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Here we present analysis of a novel reactive material system that employs dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as a liquid oxidizer with metal powder fuels. The oxidizer was added to micron scale aluminum and zirconium powders by a remote injection system. When ignited with a high voltage spark, the mixtures were observed to possess reactivity comparable to nanocomposite reactive materials, with open-tube flame expansion velocities from 500 to 1400 m/s depending on fuel/oxidizer ratio and tube diameter. Temperatures were observed to range from 3000 to 3500 K as measured with gray body fits to 16-channel time-resolved pyrometer and time-integrated spectrometer data. These values were significantly below calculated adiabatic flame temperatures, which we attribute to local deviations from stoichiometry and kinetic/energetic limitations similar to those observed in studies of particles burning in high pressures gaseous oxidizers. Al/N2O4 reactivity was found to be most likely limited by the vaporization of the metal from the particle surface and Zr/N2O4 was limited by slower burning and complex interactions involving the solubility of nitrogen and oxygen in the molten Zr. We also discuss the potential for these materials to be used to create an “on/off” reactive material, since N2O4 can be added remotely and driven to evaporate via vacuum or purge of inert gases to return it to a safe condition.

Conventional hypergolic propellant combinations, using hydrazine and its derivatives as fuels and dinitrogen tetroxide based oxidizers, have been applied in spacecraft for attitude and roll control systems for more than 50 years. However, due to their high toxicity and carcinogenic potential, investigations into alternative green propellants are an active field in current research efforts. Promising alternative propellant candidates are combinations of hydrogen peroxide and suitable hypergolic room-temperature ionic liquids. In this work, imidazole thiocyanate ionic liquids are tested in drop tests with hydrogen peroxide. For this purpose, a newly developed automated drop test setup was designed and implemented. As a result, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate (EMIM SCN) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate (BMIM SCN) turned out to be hypergolic with highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (96.1%). The ignition delay time on average is 31.7 ms for EMIM SCN and 45 ms for BMIM SCN. Theoretical performance of the two ionic liquids was calculated with NASA CEA and compared to a conventional hypergolic propellant combination (monomethyl hydrazine/dinitrogen tetroxide). The specific impulse of the green propellants is nearly 5% lower, but the density specific impulse is increased by 10%. Furthermore, the ignition delay time was reduced by dissolving a catalytic additive, copper thiocyanate, in the EMIM SCN. The lowest average ignition delay time of 13.9 ms was achieved for EMIM SCN and 5 wt% of copper thiocyanate. For higher copper concentration the ignition delay time is not further reduced. The fuel with EMIM SCN and 5 wt% of copper thiocyanate and the pure EMIM SCN were further characterized by thermal and spectroscopic methods. Fluid properties like density, viscosity and surface tension were also determined in laboratory investigations.

The results of the development and studies of heterogeneous catalysts for decomposition of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as monopropellant and oxidant in rocket engines are summarized. Being nontoxic, hydrogen peroxide is an excellent alternative to highly toxic hydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide used today in rocket engines and is only slightly inferior to them in the energy efficiency. Data on the influence of the catalyst active phase and support material and shape on the thruster operation conditions are discussed and summarized.

Regardless of the sustainable development path, today, there are highly demanded chemical productions still operating that bear environmental and technological risks inherited from the previous century. The fabrication of nitro compounds, and nitroarenes in particular, is traditionally associated with acidic wastes formed in nitration reactions exploiting mixed acids. However, nitroarenes are indispensable for industrial and military applications. We faced the challenge and developed a greener, safer, and yet effective method for the production of nitroaromatics. The proposed approach comprises the application of an eco-friendly nitrating agent, namely dinitrogen pentoxide (DNP), in the medium of liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (TFE) – one of the most non-hazardous Freons. Importantly, the used TFE is not emitted into the atmosphere but is effortlessly recondensed and returned into the process. DNP is obtained via the oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide with ozone. The elaborated method is characterized by high yields of the targeted nitro arenes, mild reaction conditions, and minimal amount of easy-to-utilize wastes.

Thermodynamic analysis of the high-toxic substances (hydrazine, dimethylhydrazine and dinitrogen tetroxide) thermal decomposition process contained in liquid mixtures in different concentrations was carried out. Calculations of equilibrium compositions were carried out in a wide temperature range for a steam-water plasmatron. The aim of the study was finding the operational parameter’s optimal range of values ensuring the complete decomposition of primary high-toxic components provided secondary harmful substances minimal formation and obtaining acceptance level of specific energy consumption. The methods of further harmful secondary emissions neutralization have been determined. Bibl. 9, Fig. 7.

Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is one of the weakly ionized electrical discharges, which is artificially produced by certain devices at atmospheric pressure. CAP has been used in various biological and medical applications. CAP generates a large number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), including hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen trioxide, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen tetroxide. RONS, produced by CAP, are the key molecules responsible for its biological activities and beneficial effects. However, the details of CAP-induced RONS, and their effects on intracellular processes (organelle response to CAP treatment), are not fully understood. Several studies have shown that CAP up- or down-regulate cellular functions through the modification of biomolecules such as nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, and lipids. Thereby modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. In this chapter, we discuss the biological activities of CAP in terms of the cellular response to it. Understanding of the CAP-mediated regulation of cellular function would be useful in the developing novel treatment modalities for diseases associated with the redox signaling.

Gas-phase diffusion is the first step for all heterogeneous reactions under atmospheric conditions. Knowledge of binary diffusion coefficients is important for the interpretation of laboratory studies regarding heterogeneous trace gas uptake and reactions. Only for stable, nonreactive and nonpolar gases do well-established models for the estimation of diffusion coefficients from viscosity data exist. Therefore, we have used two complementary methods for the measurement of binary diffusion coefficients in the temperature range of 200 to 300 K: the arrested flow method is best suited for unstable gases, and the twin tube method is best suited for stable but adsorbing trace gases. Both methods were validated by the measurement of the diffusion coefficients of methane and ethane in helium and air as well as nitric oxide in helium. Using the arrested flow method the diffusion coefficients of ozone in air, dinitrogen pentoxide and chlorine nitrate in helium, and nitrogen were measured. The twin tube method was used for the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide in helium and nitrogen.

The oxidation of hexane-2,3,4,5-tetraone tetraoxime with dinitrogen tetroxide was studied in different solvents. The primary furoxan ring closure was found to occur involving either two central or two terminal oxime groups to form 4,7-dimethyl[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine 1,5,6-trioxide and the previously unknown 4,4′-dimethyl-[3,3′-bi(1,2,5-oxadiazole)] 5,5′-dioxide. The structure of the latter compound was established by X-ray diffraction.

The effect of confinement on the equilibrium reactive system containing nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide is studied by molecular simulation and the reactive Monte Carlo (RxMC) approach. The bulk-phase reaction was successfully reproduced and five all-silica zeolites (i.e. FAU, FER, MFI, MOR, and TON) with different topologies were selected to study their adoption behavior. Dinitrogen tetroxide showed a stronger affinity than nitrogen dioxide in all the zeolites due to size effects, but exclusive adsorption sites in MOR allowed the adsorption of nitrogen dioxide with no competition at these sites. From the study of the adsorption isotherms and isobars of the reacting mixture, confinement enhanced the formation of dimers over the full range of pressure and temperature, finding the largest deviations from bulk fractions at low temperature and high pressure. The channel size and shape of the zeolite have a noticeable influence on the dinitrogen tetroxide formation, being more important in MFI, closely followed by TON and MOR, and finally FER and FAU. Preferential adsorption sites in MOR lead to an unusually strong selective adsorption towards nitrogen dioxide, demonstrating that the topological structure has a crucial influence on the composition of the mixture and must be carefully considered in systems containing nitrogen dioxide.

Activated carbon fabric (ACF) obtained from novolacs carbonization was used as substrate for N2O4 adsorption. In one case the ACF was soaked and impregnated with liquid N2O4 (ACF-liq-N2O4) reaching an adsorbate loading of about 1400 mg N2O4/g(ACF). Another ACF was prepared by adsorption of a gaseous stream of N2O4 (ACF-gas-N2O4). This time the adsorbate loading was found at 757 mg N2O4/g(ACF). The two samples were studied with FT-IR spectroscopy before and after the desorption. The amount of N2O4 in the ACF samples was determined gravimetrically, thermogravimetrically (TGA) and by wet chemical analysis after hydrolysis of the samples in water. The N2O4/NO2 desorption from the ACF was studied by TGA-FTIR analytical technique and it was found that the NO2 desorption starts at low temperatures and reaches a peak at 158°C-170°C. In the correspondence of the NO2 release peak starts also the gasification of the oxygenated groups present in the ACF with a simultaneous peak in the emission of CO2 and CO. ...

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2017-07-06, 資料番号: PA1810059000

In this article, density functional theory (DFT) based on ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) is used to study the combustion reaction of a specific rocket fuel, hydrazine (N2H4), accomplished by using dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as the oxidant. The atomic model consists of 1:1 ratio of N2H4 and N2O4 molecules. Nano droplets of fuel and oxidizer are injected into the combustion chamber which experience collision, mixture, and chemical interaction. The AIMD simulation of chemical reaction of fuel and oxidizer is performed under the initial conditions of high temperature and pressure. In the AIMD trajectory, one observes several energetically favorable products such as NO, NO2, and H2O. The mechanism for the formation of H2O and other toxic and non-toxic products are proposed based on simulation results.

Non-toxic hypergolic propellants have considerably generated recent research interest in the field of green propulsion technology because they can replace highly toxic hypergolic combinations currently used. In this experimental research, sodium borohydride-based non-toxic hypergolic fuel was prepared by blending sodium borohydride in the mixture of energetic hydrocarbon solvents. In a drop test, sodium borohydride as an ignition source enabled the hydrocarbon mixture to initiate hypergolic interactions with H 2 O 2 oxidizer. Two different heating methods were utilized to analyze the characteristics of autoignition and combustion of the hypergolic fuel. As a reference fuel, a non-hypergolic fuel which has the identical chemical compositions to the hypergolic fuel except for sodium borohydride was tested and compared. As a one of the heating methods, thermogravimetric analysis was not suitable for evaluating the inherent thermophysical properties of the hypergolic fuel. In a droplet combustion chamber test, the autoignition and combustion of the hypergolic fuel droplets occurred exposed to elevated temperatures (in a range of 400–800 °C) at atmospheric pressure (1 bar), whereas the non-hypergolic fuel droplet was automatically ignited only at 800 °C. The ignition delay and total combustion time of the hypergolic fuel droplet were lower than those of the non-hypergolic fuel droplet. According to the temporal histories of the droplet size, sodium borohydride-based hypergolic fuel droplets did not obey the d 2 -law of diffusion-controlled combustion, which indicates the droplet evaporation rate was not a controlling factor in the combustion process. Consequently, the addition of sodium borohydride into the hydrocarbon mixture expedited the autoignition and combustion process of the fuel at elevated temperatures.

Hypergolic ionic liquids (HILs) have gained significant importance in recent years as green space propellants. It is mainly due to their attractive physicochemical properties, such as high density, negligible vapor pressure and wide liquid range. More importantly, they show low ignition delay with storable oxidizers viz. white fuming nitric acid (WFNA), red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Therefore, investigation into the performance parameters of HILs, such as specific impulse (Isp), density and vacuum-specific impulse (ρIsp & Ivac), and characteristics velocity (C*), has received enormous attention. In the present study, 14 HILs have been selected for evaluation of their performance parameters using the NASA-CEC-71 program. Amongst them, three HILs have been developed in the laboratory by the authors. The effects of oxidizers, oxidizer to fuel ratio, heat of formation, hydrogen content of the HIL, and the chamber pressure parameters were studied in detail. The performance of HILs was also compared with that of a proven fuel, UDMH. The HILs 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride, [EMIM][BH3CN], and 1,3-diallyl imidazolium cyanoborohydride, [diAIM][BH3CN], were particularly promising with all the oxidizers. The H2O2 seems to be a good potential oxidizer as it exhibited a higher value of ρIsp for most of the HILs than the UDMH. A propellant based on high-density HIL as a fuel and H2O2 as an oxidizer can be classified as a green propellant. Thus, the investigation helps in designing or selecting the best combination of HIL and oxidizer for rocket applications.

Ionic liquids that are stable toward oxidation and nitration and are based on the 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMIm+) can be used as solvents and reaction media for copper dissolution in liquid dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4. The ionic liquid not only favors the dissociation of N2O4 into NO+ and NO3-, but also takes part in the formation of different crystalline products. Thus, NO[BF4], NO[Cu(NO3)3] and (BMIm)2[Cu2(CF3COO)6] were prepared using (BMIm)A, A- = [BF4]-, (CF3SO2)2N-, CF3COO-, respectively. The formation of a certain product is determined by the nature of the anion A- and the relative solubility of the reaction products in the ionic liquid. Crystals of NO[BF4] were also prepared directly from a mixture of N2O4 and BMImBF4. According to XRD single-crystal structure analysis, the structure of NO[BF4] consists of tetrahedral [BF4]- anions and nitrosonium NO+ cations; the formation of these ions prove the heterolytic dissociation of N2O4 dissolved in the ionic liquid. The crystal structure of the earlier unknown binuclear copper trifluoroacetate (BMIm)2[Cu2(CF3COO)6] were determined by X-ray diffraction. The peculiarity of this dimer compared to the majority of known dimeric copper(ii) carboxylates is the unusually long CuCu distance (3.15 A), with Cu(ii) ions demonstrating an atypical coordination of a distorted trigonal bipyramid formed by five O atoms of five trifluoroacetate groups.

The competitiveness of concentrated solar power technology in the near-future electricity generation scenario, requires a substantial reduction of the Levelized Cost of Energy which can be achieved with an increase of the energy conversion efficiencies while maintaining or reducing the investment costs. This paper discusses the use of pure Dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4, and N2O4/CO2 mixture, as working fluids in supercritical Brayton cycles applied to solar tower power plants. When N2O4 is combined with CO2, the resulting mixture has a comparatively higher critical temperature than pure CO2, allowing a condensing cycle even at the fairly high ambient temperatures of desert areas, where solar power plants are typically installed. This allows the adoption of simpler cycle configurations than the one used in sCO2 cycles (cost reduction) while achieving very high thermodynamic efficiency (47% at 700 °C). The N2O4/CO2 mixture with optimized composition, integrated in a solar tower unit, increases the solar-electric efficiency by 1% with respect to commercial plants based on steam cycle with 550 °C maximum temperature (22.3% vs. 21.3%). At 700 °C, the overall solar-electric efficiency can reach 24.5% which is slightly higher than supercritical CO2 cycles, yet with a foreseeable reduction of the investment costs as consequence of the simpler plant lay-out.

In this paper, the compatibility of carbon/silicon carbide composite ceramic materials and propellant dinitrogen tetroxide was studied. Referring to similar standards, the test parameters and immersion test scheme were selected. The changes of dinitrogen tetroxide properties and mechanical properties of ceramics before and after the experiment were mainly investigated, which provided theoretical and data basis for the application of this ceramic material in the field of dinitrogen tetroxide.

Apart from the more familiar π-conjugation, there is also significant π–π repulsion which is a kind of unrecognized intramolecular strain and can be quantified with the linear B4H2 model system., Electron conjugation stabilizes unsaturated systems and diminishes the differences among bond distances. Experimentally, Kistiakowsky and coworkers first measured and noticed the difference between the hydrogenation heats of carbon–carbon double bonds in conjugated systems. For instance, the hydrogenation heat of butadiene is 57.1 kcal mol–1, which is less than two times that of the hydrogenation heat of 1-butene (30.3 kcal mol–1), and the difference (3.5 kcal mol–1) is the extra stabilization due to the resonance between two double bonds in the former, and is referred to as the experimental resonance energy. Following Kistiakowsky's definition, Rogers et al. studied the stepwise hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiyne and concluded that there is no conjugation stabilization in this molecule. This claim received objections instantly, but Rogers and coworkers further showed the destabilizing conjugation in 2,3-butanedione and cyanogen. Within resonance theory, the conjugation energy is derived “by subtracting the actual energy of the molecule in question from that of the most stable contributing structure.” The notable difference between the experimental and theoretical resonance energies lies in that the former needs other real reference molecules while the latter does not. Here we propose and validate a new concept, intramolecular multi-bond strain, which refers to the repulsion among π bonds. The π–π repulsion, which is contributed to by both Pauli exchange and electrostatic interaction, is quantified with the B4H2 model system (16.9 kcal mol–1), and is compared with the σ–σ repulsion in B2H4 (7.7 kcal mol–1). The significance of the π–π repulsion can be demonstrated by the much longer carbon–nitrogen bond in nitrobenzene (1.486 Å) than in aniline (1.407 Å), the very long and weak nitrogen–nitrogen bond (1.756 Å) in dinitrogen tetroxide, and the instability of long polyynes. This new concept successfully reconciles the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical conjugation energies. However, we maintain that by definition, electron conjugation must be stabilizing.

Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Sejong UniversityAbstract : Space propulsion system produces required thrust for satellites and space launch vehicles by using chemical reactions of a liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer typically. Among several liquid propellants, the monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide is expecially preferred for a GEO satellite propellants due to their better storability in liquid phase during a long mission life under a freezing space environment. Recently, a development of the monomethylhydrazine-dinitrogen tetroxide bipropellant system becomes important as the national space program requires the heavier and the more efficient space system. Thus, the objective of the present study is to review a foreign research trend of a chemical reaction between the monomethyhydrazine fuel and the dinitrogen tetroxide oxidizer to understand a fundamental basis of their characteristics to prepare for domestic development in future.Key Words : Space Propulsion, Bipropellant, Monomethylhydrazine, Dinitrogen Tetroxide, Chemical Reaction

Hochintensive Femtosekundenlaser sind wirkungsvolle Instrumente zur Erforschung von sowohl inter- als auch intramolekularen Dynamiken auf Zeitskalen der Kernbewegung und mit einer Ortsauflösung in der Größenordnung der Molekülbindungen. Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich der Studie von Moleküldynamiken mithilfe von Starkfeldionisation durch ultrakurze Laserpulse. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation präsentieren wir eine detaillierte Studie über die verschiedenen Aufbruchkanäle in der durch Starkfeldionisation induzierten Coulomb-Explosion von dreifach positiv geladenem Bromiodmethan. Die Impulse der resultierenden Fragmente wurden mithilfe eines Reaktionsmikroskops in Koinzidenz gemessen. Wir haben fünf verschiedene Fragmentationspfade nachgewiesen: eine nicht sequentielle Coulomb-Explosion in welcher die C-I Bindung und die C-Br Bindung gleichzeitig aufbrechen und zusätzlich vier sequentielle Pfade in welchen die Fragmentierung über einen doppelt geladenen Zwischenzustand abläuft und der Bindungsbruch nacheinander erfolgt. Zudem diskutieren wir sowohl die Möglichkeiten als auch die Beschränkungen, die Ergebnisse der Coulomb-Explosion zur Molekülstrukturbestimmung zu verwenden. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation stellen wir die Ergebnisse eines zeitaufgelösten Pump-Probe Experiments vor, in welchem die N-N Streckschwingung von Distickstofftetroxid untersucht wurde. Wir haben die Schwingung durch einen impulsiven stimulierten Raman Stoßprozess mit dem Pump-Puls angeregt, um anschließend das oszillierende Molekül mit einem zeitverzögerten Probe-Puls in einem Starkfeldprozess zu ionisieren. Durch die von der Zeitverzögerung abhängige, gemessene kinetische Energie erzeugter einfach positiv geladenener Stickstoffdioxid Fragmente, konnten wir den inneren Umkehrpunkt, die Amplitude und die Phase der Schwingen bestimmen. Wir haben für das Experiment eine Kombination aus einem Velocity-Map Imaging Spektrometer, einem im Vakuum integrierten Pixeldetektor und einem Lasersystem, welches 7 fs kurze Impulse erzeugt, verwendet. Im letzten Teil der Dissertation präsentieren wir eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Designs und der Implementierung eines neuen Messaufbaus. Dieser stellt den ersten Schritt der Entwicklung einer neuen Methode vor, die es ermöglichen soll die zeitabhängige Änderung der Molekülstruktur während einer bimolekularen chemischen Reaktion zu erforschen. Wir wollen dabei zwei etablierte Techniken verbinden: (1) Die Präparation der Ausgangsprodukte einer chemischen Reaktion in kleinen ionischen Clustern und Molekülen und (2) Coulomb-Explosion zur Strukturbestimmung von transienten Molekülkonfigurationen. Der neue Aufbau beinhaltet eine Ionenquelle, ein Flugzeitmassenspektrometer, ein Coulomb-Explosion Imaging Spektrometer und eine zusätzliche neutrale Molekularstrahlquelle., Strong-field femtosecond lasers are powerful tools to explore inter- and intramolecular dynamics on the time scales of the nuclear motion and with a spatial resolution of the molecular bond length. This thesis is dedicated to the investigation of molecular dynamics with strong-field ionization induced by ulta-short laser pulses. In the first part of this thesis, we present a detailed study on the different fragmentation pathways in the Coulomb explosion of triply-charged bromoiodomethane upon strong-field ionization. The momenta of the final fragments were measured in coincidence in a reaction microscope. We detected five different break-up pathways. The non-sequential Coulomb explosion where the C-I and the C-Br bond break at the same time and in addition four sequential channels with a successive bond cleavage and a fragmentation pathway which proceeds via an intermediate doubly-charged state. Furthermore, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of Coulomb explosion imaging as a tool to recover the molecular structure. In the second part of the thesis we present the results of a time-resolved pump-probe experiment exploring the N-N vibration of dinitrogen tetroxide. We excited the vibration in an impulsive stimulated Raman scattering process with the pump pulse and strong-field ionized the vibrating molecule with the time-delayed probe pulse. From the time-dependent kinetic energy release of created singly-charged nitrogen dioxide fragments we could extract the inner turning point, the amplitude, and the phase of the vibration. In the experiment, we used the combination of a velocity map imaging spectrometer, an in-vacuum pixel detector, and a laser system delivering few-cycle 7 fs long pulses. In the last part of the thesis, we present the detailed description of the design and implementation of a new setup. The built machine is the first step towards the development of a new approach to study the time-dependent structural change during bimolecular chemical reactions. We want to combine two established methods: (i) the preparation of reaction precursors in small ionic clusters and molecules (ii) Coulomb explosion imaging to determine the transient molecular structure. The new setup includes an ion source, a time-of-flight mass-spectrometer, a Coulomb explosion imaging spectrometer, and an additional neutral molecular beam source.

An efficient method for nitration of aliphatic and heterocyclic nitromethyl-ONN-azoxy derivatives with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and dinitrogen tetroxide to give the corresponding dinitromethyl-ONN-azoxy compounds was developed.

2-Dimethyl amino ethyl azide (DMAZ) has attracted much attention as a suitable liquid fuel replacement for monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) in propellant systems because, in contrast to these fuels, it is nontoxic. In this article, performance and ignition delay of DMAZ were studied with common liquid oxidizers including inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA), anhydrous nitric acid, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), liquid oxygen (LOX), and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON). Results showed that combustion of DMAZ and LOX provides the highest specific impulse (305.8 s) compared to the other mentioned oxidizers. Moreover, DMAZ and H2O2 gave the highest density specific impulse (360.2 s) at an optimum oxidizer-to-fuel ratio due to the higher density of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, a mixture of DMAZ and N2O4 had the minimum ignition delay time (68 ms). Therefore, it seems that the DMAZ-N2O4 propellant combination is suitable for space systems.