalnim postupkom sušenja na zemlji. U odnosu na taj problem spremanje silaže ili senaže predstavlja najpovoljnije rešenje. Međutim zbog visokog pufernog kapaciteta i male količine fermentabilnih šećera lucerka se ne može sama silirati. U brojnim dosadašnjim eksperimentima utvrđen niz rešenja kao što su: provenjavanje, kombinovanje sa biljkama koje se lako siliraju, stimulisanje mlečno-kiselinskog vrenja dodavanjem ugljenohidratnih hraniva i bioloških dodataka (bakterijsko-enzimskih inokulanata), hemijsko konzervisanje i dr. Danas je najaktuelniji postupak siliranje uz primenu bioloških dodataka, a u skladu sa svetskim trendom proizvodnje zdravstveno ispravne hrane. Trenutno se u svetu najviše radi na III generaciji bioloških dodataka, koji se sastoje ne samo iz homofermentativnih, već i iz heterofermentativnih bakterija mlečne kiseline. Produkti ovakvih inokulanata doprinose povećanju aerobne stabilnosti silaža pa su navedeni dodaci aktuelni ne samo za silaže leguminoza, već i kukuruza.

U radu je ukazano na značaj silaže kao konzervisanog hraniva za visoku i stabilnu proizvodnju mleka. Zahvaljujući brojnim eksperimenata, do sada su utvrđeni i precizirani postupci za uspešno siliranje veoma različitih hraniva. Razlike i jednostranosti u hranljivoj vrednosti različitih vrsta silaža treba korigovati pravilnim kombinovanjem međusobno i sa drugim hranivima. Savremena istraživanja u oblasti siliranja bave se problemima povećanje aerobne stabilnosti silaža, smanjenje stepena proteolize i povećanje svarljivosti istih.

Different possibilities for annual legumes ensiling are presented in the paper. Due to their high yields and chances of their planting as winter, spring or stubble crops, annual legumes have a high potential for the production of cheap and quality green fodder or silage. the better protein to carbohydrate ratio is achieved by mixing them with cereals, which is very important not only for better quality of fermentation during the ensiling process, but also, for balanced ration of ruminants. Annual legumes may be successfully ensiled as the single crop by applying chemical preserving agents or by fermentation stimulated by carbohydrate additives and inoculants. U radu su izložene različite mogućnosti siliranja jednogodišnjih leguminoza. Zbog visokih prinosa i mogućnosti setve kao ozimih, jarih i postrnih useva, jednogodišnje leguminoze predstavljaju značajan potencijal za proizvodnju jeftine i kvalitetne stočne hrane u zelenom stanju, ili za seno i silažu. Setvom u smeši sa žitaricama postiže se povoljniji odnos proteina i ugljenih hidrata, što je važno ne samo za kvalitetniju fermentaciju pri siliranju, već i radi postizanja bolje izbalansiranosti obroka za preživare. U čistom vidu jednogodišnje leguminoze se mogu uspešno silirati uz primenu hemijskih konzervanasa, ili stimulacijom fermentacije ugljenohidratnim dodacima i inokulantima.

In three year study, the influence of foliar application of zinc on seed germination energy and share of hard alfalfa seeds was examined. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Forage Crops, Kruševac. The soil on which the trial was conducted is of weakly acidic reaction and zinc content which is considered adequate. Zinc fertilization was performed by foliar split application. In the investigation years, meteorological factors showed large variations. Treatment with zinc achieved on average slightly higher germination energy, but differences were not statistically significant. Zinc fertilization had no effect on the number of hard seeds. Climatic conditions had impact on the germination energy and the proportion of hard seeds. Cink je jedan od mikroelementa koji se često nalazi u nedostatku kod gajenih biljaka. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je ispitati uticaj folijarne primene cinka na energiju klijanja semena lucerke i udeo tvrdih semena. U trogodišnjem periodu obavljena su ispitivanja na oglednom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu. Zemljište na kome je izveden ogled je slabo kisele reakcije a sadržaj cinka u zemljištu je za lucerku bio u adekvatnom rangu. Folijarna primena cinka (1% cink sulfata (ZnSO4 x 7H2O) je obavljena u podeljenoj aplikaciji. Prosečna energija klijanja je iznosila 78.0% sa velikim variranjem po godinama od 68,5% do 84,8%. Velika ukupna količina padavina u 2005. godini (808 mm), odnosno velika količina padavina u junu, julu i avgustu je dovela do poleganja useva još na početku cvetanja i do kasnije loše oplodnje i prorastanja semenskog otkosa što je uticalo da energija klijanja u toj godini bude znatno niža (68,7%) u odnosu na ostvarenu energiju klijanja u 2006. (84,5%) i 2007. godini (80,8%). Tretman sa cinkom je u proseku ostvario nešto veću energiju klijanja (78,2%) u odnosu na kontrolu (77,7%), ali razlike nisu i statistički opravdane. Energija klijanja je pokazala jaku negativnu korelacionu zavisnost sa ukupnom količinom padavina i količinom padavina u junu, julu i avgustu a srednju negativnu korelaciju sa brojem kišnih dana. Najveći udeo tvrdih semena ustanovljen je u sušnoj i toploj godini (6,2%), a najmanji u godini sa dosta padavina (5,1%). Đubrenje cinkom nije imalo uticaja na broj tvrdih zrna.

Ispitivan je uticaj sorte, faze razvića i otkosa na hranljivu vrednost lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) i crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.). Hemijski sastav je odreñen prema Weende i Detergent sistemu analize. Primenom CNCPS sistema analize utvrñena je priroda proteina i ugljenih hidrata ispitivanih biljnih vrsta, odnosno oblik u kome su ove hranljive supstance zastupljene, a koji jeste najznačajniji činilac koji odreñuje stepen i brzinu razlaganja u buragu. U ovim istraživanjima utvrñene su razlike u sadržaju lignina ispitivanih krmnih vrsta u zavisnosti od starosti biljaka, kao i uticaj lignifikacije ćelijskih zidova na svarljivost ovih hraniva. Prinos suve materije lucerke i crvene deteline zavisio je od sva tri ispitivana faktora i njihovih interakcija. Domaća sorta lucerke je produktivnija (6,8 do 2,3 t ha-1 od prvog do četvrtog otkosa, odnosno od 3,4 do 5,5 t ha-1 od prve do treće faze razvića) u odnosu na američku (5,9 do 2,2 t ha-1 od prvog do četvrtog otkosa, odnosno od 2,7 do 5,2 t ha-1 od prve do treće faze razvića). Američka populacija lucerke je sadržala veću količinu sirovih proteina (197,9 g kg-1 SM) u odnosu na domaću sortu (188,7 g kg-1 SM), dok je tetraploidna sorta crvene deteline sadržala veću količinu sirovih proteina (181,3 g kg-1 SM) u odnosu na diploidnu sortu (174,5 g kg-1 SM). Najveći sadržaj sirove celuloze je konstatovan u drugom otkosu sorte K 28 (407,6 g kg-1 SM). Faza razvića je značajno uticala na udeo lignina u suvoj materiji lucerke, čija se količina povećala od prvog do trećeg otkosa. U suvoj materiji crvene deteline je konstatovana značajno manja količina lignina. Najveća svarljivost suve materije je ustanovljena u četvrtom otkosu lucerke (754,4 g kg-1 SM), odnosno u trećem otkosu crvene deteline (820,1 g kg-1 SM), a najmanja u drugom otkosu, što se može objasniti najvećim učešćem strukturnih ugljenih hidrata u ovom otkosu... The effect of cultivar, stage of development and the cuts on the nutritional value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was investigated. The chemical composition was determined according to Weende and Detergent system of analysis. Applying CNCPS system of analysis the nature of protein and carbohydrates of plant species were examined, and a form of these nutrients were present in the plants, which is the most important factor determining the rate of degradation in the rumen. In this investigation, differences in lignin content of investigated forage crops were determined depending on the plant development, and the influence of lignifications on the cell wall digestibility of these forages. Dry matter yield of alfalfa and red clover depended on all three factors and their interactions. The local variety of alfalfa, K 28, was more productive (from 6,8 to 2,3 t ha-1 from first to fourth cut, and from 3,4 to 5,5 t ha-1 from first to third stage of development) compared to US variety, G+13R+CZ (from 5,9 to 2,2 t ha-1 from first to fourth cut, and from 2,7 to 5,2 t ha-1 from first to third stage of development). US alfalfa population contained a larger amount of crude protein (197,9 g kg-1 DM) in relation to K 28 (188,7 g kg-1 DM), while the tetraploid cultivar of red clover contained a larger amount of crude protein (181,3 g kg-1 DM) in the relation to the diploid cultivar (174,5 g kg-1 DM). The highest content of crude fiber was noted in the third stage of development in the second cut of alfalfa, K 28 cultivar (407,6 g kg-1 DM). Stage of development had a significant impact on the proportion of lignin in the dry matter of alfalfa and the amount of lignin increased from the first to the third cut. Significantly lower amount of lignin was detected in the dry matter of red clover. The highest dry matter digestibility was detected in the fourth cut of alfalfa (754,4 g kg-1 DM), and the third cut of red clover (820,1 g kg-1 DM), and lowest digestibility was determined in the second cut, which could be explained by a higher amount of structural carbohydrates in this cut...

Na istoj lokaciji, u istoj vegetacionoj sezoni, je ispraćen porast lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) tokom tri prva ciklusa vegetacije (otkosa). Praćene su promene srednje morfološke faze kao i promene hemijskog sastava i hranljive vrednosti lucerke. Zbog toga je sakupljen ukupno 141 uzorak, odnosno 72, 35 i 34 uzorka redom u I, II i III otkosu. Svi otkosi su ispraćeni od početka vegetacije do faze zrenja mahuna. Istraţivanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem utvrđivanja regresionih funkcija za procenu hemijskog sastava i hranljive vrednosti zasnovanih na srednjoj morfološkoj fazi. Ispitane su dve srednje morfološke faze, srednja morfološka faza određena brojanjem – MSC (eng. Mean Stage by Count) i srednja morfološka faza određena na osnovu mase – MSW (eng. Mean Stage by Weight). Srednja morfološka faza predstavlja prosek nekih morfoloških parametara i određuje se na osnovu svih izdanaka (stabljika) na određenoj površini. Sve stabljike sakupljenog uzorka se klasifikuju u deset morfoloških faza na osnovu kojih se određuje srednja morfološka faza. Hipoteza od koje se pošlo je bila: ukoliko se najvaţniji hemijski parametri u lucerki mogu proceniti srednjom morfološkom fazom onda se i njena neto-energetska vrednost moţe proceniti sa sličnom tačnošću. Svim sakupljenim uzorcima je određena MSC i MSW vrednost kao i sledeći hemijski parametri: sirovi protein (SP), sirovi pepeo (SPe), sirove masti (SMa), vlakna nerastvorljiva u neutralnom deterdţentu (aNDF), vlakna nerastvorljiva u kiselom deterdţentu (ADF), lignin (ADL), protein nerastvorljiv u neutralnom deterdţentu (NDICP) i protein nerastvorljiv u kiselom deterdţentu (ADICP). Osim ovih hemijskih parametara, računski su određeni nevlaknasti ugljeni hidrati (NFC), celuloza i hemiceluloza. Na osnovu merenja produkcije gasa u tečnom sadrţaju buraga tokom 24 h, svakom uzorku je određena in vitro svarljivost organske materije (IVSOM). Na osnovu navedenih hemijskih parametara svim uzorcima su određene pravo svarljive hranljive materije (TDN) i sledeće energetske frakcije: svarljiva energija (DE), metabolička energija (ME) i neto energija za laktaciju (NEL). Utvrđen je kontinuiran porast MSW vrednosti tokom svih otkosa. Zbog pojave mladih izdanaka nakon osme nedelje prvog otkosa, utvrđeno je smanjenje MSC vrednosti. Pojava mladih izdanaka nije uticala na MSW vrednost pošto se ona određuje na osnovu suve mase morfoloških faza. Predloţen je modifikovani način utvrđivanja MSW na osnovu sveţe mase umesto suve mase. Modifikovana MSW vrednost je nazvana MSFW (eng. Mean Stage by Fresh Weight). Prosečna razlika između MSW i MSFW je iznosila 0,073 i nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između ovih parametara... The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar, collected from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth, the first and the second regrowth. The following parameters in alfalfa during the whole growth cycle were observed: mean morphological stage and changes in chemical composition and nutritive value. For that purpose a total of 141 samples were collected, actually 72, 35 and 34 samples during the three growth cycles: spring growth, first regrowth and second regrowth. Investigation was carried out in order to obtain mean morphological stage within each growth cycle. Sampling was done during the whole growing period, commencing when plant height was below 150 mm and continuing until plants were bearing ripe seeds, to evaluate chemical composition and nutritive value based on mean morphological stage. Two methods for determination of mean morphological stage were used: Mean Stage by Count (MSC) and Mean Stage by Weight (MSW). The mean morphological stage represents an average value for some morphological parameters based on all shoots collected from randomly selected area. All shoots within the sample were classified in ten morphological stages. These stages were used for determination of mean morphological stage. The hypothesis was that if the most important chemical parameters could be estimated with the mean morphological stage, then its net energy value for ruminants may be calculated with similar level of exactness. In the collected samples both MSC and MSW value were determined and the following analyses were conducted: crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (aNDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), neutral and acid insoluble crude protein (NDICP and ADICP). The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was determined by the means of a gas production technique after 24h incubation in rumen fluid. Based on these chemical parameters in all samples the following values were calculated: cellulose, hemicellulose, nonfibre carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). The continuous increase in MSW value was observed during all growth periods. Within the first cut the decrease in MSC value was observed, due to appearance of young shoots after eight weeks. The appearance of young shoots did not affect MSW since it is calculated on the base of dried weight of an individual morphological stage. The modification of the MSW method was investigated. This modification was based on determining the mean stage value using the fresh weight rather than the dry weight of individual morphological stage. The modified MSW was called Mean Stage by Fresh Weight (MSFW). The difference between MSW and MSFW values was negligible as indicated by the very high correlation coefficient, a regression slope of nearly 1 with intercept 0 and an average absolute difference between paired MSW and MSFW values of only 0·073...