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O ambiente interno de um formigueiro mantém condições homeostáticas, permitindo a sobrevivência de outros animais, além de a colônia ser um lugar complexo e com um sistema bem estruturado de defesa. Ninhos de formigas se tornam adequados para a sobrevivência e a reprodução de inúmeros organismos, que podem utilizá-los apenas como abrigo ou até mesmo se alimentar dos restos das formigas. Os substratos de formigueiros de Dinoponera lucida, Dinoponera gigantea (Ponerinae) e Paraponera clavata (Paraponerinae) foram coletados nos municípios de Belmonte, Bahia, e Caxias, Maranhão. Foram, assim, amostrados três ninhos de D. lucida, quatro de D. gigantea e um de P. clavata. Os animais de maior tamanho foram coletados diretamente no substrato, colocado, em seguida, em funis de Berlese durante sete dias para extração da mesofauna. Nossos dados mostraram que existe maior diversidade de invertebrados associados ao ninho de P. clavata do que aos de D. lucida e D. gigantea, provavelmente por este possuir volume maior e oferecer diversidade maior de locais para reprodução e nidificação de numerosas pequenas espécies animais. Além disso, a população de P. clavata é consideravelmente maior do que aquelas de Dinoponera, aumentando proporcionalmente a probabilidade de ocorrer interações dentro da colônia.

Dinoponera morphospecies 1 Figs 27, 28B Preliminary considerations The morphology of this single male is described because it is significantly different from that of all other known males of Dinoponera. However, the lack of an associated female does not allow us to identify this specimen. This male may belong to either one of the sympatric species, D. mutica or D. nicinha sp. nov., both of which do not have described males. Given the present impossibility of associating this specimen with an available name, we present it here with the intention of increasing our knowledge about Dinoponera males, but avoiding a wrong association. We also feel compelled to present it due to the recent significantly increased rate of deforestation and bush fires that have ravaged vast swathes of potential distribution range for Dinoponera, including the species represented by this male. In view of this calamity, it is not unreasonable to expect dwindling opportunities to collect additional specimens of Dinoponera in many parts of the Brazilian Amazon. This male is evidence of the wonderful biodiversity that is literally turning into ashes before our very eyes, and we have no certainty that more specimens will come to light. Diagnosis Male Antenna with thick and stiff decumbent hairs, as long as or slightly longer than maximum scape diameter. Abdominal tergite VIII spiniform. Penisvalva ending in a rounded apex, without a ventral lobe. Anteroventral corner of penisvalva in lateral view with long and very sharp spine. Material examined BRAZIL ��� Rond��nia ��� 1 ♂; Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, Area Mutum, Ahe Jirau; 9��35���29.5��� S, 65��02���57.6��� W; 7���20 Feb. 2013; F. Fernandes leg.; malaise, MZSP 62285. Description Male MEASUREMENTS (n = 1). HL 2.23; HW1 2.68; MDL 0.57; SL 0.88; EL 1.47; MOD 0.45; LOD 0.43; MSL 6.91; HFL 5.41; PL1 1.82; PH 1.5; PW 1.25; ASL 4.45; BL1 15.99 (mm); CI1 1.19; SEI 1.64; SI1 0.33. HEAD. Frontal carina forming short longitudinal swelling. Lateral ocellus clearly surpassing posterior head margin in dorsal view. Head punctulate, weakly microareolate and shining; with yellowish suberect pubescence and long decumbent to suberect hairs, longer than ocellus height in dorsal view. Antenna with appressed pubescence and thick, stiff decumbent hairs as long as or slightly longer than maximum scape diameter. Ventral surface of head punctulate and slightly microareolate with silky sheen. MESOSOMA. Pronotum with weak transverse rugulae on posterior margin, mesoscutum without notaulus. Mesopleural sulcus slightly scrobiculate. Scutoscutellar sulcus smooth. Mesoscutellum longitudinally strigulate laterally. Metapleural-propodeal suture slightly scrobiculate. Mesosoma mostly smooth and shining, becoming coarsely punctate on declivitous surface of propodeum; with decumbent to suberect pubescence and suberect hairs; distance between each hair usually less than half its length. Legs densely covered by suberect pubescence; also with long suberect hairs, longer than femur diameter. Protibial apex without a stout seta. METASOMA. Petiolar node smooth and shining; densely covered by decumbent pubescence and abundant suberect hairs. Abdominal tergite VIII spiniform. Gaster mostly smooth and shining; tergites densely covered by appresed to decumbent pubescence and sparse suberect hairs. GENITALIA. Basal ring in dorsal view with slightly concave lateral margins, anteriorly much narrower than posteriorly; maximum diameter of fenestra longitudinally directed, median invagination V-shaped; dorsal margin of ring in lateral view anteriorly concave, anteroventral process subquadrate. Gonostylus broad and rounded. Dorsal margin of volsella in lateral view straight; anteroventral corner rounded; posteroventral margin strongly concave and forming a posterior triangular lobe; digitus volsellaris with posterior margin with a slight concavity. In lateral view, penisvalva with continuous dorsal and posterior margins, ending in rounded apex; ventral margin even and serrated, concave; anteroventral corner with long, very sharp spine. COLOR. Body mostly brown, with head and gaster apex slightly clear. Remarks Dinoponera morphospecies 1 is different mainly because of the shape of the anteroventral corner of the penisvalva, which ends in a long, sharp spine. It also differs from D. gigantea and D. quadriceps by the antennal hairs, which are shorter and thicker. An additional character that distinguishes this male from D. lucida and the D. grandis is the concavity of the basal ring in lateral view, much weaker in Dinoponera morphospecies 1. In D. longipes the penisvalva is wedge-shaped, not rounded, in lateral view, and the spine is shorter (observations made from the illustrations and description in Lenhart et al. 2013). Hopefully, additional specimens will be collected in the future, permitting the association of this male with its conspecific females. This could be done directly by collecting nest series of both sexes of the same species, or indirectly by collecting those of another species, making apparent which species it does not belong to. Biology Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 28B) This morphospecies is only known from Porto Velho, Rond��nia, Brazil., Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 57-59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335"]}

Dinoponera hispida Lenhart, Dash & Mackay, 2013 Figs 19, 28B Dinoponera hispida Lenhart, Dash & Mackay, 2013: 141, figs 1c, g, 2 (���). Diagnosis Female Body covered by thick and stiff hairs. Ventral surface of head posteriorly with transverse strigulae. Anteroventral pronotal corner in lateral view rounded or forming obtuse angle, never toothed. Dorsum of pronotum and abdominal tergite III mostly smooth and with bluish iridescence. Petiolar node in dorsal view usually slender (DPI Holotype BRAZIL ��� Par�� ��� 1 ���; Tucuru��; Jan. 1979; coll. M. Alvarenga; examined by images; MCZC. Non-type specimens (21 ������) BRAZIL ��� Par�� ��� 1���; Curion��polis, Faz. Serra Grande; 9 Jul. 1991; C. Melo and F. Melo leg.; 1385/1/79; DZUP ��� 1 ���; FloNa Caraj��s, Parauapeba; Mar. 2016; V.C. Rocha leg.; UFSC ��� 1 ���; Marab��; 2017; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Marab��, Gruta do Gavi��o; 5 Oct. 1986; GEP; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Melga��o, Caxiuan��, ECFPn; 1.7815�� S, 51.5919�� W; 5���7 Nov. 2003; A.Y. Harada, E.P. Fagundes and C. Renato leg.; VI: transecto 16-900; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Melga��o, Caxiuan��, Esta����o Cient��fica Ferreira Penna; 1��45��� S, 51��31��� W; 30 Oct. 2003; J. Souza and C. Moura leg.; plote VI transecto 5-600, pitfall 05; INPA ��� 1 ���; Novo Repartimento, Fazenda Arata��; 25���26 Jun. 2003; A.M. Elizabeth leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Parauapebas, FLONA de Caraj��s; 24 Feb. 2010; A.A. Matias leg.; ��� isca de sardinha, 10 trilha F Canga Controle ��� solo ���; INPA ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; ���5 trilha F Canga Controle ��� solo ���; INPA ��� 1 ���; Portel, Igarap�� Ban��; 2.0522�� S, 50.7313�� W; 26 Jan. 2016; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Serra dos Caraj��s; J.C. Freitas leg.; 1501, Cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Serra Norte, Caraj��s; Jul.���Aug. 1985; Brand��o and Benson leg.; Unicamp Ecol. Campo exped.; N3 mata trilha; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; N3 canga Arrm. Berlese; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; N1 Canga gram��nea; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; N1 Canga gram��nea #4; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Serra Norte, Mangan��s; 16 Aug. 1984; W. Fran��a leg.; lote 2550; MPEG HYM11506519 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 17 Jun. 1985; R.D. Thomaz leg.; lote 2552; MPEG HYM11506521 ��� 1 ���; Serra Norte, N-1 Canga; 24 Oct. 1984; M��rcio Zanuto leg.; lote 2537; MPEG HYM11506495 ��� 1 ���; Serra Norte, N-3 mata; 6 Oct. 1986; M. Martins leg.; lote 2536; MPEG HYM11506496 ��� 1 ���; Tucuru��; 7 Jul. 1978; P. Maur��cio leg.; MPEG HYM11513011 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8 Jul. 1978; W. Fran��a leg.; MPEG HYM11513016. Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 10): HL 4.8���6.17; HW 4.6���5.73; MDL 3.95���4.66; SL 5.67���6.42; MSL 7.52���8.7; HFL 7.24���8.5; HBL 6.08���7.1; PL 2.17���2.51; PH 2.75���3.5; PW 1.36���1.64; ATS 6.96���8.4; BL 25.4���30.12 (mm); CI 0.87���0.96; SI 1.13���1.27; DPI 0.6���0.71. HEAD. Malar area with longitudinal to oblique striae which gradually fade posteriorly, sometimes not reaching anterior eye margin. Gena smooth or weakly microareolate, with bluish iridescence, usually without rugulae. Appressed pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, extending posteriorly to frons. Frons smooth to weakly microareolate, with bluish iridescence; integument slightly irregular close to hair insertions; decumbent to suberect thick, stiff hairs; pubescence densest laterally. Occipital corner smooth and with bluish iridescence. Antennal scape weakly microareolate and shining; antenna with suberect, thick, stiff hairs except for 4���5 apical segments. Ventral surface of head weakly microareolate to smooth; arched, weakly impressed strigulae present on anterior half; well-marked transverse strigulae posteriorly. Hypostomal tooth with longitudinal strigulae. Labrum with weak median longitudinal sulcus that extends from anterior margin to half its length; with transverse rugulae. Mandibular dorsum with longitudinal strigulae along inner margin, gradually fading apicad. MESOSOMA.Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view broadly convex, with no pronounced dorsoposterior swelling; anteroventral corner of pronotum rounded or forming obtuse angle, never toothed. Pronotal dorsum smooth, with bluish iridescence. Metapleural-propodeal suture well-marked and straight, rarely sinuous. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view elongate (DPIMale Unknown. Remarks The diagnostic characters easily separate D. hispida from any other Dinoponera. This species occurs in sympatry with D. gigantea, which differs by having a microareolate and opaque integument with slender, flexous hairs. It may be confused with either D. longipes, D. mutica, or D. nicinha sp. nov., which also have a shining integument and occur in northern Brazil. Dinoponera mutica and D. nicinha sp. nov. can be separated by not having the petiolar node with a blunt anterodorsal angle or a rounded posterodorsal angle in lateral view. Dinoponera longipes may have the node slightly similar to that of D. hispida, but it lacks strigulae on the head venter and has flexible golden hairs throughout the body. Another species with smooth and shining integument is D. lucida, but it differs by having the anterodorsal node angle lower than the posterodorsal angle in lateral view. Dinoponera lucida only occurs in the Atlantic forest of eastern Brazil. The holotype of D. hispida was examined by images available in the online database of the MCZC (https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu, Identifiers: Entomology, 36191) and additional images. Besides that, the description of Lenhart et al. (2013) is very complete and detailed, permitting a clear recognition of the species. Biology The life history of this species is unknown. It is restricted to the Amazon, characterized by humid forests and large trees (IBGE 2012). According to the K��ppen classification system, the predominant climate in southeastern Par�� is Tropical Monsoon, with the average temperature of the coldest month over 18��C and high annual precipitation (Alvares et al. 2013). Distribution (Fig. 28B) Dinoponera hispida has a relatively restricted distribution, known only from a few sites in Par�� that are being affected by large-scale mining, a large hydroelectric plant (Tucuru�� Hydroelectric Power Plant) and extensive deforestation. This combination of habitat disturbance makes the species a likely candidate for being considered as threatened. However, its distribution could be greater if there are more specimens in collections presently misidentified as the sympatric D. gigantea., Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 33-35, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Alvares C. A., Stape J. L., Sentelhas P. C., Goncalves J. L. de M. & Sparovek G. 2013. Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22 (6): 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507"]}

Genus Dinoponera Roger, 1861 Dinoponera Roger, 1861: 37 (type species: Ponera gigantea Perty, 1833). Diagnosis Female Mandible subtriangular. Anterior clypeal margin with lateral tooth along same longitudinal axis as antennal insertion. Head width greater than 4 mm. Pygidium and hypopygium each with lateral row of stout setae. Body length (BL) longer than 22 mm. Male Head width, including compound eyes, greater than 2.1 mm. Abdominal pretergite IV with stridulatory file. Meso- and metatibiae each with two pectinate spurs at apex. Easily diagnosed among Ponerinae by the large size (BL1> 12 mm). Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Body length greater than 22 mm. Head width greater than 4 mm. HEAD. In full-face view sub-rectangular, posterior margin concave, lateral margins subparallel, broadly convex. Anterior clypeal margin in frontal view with lateral tooth along same longitudinal axis as antennal insertion; clypeal disc with longitudinal raised area that narrows posteriorly between frontal lobes. Clypeal disc generally microareolate, laterally smooth to striate; anterior margin with hairs as long as or longer than clypeal tooth; external side of tooth usually with row of short hairs. Anterior tentorial pit region with oblique striae. Frontal lobe covers most of antennal insertion, anteriorly distinctly elevated above surrounding cuticle, internal margin forms fine longitudinal strip below frontal lobe surface; anterior region usually areolate, posterior constriction longitudinally striate. Malar area with varying amounts of longitudinal to oblique striae; if present, striae may reach all of anterior ocular margin and extend to gena, rarely surpassing posterior ocular margin. Gena may be smooth and shining to microareolate and opaque; pilosity variable. Anterior gena with or without longitudinal striae and variable appressed pubescence. Eye elliptical to broadly convex, placed on anterior half of head, occupying less than one-fourth of lateral cephalic margin, not reaching lateral cephalic margin in fullface view; circumocular sulcus present. Appressed pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, extending posteriorly to frons. Frons smooth and shining to microareolate and opaque; insertion of hairs scalloped, posteriorly fading (particularly noticeable in D. hispida); pilosity variable; pubescence usually very sparse on median portion and densest laterally. Longitudinal median sulcus extends from between frontal lobes to frons, ending in tiny depression. Occipital corner strongly microareolate and opaque to smooth and shining (with no visible microsculpture with up to 32�� magnification). Antenna with 12 segments. Scape extends beyond posterior margin of head; length usually longer than head width; smooth or microareolate; pilosity variable. First six funicular segments usually widening towards apex; funiculus with sparse hairs longer than scape diameter usually on first segments, rarely on four to five most apical segments; funicular segments densely covered by appressed and very short pubescence. Ventral surface smooth and shining to weakly microareolate or strigulate and opaque; strigulae absent to covering all surface or just anterior half; pilosity variable; hypostomal tooth usually longitudinally striate. Labrum smooth or weakly transversely striate-punctate; median longitudinal sulcus present or absent. Mandible subtriangular; usually with seven teeth; basal tooth separated from other teeth by diastema; dorsum weakly longitudinally striate only at inner base or along masticatory margin; long hairs present along masticatory margin; integument widely impressed at hair insertions. Mandible ventrally curved in lateral view. Mandible in ventral view with shallow longitudinal basal sulcus that gradually fades apicad; sulcus and row of long, flexuous hairs parallel masticatory margin. Discal area of stipes depressed, usually smooth, sometimes weakly rugulose; usually two long and flexible hairs visible at base. Submentum with weak sulcus at base; discal protuberance present; usually no microsculpturing visible. Palpal formula 4,4. MESOSOMA. In lateral view, dorsal margin slightly divided by promesonotal junction; pronotum slightly higher than rest of mesosoma. Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view convex. Pronotum with lateral dorsoposterior swelling of variable convexity; smooth and shining to opaque and microareolate and/or rugulose; lateral surface densely covered by appressed to decumbent pubescence. Anteroventral corner of pronotum rounded, angled or toothed. Propleuron densely punctulate and pubescent. Prosternal process longer than wide. Mesonotal and propodeal dorsal margins in lateral view continuous and widely convex, metanotal groove slightly impressed. Mesopleuron and mesosternum separated by welldeveloped carina. Anepisternum usually with mesopleural pit next to mesometapleural suture and to metathoracic spiracle. Mesometapleural suture straight and well developed. Metanotal spiracular sclerite ovoid. Dorsal and declivitous propodeal margins in lateral view rounded and continuous; propodeal spiracle opening vertical to oblique and slit-shaped; spiracle at same level as surrounding propodeal surface; metapleural-propodeal suture well-marked and straight, or weak and sinuous. Mesometapleuron and lateral surface of propodeum punctulate; appressed pubescence variable in length and density. Mesonotum and propodeal dorsum usually densely covered with punctulae bearing medially converging pubescence. Mesosoma usually with numerous long hairs, distance between each hair usually less than half length. Coxae, femora and tibiae microareolate or smooth, with long hairs throughout each surface, separated from each other by distance less than half its length. Protibial apex with robust seta and well-developed pectinate spur, spur lamellate on inner base. Protibia with pubescence concentrated on opposing side of robust seta. Meso- and metatibia each with row of robust setae around entire apex, each apex with simple spur and pectinate spur; pubescence more concentrated on opposite surface of pectinate spur. Posterior surface of probasitarsus with basal concavity containing row of dark brown setae and parallel row of fine, light brown hairs; surface covered by thick yellow hairs. Tarsi with dark brown setae concentrated ventrally on apex of each tarsomere. Tarsal claws bidentate, arolium absent. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view usually robust and sub-rectangular; taller than long; lateral surface smooth and shining to microareolate and opaque; anterior margin with short, whitish decumbent hairs. Node longer than broad in dorsal view, narrower than either propodeum or abdominal tergite III; lateral margins subparallel to anterodorsally converging, always with rounded corners; integument shining or opaque. Hairs present in variable density. Posterior surface usually with shallow longitudinal sulcus. Petiolar sternite height in lateral view always higher anteriorly than posteriorly; subpetiolar process anteroventrally projecting; anterior apex rounded or longitudinally carinate. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III in lateral view broadly convex and vertical; dorsal margin broadly convex; prora discrete and slightly concave ventrally. Gastral spiracles rounded. Abdominal tergite III in dorsal view smooth and shining to microareolate and opaque, with hairs of variable length and density; pubescence either present on entire surface or concentrated only laterally. Abdominal pretergite IV with fine transverse striae, stridulatory file of variable size (usually well-developed in D. lucida Emery, 1901 and D. longipes Emery, 1901). Pygidium and hypopygidium each with lateral row of stout setae. Apex of hypopygium ending in two robust triangular spines which are usually covered dorsally by pygidium. COLOR. Integument black. Male MEASUREMENTS. Body length (BL1) greater than 12 mm. Head width greater than 2.1 mm. HEAD. In full-face view ovoid, wider than long. Anterior margin of clypeus with a transverse lamella, concave; surface of clypeal disc with slight swelling. Anterior tentorial pit large. Epistomal sulcus usually broadly convex. Supraclypeal area flat and triangular-shaped, located between antennal sockets. Distance between antennal sockets less than their maximum diameter. Torular arch simple, exposing antennal condyles. Frontal carina reduced to a short median longitudinal swelling between posterior margins of antennal sockets. Eye large and convex, occupying entire lateral cephalic margin; inner margin emarginate at height of antennal socket. Median and lateral ocellus present; lateral ocellus surpassing posterior head margin in full-face view, except in some specimens of D. grandis. Posterior margin of head convex. Head punctulate and slightly microareolate, varying from shining to silky sheen; with decumbent to suberect yellowish pubescence; variable density of hairs. Antenna with 13 segments; filiform. Scape wider than all other segments; at least two times as long as pedicel; length approximately half that of third antennal segment. Antenna with appressed pubescence; hairs, if present, only on funiculus. Ventral surface of head varies from microareolate and subopaque to smooth and shining. Mandible reduced, edentate, spoon-shaped in lateral view; weakly punctulate and shiny. Labrum reduced, narrower than labium; anterior margin concave, rarely rounded in D. quadriceps Kempf, 1971. Palpal formula 4,3, sometimes 5,3. MESOSOMA. Pronotum in dorsal view narrow, with concave posterior margin; posterolateral corner acute and bulging. Mesoscutum in dorsal view rounded; with anteromedian longitudinal carina and lateral parapsidal line; notaulus present or absent; in lateral view with convex dorsal margin. Mesopleural sulcus oblique and well-developed; mesopleural pit easily distinguible, opening anteroventrally. Spiracular sclerite approximately rounded, opening posterodorsally. Scutoscutellar sulcus easily distinguible and usually scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum in dorsal view with concave anterior margin and straight to convex posterior margin, usually with lateral strigulae; dorsal margin in lateral view strongly convex. Metanotum usually with silky sheen, narrow and sub-rectangular in dorsal view, convex in lateral view; metanotal disc slightly rugulose, laterally strigulate. Metapleuron with oblique median depression at posterior metapleural pit; metapleural pit opening usually facing anteroventrally, except in some specimens of D. grandis and D. lucida. Metapleuron with anteroventral carina that extends briefly posterodorsally. Metapleural-propodeal suture forms carina that fades dorsally to propodeal spiracle, becoming broad, sometimes scrobiculate, sulcus. Anterior margin of propodeum in dorsal view with median notch; dorsal and declivitous margins of propodeum slightly discontinuous, sometimes separated by weak carina; propodeal spiracle slit-shaped. Mesosoma varies from microareolate and subopaque to smooth and shining, becoming coarsely punctate on declivitous surface of propodeum, except in D. grandis; usually with decumbent pubescence; long hairs present or absent. Legs very slightly microareolate and shining; densely pubescent; long hairs present or absent. Protibial apex sometimes with one stout seta; protibial spur well-developed and pectinate with lamellate inner base. Meso- and metatibiae each with two pectinate spurs at apex: one well-developed and the other less developed. Posterior surface of probasitarsus with basal concavity containing row of short setae. Tarsi with decumbent setae, usually more concentrated on apex of each tarsomere; claws bidentate; arolium well-developed. Wings covered by short pubescence. Forewing with pterostigma and following longitudinal veins: C, Sc+R, R, Rs+M, M, M+Cu, Cu and A; crossveins 2r-rs, 2rs-m, 1m-cu and cu-a present. Hindwing with following longitudinal veins: R+Rs, Rs, M+Cu, M, Cu and A; crossveins 1rs-m and cu-a present. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view with rounded dorsal margin, anterior and posterior margins forming a continuous curve, usually with posterior hump; spiracle oval to rounded. Petiolar sternum continuous, lacking well-developed subpetiolar process, usually longitudinally carinate. In dorsal view longer than wide with rounded corners. Sculpturing varies from microareolate and subopaque to smooth and shining; pubescence and pilosity of variable density. Anterior margin of abdominal tergite III in lateral view broadly convex and curving posterad. Gastral spiracles oval to rounded. Abdominal pretergite IV with stridulatory file. Well-marked constriction between abdominal segments III and IV; abdominal tergite VIII (pygidium) triangular to spiniform. Cercus apically dilated, with long hairs; hypopygium elongate, posterior margin concave to straight. Sculpturing varies from microareolate and subopaque to smooth and shining; pubescence and pilosity of variable density. GENITALIA. Basal ring in dorsal view trapezoid, with lateral margins converging anteriorly; dorsoanterior margin thicker, forming lateral loop and median invagination; each loop surrounds a fenestra. Basal ring in lateral view with dorsal margin varying from straight to very concave, some species having anterior lobe; anteroventral process varying from rounded to subquadrate to subtriangular. Parameres notably divided in two regions: gonocoxite anteriorly and gonostylus posteriorly; gonostylus varying from broad and rounded to narrow and sharp. Cuspis volsellaris in lateral view finger-like and ventrally torulose, size variable; digitus volsellaris widening posteriorly, ventral margin varying from broadly to strongly concave; posterior region torulose. Penisvalva highly variable among species, with ventral margin serrated. COLOR. Integument in shades of brown, with legs usually lighter. Remarks This genus is rarely mistaken with any other due to its enormous size. Dinoponera shares some synapomorphies with Pachycondyla Smith, 1858, the most notable being the presence of a row of stout setae on the hypopygium on each side of the sting (Schmidt & Shattuck 2014). However, females of Pachycondyla have no tooth on the anterior margin of the clypeus and rarely exceed 2 cm in body length. Neither females nor males of Pachycondyla have a stridulatory file on abdominal pretergite IV, a character present in both sexes of Dinoponera. A possible karyotypic apomorphy of Dinoponera is the presence of a pair of pseudo-acrocentric chromosomes, observed in D. grandis, D. gigantea, D. lucida and D. quadriceps (Santos et al. 2012). Biology Nests are always constructed in the soil, usually close to the base of trees or in areas shaded by vegetation (Araujo et al. 1990; Morgan 1993; Paiva & Brand��o 1995; Fourcassi�� et al. 1999; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira 2002; Peixoto et al. 2010). Each nest may have one to thirty entrances, and some may be polydomic (Morgan 1993; Paiva & Brand��o 1995; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira 2002). The entrances may contain branches and loose soil, forming mounds in D. longipes (Morgan 1993; Fourcassi�� et al. 1999; Peixoto et al. 2010). Nest depth varies from 10 to 143 cm,with species from more arid environments, such as D. quadriceps and D. grandis, usually having deeper nests. Nests are distributed in patches, and the spatial arrangement within each patch may be random or influenced by intraspecific territorial competition (Araujo et al. 1990; Paiva & Brand��o 1995; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira 2002; Vasconcellos et al. 2004). Local density of nests can vary from 15 to 180 per hectare (Vasconcellos et al. 2004; Tillberg et al. 2014). In D. longipes, Morgan (1993) estimated an average distance of 35 m between nests. The average number of workers per colony varies from 13 to 78, and can reach more than 140 in D. quadriceps (Paiva & Brand��o 1995; Monnin & Peeters 1998; Monnin et al. 2003). Division of labour occurs mainly because of age polyethism, with the oldest workers responsible for activities outside the nest (Peixoto et al. 2008). Foraging is always solitary, regardless of resource size (Ara��jo & Rodrigues 2006; Azevedo et al. 2014). Their diet is omnivorous, with a preference for angiosperm seeds and living or dead invertebrates (Fourcassi�� & Oliveira 2002; Ara��jo & Rodrigues 2006; Peixoto et al. 2010; Tillberg et al. 2014). Each worker maintains fidelity to a foraging route, with only slight deviations while searching for food (Fourcassi�� et al. 1999; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira 2002; Vasconcellos et al. 2004; Tillberg et al. 2014). Studies suggest that spatial orientation occurs mainly through large-scale visual cues (Fourcassi�� et al. 1999; Ara��jo & Rodrigues 2006; Tillberg et al. 2014). In Dinoponera there has been loss of the queen; consequentially, reproduction is carried out by workers called gamergates (Haskins & Zahl 1971; Peeters & Crewe 1984; Araujo et al. 1990; Peeters 1991; Peixoto et al. 2008). All workers have reproductive potential, but a hierarchical system of dominance guarantees that the colonies are usually monogynous (Monnin & Peeters 1999; Monnin et al. 2003; Peixoto et al. 2008). Each colony has a cadre of workers of elevated hierarchical status that usually compete with each other for the reproductive role. These workers are often referred to as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, being defined by the frequency and intensity of specific behaviours (Monnin & Peeters 1999; Peixoto et al. 2008). The gamergate is the alpha, the highest status in the colony (Monnin & Peeters 1999). Agonistic interactions performed by workers of higher status usually are blocking, gaster rubbing and gaster curling (Monnin & Peeters 1999; Peixoto et al. 2008). When beta, gamma or delta workers lay unfertilized eggs, the gamergate often recognizes them and destroys them by oophagy (Monnin & Peeters 1997). Dominance hierarchy is also determined by age (Araujo et al. 1990), as usually only young workers have high level positions (Monnin & Peeters 1999). As workers age their ovaries atrophy and they lose their reproductive capacity (Araujo et al. 1990). Thus, a newly emerged worker has a good chance to become a beta and possibly an alpha (Araujo et al. 1990; Monnin & Peeters 1999). Gamergates, however, may be relatively old, which suggests that fertilization is an important factor that prevents ovary atrophy (Araujo et al. 1990). Reproduction occurs when a virgin alpha leaves the nest at night and waits for a male to fertilize it (Monnin & Peeters 1998). Male attraction probably occurs through pheromones produced only by alpha females (Monnin & Peeters 1998). After mating, the male genitalia remain attached to the gamergate, ensuring monandry (Monnin & Peeters 1998). A newly fertilized alpha can replace a dead gamergate or found a new colony by fission (Monnin & Peeters 1998). Fission can be gradual, as demonstrated for D. quadriceps and D. lucida (Peixoto et al. 2010; Medeiros & Ara��jo 2014). Initially the new gamergate and other workers can migrate to a nearby nest and remain in contact with the parental nest. After this polydom, Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 6-16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Roger J. 1861. Die Ponera - artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 1 - 54.","Perty M. 1833. Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII- MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Fasc. 3. Published by the author, Monachii [= Munich].","Emery C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 45: 32 - 54.","Kempf W. W. 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394.","Schmidt C. A. & Shattuck S. O. 2014. The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicinae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa 3817 (1): 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3817.1.1","Santos I. S., Delabie J. H. C., Silva J. G., Costa M. A., Barros L. A. C., Pompolo S. G. & Mariano C. S. F. 2012. Karyotype differentiation among four Dinoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) species. The Florida Entomologist 95 (3): 737 - 742. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.095.0324","Araujo C. Z. D., Lachaud J. P. & Fresneau D. 1990. Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioural Processes 22: 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0376 - 6357 (90) 90011 - 4","Morgan R. C. 1993. Natural history notes and husbandry of the peruvian giant ant Dinoponera longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Sonoran Arthropod Studies (ed.) Proceedings of Invertebrates in Captivity Conference. Sonoran Arthropod Studies, Tuscon, AZ. Available from: http: // archive. vn / LMubG selection- 25.34 - 25.60 [accessed 25 Jul. 2020].","Paiva R. V. S. & Brandao C. R. F. 1995. Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7: 297 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938","Fourcassie V., Henriques A. & Fontella C. 1999. Route fidelity and spatial orientation in the ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary forest: a preliminary study. Sociobiology 34 (3): 505 - 524.","Fourcassie V. & Oliveira P. S. 2002. Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History 36: 2211 - 2227. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149","Peixoto A. V., Campiolo S. & Delabie J. H. C. 2010. Basic ecological information about the threatened ant, Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), aiming its effective long-term conservation. In: Tepper G. H. (ed.) Species Diversity and Extinction: 183 - 213. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY.","Vasconcellos A., Santana G. G. & Souza A. K. 2004. Nest spacing and architecture, and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64 (2): 357 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842004000200022","Tillberg C. V, Edmonds B., Freauff A., Hanisch P. E., Paris C., Smith C. R., Tsutsui N. D., Wills B. D., Wittman S. E. & Suarez A. V. 2014. Foraging ecology of the tropical giant hunting ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - evaluating mechanisms for high abundance. Biotropica 46 (2): 229 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12097","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55: 299 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1997.0601","Monnin T., Ratnieks F. L. W. & Brandao C. R. F. 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9","Peixoto A. V., Campiolo S., Lemes T. N., Delabie J. H. C. & Hora R. R. 2008. Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia 52 (1): 88 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000100016","Araujo A. & Rodrigues Z. 2006. Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35 (2): 159 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2006000200002","Azevedo D. L. O., Medeiros J. C. & Araujo A. 2014. Adjustments in the time, distance and direction of foraging in Dinoponera quadriceps workers. Journal of Insect Behavior 27: 177 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10905 - 013 - 9412 - 6","Haskins C. P. & Zahl P. A. 1971. The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche 78 (1 - 2): 1 - 11.","Peeters C. & Crewe R. 1984. Insemination controls the reproductive division of labour in a ponerine ant. Naturwissenschaften 71 (1): 50 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00365989","Peeters C. 1991. The occurrence of sexual reproduction among ant workers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 44: 141 - 152. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1991. tb 00612. x","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10 (3): 323 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / 10.3.323","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1997. Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften 84: 499 - 502. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050433","Medeiros J. & Araujo A. 2014. Workers' extra-nest behavioral changes during colony fission in Dinoponera quadriceps (Santschi). Neotropical Entomology 43 (2): 115 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 013 - 0193 - 6","Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Guerin-Meneville F. E. 1838. Premiere division. Crustaces, arachnides et insectes. In: Duperrey L. I. (ed.) Voyage autour du Monde, execute par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les Annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825: 9 - 320. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.","Borgmeier T. 1937. Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da America do Sul e Central, principalmente do Brasil (Hym. Formicidae). Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 3 (2): 217 - 255.","Tozetto L. & Lattke J. E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure and Development 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2020.100943"]}

Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 Figs 21���22, 29A Dinoponera grandis lucida Emery, 1901: 48 (���). Dinoponera lucida ��� Kempf 1971: 376: figs 1���2 (raised to species). ��� Lenhart, Dash & Mackay 2013: 146, fig. 1h (redescription, key, male genitals). ��� Esc��rraga et al. 2017 (male description). ��� Tozetto & Lattke 2020: 5, figs 2���3, 6 (male genitals). Diagnosis Female Malar area with longitudinal to oblique striae that always reach entire anterior ocular margin and extend to gena until at least half of eye length. Anteroventral corner of pronotum in lateral view with tooth or acute angle. Dorsum of pronotum and abdominal tergite III smooth, with bluish iridescence.Anterodorsal corner of petiolar node in lateral view lower than posterodorsal corner. Male Antenna with stiff decumbent hairs shorter than maximum scape diameter. Gastral tergites with long hairs. Abdominal tergite VIII triangular, with a very sharp apex. Penisvalva ending in a rounded ventral lobe. Material examined Non-type specimens (324 ������, 26 ♂♂) BRAZIL ��� Bahia ��� 1 ���; Barrol��ndia; 16���23 Jul. 1994; S. Lacau leg.; CPDC ��� 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; 4 Aug. 2004; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Faz. Amaralina, Guaratinga; 27 Aug. 1993; O.S.A. Paula leg.; 4675c; CPDC ��� 1���; Fazenda Limeira, Itapebi; 25 Apr. 1988; J. Raimundos leg.; 4369; CPDC ��� 2 ♂♂; Ibirapu��; 5 Jul. 2004; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itamaraju, Faz. Pau Brasil; 10 May 1969; Ventocilla leg.; 2744; INPA ��� 2 ♂♂; Itamaraju; 8 Jul. 2004; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itanhem; 12 Nov. 2009; Jonathas leg.; 5580; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Jacobina; 1996; J. Jardim leg.; CPDC ��� 5 ������; Jequi��; 15 Nov. 1964; C. and T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Lajed��o; 6 Jul. 2004; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 21 Jul. 1967; K. Brown leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Monte Pascoal; 20 Jan. 1994; J.C. Nascimento leg.; 4795; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Mucuri; 1���10 Mar. 1971; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Pau Brasil; 14 Jan. 1998; L.A. Matos Silva leg.; 5220; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Porto Seguro; 13 Dec. 1992; A.B. Casimiro leg.; 4600b; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Porto Seguro, E.E. Pau Brazil; 16��23���17��� S, 39��10���55��� W; 13 Nov. 2014; DZUP ��� 8 ������; Prado; 5 Mar. 1971; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; R. [Rio] Mucuri Sul; 23 Jul. 1967; K. Brown leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; T [Teixeira] de Freitas, zona rural; 30 Jul.���3 Aug. 2007; F.B. Fraga leg.; UFES 55843. ��� Esp��rito Santo ��� 1 ���; Alfredo Chaves; 20��27���53��� S, 40��42���35��� W; alt. 714 m; 15 Oct. 2007; C.O. Azevedo and team leg.; UFES 39348 ��� 1 ♂; Alfredo Chaves, Matilde, RPPN Oiutrem; 20��33��� S, 40��48��� W; 14���21 Oct. 2009; C.O. Azevedo and team leg.; Malaise 600���800 m; UFES ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; UFES 74864 ��� 1 ���; Aracruz, Faz. Rio Verde; 23 Jan. 1994; Delabie leg.; 4788; CPDC ��� 3 ������; Baixo Guandu; 17 May 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 7 ������; same locality as for preceding; 24���31 Aug. 1970; Tadeu and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 12 ������; same locality as for preceding; 25 Apr. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 29 Jun. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 3 ������; same locality as for preceding; 7���13 May 1970; Tadeu and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 5 ������; same locality as for preceding; 1 Jun. 1970; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 10���16 Aug. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 16���22 Sep. 1971; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 17���22 Aug. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 1���8 Aug. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 22 Jun. 1970; Claudionor Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 5 ������; same locality as for preceding; 23���30 Apr. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 23 ������; same locality as for preceding; 23���30 Sep. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 549807 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 26���30 Apr. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 29 Apr.���6 May 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 6 Jul. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 8 Jun. 1970; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Buenos Aires, 10 km W of Guarapari; alt. 500 m; 6 Jan. 1996; G.A.R. Melo leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Cariacica, Res. Biol. De Duas Bocas; 16 Sep. 2006; R. Kawada and team leg.; UFES 124428 ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 28 Feb. 2004; R. Kawada leg.; UFES 132366 ��� 2 ������; Colatina; Jan. 1962; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 5 ������; Conc [Concei����o] da Barra; 1 Nov. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 5 ������; same locality as for preceding; 11 Oct. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1���; same locality as for preceding; 15 Nov. 1968; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548835 ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 1���6 Jul. 1968; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 16���22 Jan. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 16���22 Mar. 1969; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 16���23 Apr. 1969; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 5 ������; same locality as for preceding; 17 Sep. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 3 ������; same locality as for preceding; 17���22 Mar. 1969; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 24 ������; same locality as for preceding; 18 Aug. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548824 ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 18 Oct. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 19 Jun. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 20 Dec. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548826 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548827 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548828 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548829 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548830 ��� 8 ������; same locality as for preceding; 25 Sep. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1���; same locality as for preceding; 26 May 1968; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 4 ������; same locality as for preceding; 27 Mar. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 18 ������; same locality as for preceding; 27 Dec. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 3 ������; same locality as for preceding; 29 Nov. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548833 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 4 Jul. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP 548825 ��� 5������; same locality as for preceding; 4 Aug. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548821 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548822 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548823 ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 4���8 Apr. 1969; Tadeu and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 5 May 1968; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP 548834 ��� 4������; same locality as for preceding; 6 Dec. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548831 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548832 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 6���22 Jan. 1970; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 8 Nov. 1969; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 9���15 Apr. 1969; C. and C.T. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Domingos Martins, Mata do Pico do Eldorado; 20��22���17��� S, 40��39���29��� W; 26 Nov.���3 Dec. 2004; M.T. Tavares and team leg.; Malaise T 1; UFES 107891 ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 3���10 Dec. 2004; M.T. Tavares and team leg.; Malaise T1; UFES 106427 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise B4; UFES 104604 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise T7; UFES 64441 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise B 4; UFES 104603 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise T1; UFES 106426 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise T1; UFES 106425 ��� 5 ������; Domingos Martins; Jan. 1962; Claudionor Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; Itagua��u; 19 Mar. 1970; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Itagau��u, Alto Lajinha, Fazenda Binda; 22���29 Sep. 2008; M.T. Tavares and team leg.; Malaise; UFES 82143 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; UFES 82138 ��� 1 ���; Laranja da Terra, Joatuba, Faz. Betzel; 19��50���25��� S, 40��49���40��� W; 5���12 Oct. 2012; Tavares and team leg.; UFES137307 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise B-1; UFES 135693 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; Malaise B-4; UFES 135132 ��� 1 ♂; Santa Leopoldina, Su����a, mata; 20.08183�� S, 40.59413�� W; alt. 361 m; 05���12 Nov. 2007; C.O. Azevedo and team leg.; Malaise; UFES 68910 ��� 1 ���; Linhares; 19 Oct. 1967; Kloss leg.; Cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 24���31 Jul. 1972; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 17 ������; same locality as for preceding; 8���14 Aug. 1972; Claudionor Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 15 ������; same locality as for preceding; 8���14 Dec. 1972; Claudionor Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 20 Sep. 1983; M.A. Penha leg.; UFES 39355 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 10 Oct. 1993; Ademar Luz leg.; 1392; CPDC ��� 1 ♂; Linhares, Fz. Goitacazes; 20 Oct. 1967; Vantocilla leg.; 1865; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Linhares, Res. Vale Rio Doce; 19.2461�� S, 39.9611�� W; alt. 12 m; 5���6 May 2007; J.A. Rafael and F.F. Xavier F. leg.; manual; INPA ��� 1 ���; Res. de Linhares; 20 Oct. 1999; C. Villemant leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Morro Mestre Alvaro, Serra; 16 Apr. 1987; A.P. Aguiar leg.; UFES 39363 ��� 1 ♂; Pancas, Faz. Juliberto Stur; 19.21958�� S, 40.77327��W; 24���31 Jan. 2003; Tavares, Azevedo and team leg.; Malaise T4; UFES 99293 ��� 1 ���; Pi��ma, ilha; 6 Nov. 2007; R.S. Ferreira leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Reg��ncia; 23 Jan. 1994; J.C. Nascimento leg.; 4794; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Sta. Tereza [Santa Teresa]; 13 Jan. 1970; C.T. and C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 16 ������; same locality as for preceding; 7 Dec. 1964; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Santa Teresa, Est. Biol��gica de Santa L��cia; 20���24 Oct. 2007; M.T. Tavares and team leg.; UFES 70534 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; UFES 70535 ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 17���23 Oct. 2011; M.T. Tavares and team leg.; Malaise; UFES 118173 ��� 1 ���; Serra Mestre Alvaro; 27 Jul. 2002; T.S. Soares leg.; UFES 39347 ��� 1 ���; Soretama, Reserva Natural Vale; 19.1333�� S, 40.0500�� W; Feb. 2015; T. Vargas leg.; UFV LabEcol 43 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; UFV LabEcol 432 ��� 1 ���; Vila Val��rio, S��tio Beninc��; 18��58��� S, 40��27��� W; 14���28 Sep. 2011; C.O. Azevedo and team leg.; UFES 119467 ��� 1 ���; Vit��ria, Fradinhos; 18 Sep. 1986; R.P. Moure leg.; UFES 38457 ��� 1 ���; Vit��ria, Maru��pe; 14 Aug. 2002; Silva, A.S. leg.; UFES 21962 ��� 1 ���; Vit��ria, Morro TV Gazeta; 6 Oct. 1993; H. Jos�� leg.; UFES 39362 ��� 1 ���; Parque Fonte Grande; 25 Apr. 1987; R.B. Frigeri leg.; UFES 39529 ��� 1 ���; Vit��ria, Pq. Estadual Fonte Grande; alt. 290 m; 20.3091�� S, 40.3413�� W; 3 May 2007; J.A. Rafael and F.F. Xavier F. leg.; light; INPA. ��� Minas Gerais ��� 2 ������; Aimor��s; 1���7 Apr. 1970; C. and Tadeu Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Ataleia; 27 Jan. 1994; I. Cardoso leg.; 4772; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Ponto dos Volantes, margem BR 116; 10 Jul. 2009; Isac H. Cordeiro leg.; 5563; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Salto da Divisa; 10 Feb. 2004; Andre Amorim leg.; 160142653955172; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Serra dos Amor��s; 7 Jul. 2004; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; CPDC. ��� S��o Paulo ��� 1 ���; Cruzeiro; 26 Sep. 1933; Pedro S. de Myra leg.; MZSP. ��� Rio de Janeiro ��� 1 ���; Rio das Ostras; Jan.1989; M.L. Rets leg.; DZUP. Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 34): HL 4.9���5.71; HW 4.5���5.33; MDL 3.8���4.33; SL 5.15���5.58; MSL 7.2���8.13; HFL 6.78���7.62; HBL 6���7.2; PL 2.13���2.96; PH 2.91���3.35; PW 1.55���1.98; ATS 6.88���8.7; BL 25.7���29.46 (mm); CI 0.87���1; SI 1.01���1.16; DPI 0.61���0.81. HEAD. Malar area with longitudinal to oblique striae that always reach entire anterior eye margin, striae extend to gena until at least half of eye length. Gena weakly microareolate and silky, usually without rugulae. Longitudinal to oblique striae and brownish appressed pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, pubescence extends posteriorly to frons. Frons slightly microareolate and silky; with flexuous, brownish, suberect hairs, longer than scape diameter. Occipital corner slightly microareolate and silky. Antennal scape microareolate and silky, antenna with long suberect hairs, except for 4���5 apical segments. Ventral surface of head microareolate with arched strigulae that may cover entire surface or just anterior half. Hypostomal tooth with longitudinal strigulae. Labrum with weak transverse rugulae, without median longitudinal sulcus. Mandibular dorsum longitudinally strigulate, irregularly impressed along inner margin, gradually fading apicad. MESOSOMA. Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view sharply convex, usually with very pronounced dorsoposterior swelling; anteroventral corner of pronotum toothed or forming acute angle. Pronotal dorsum smooth, with bluish iridescence. Metapleural-propodeal suture weak and sinuous, with at least one curve ventral to position of propodeal spiracle. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view elongate (usually DPI Male MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 5): HL 1.85���2; HW1 2.21���2.32; MDL 0.53���0.6; SL 0.62���0.7; EL 1.17��� 1.26; MOD 0.38���0.41; LOD 0.36���0.38; MSL 5.87���6.25; HFL 4.56���4.87; PL1 1.57���1.58; PH 1.23��� 1.38; PW 0.92���1.08; ASL 4���4.05; BL1 14.04���14.35 (mm); CI1 1.1���1.21; SEI 1.7���1.92; SI1 0.28���0.3. HEAD. Frontal carina forming a longitudinal line. Lateral ocellus clearly surpassing posterior head margin in full-face view. Head punctulate, very slightly microareolate and shining; with yellowish suberect pubescence and long suberect to erect hairs, longer than ocellus height in full-face view. Antenna with appressed pubescence and stiff decumbent hairs shorter than maximum scape diameter. Ventral surface of head punctulate and slightly microareolate with silky sheen. MESOSOMA. Mesoscutum without notaulus. Mesopleural sulcus usually scrobiculate. Scutoscutellar sulcus scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum longitudinally strigulate laterally. Metapleural-propodeal suture usually slightly scrobiculate. Mesosoma mostly smooth and shining, becoming coarsely punctate on declivitous surface of propodeum; with decumbent to suberect pubescence and suberect hairs, distance between each hair usually less than half its length. Legs densely covered by suberect pubescence; with sparse suberect long hairs, greater than femur diameter, ranging from coxa to tibia. Protibial apex without a stout seta. METASOMA. Petiolar node smooth and shining; with sparse suberect pubescence and abundant suberect hairs. Abdominal tergite VIII triangular, with a very sharp apex; mostly smooth and shining. Tergites with sparse suberect pubescence and abundant suberect hairs. GENITALIA. Basal ring in dorsal view with lateral margins slightly convex, anteriorly narrower than posteriorly; maximum diameter of fenestra longitudinally directed; median invagination V-shaped; in lateral view, dorsal margin broadly concave and extending anteriorly to form a lobe; anteroventral process subquadrate to rounded. Gonostylus broad and rounded. In lateral view, dorsal margin of volsella anteriorly convex and posteriorly slightly concave; anteroventral corner projecting anteriorly as a rounded to subquadrate lobe; posteroventral margin concave, sometimes forming a posterior subtriangular lobe; digitus volsellaris usually with posterior margin broadly convex. In lateral view, penisvalva with continuous dorsal and posterior margins, ending in a rounded ventral lobe; ventral margin uneven and serrated, with a short median spine placed in a concavity; anteroventral corner rounded to subquadrate. COLOR. Body mostly chestnut brown. Remarks Females of Dinoponera lucida are distinct from other Dinoponera by having the anterodorsal corner of the petiolar node in lateral view lower than the posterodorsal corner. Additionally, D. lucida also has longitudinal to oblique striae on the malar area that reach the entire anterior ocular margin, extending on to the gena until at least half of eye length. Rarely, D. grandis may exhibit a similar node shape, but the anterodorsal corner is not as low as in D. lucida. Dinoponera lucida may also be separated from D. grandis by the bluish iridescence of the dorsum of abdominal tergite III, with no visible microsculpturing. Besides that, D. lucida and D. grandis are allopatric. Dinoponera mutica may have the anterodorsal node corner slightly lower than the posterodorsal corner, but it does not have wellmarked striae on the malar area that reach the entire anterior ocular margin and no anteroventral pronotal tooth. Dinoponera lucida is currently considered endangered according to the red book of threatened Brazilian fauna (ICMBio 2018). Esc��rraga et al. (2017) described the male of D. lucida. It differs from D. gigantea and D. quadriceps mainly by not having long antennal hairs. Besides that, in these two species and in Dinoponera morphospecies 1, the dorsal margin of the genita, Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 38-44, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Emery C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 45: 32 - 54.","Kempf W. W. 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394.","Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Escarraga M. E., Lattke J. E. & Azevedo C. O. 2017. Discovery of the Dinoponera lucida male (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), a threatened giant ant from the Atlantic rain forest. Zootaxa 4347 (1): 128 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4347.1.7","Tozetto L. & Lattke J. E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure and Development 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2020.100943","Campanili M. & Schaffer W. B. 2010. Mata Atlantica: Manual de Adequacao ambiental. MMA / SBF, Brasilia.","Alvares C. A., Stape J. L., Sentelhas P. C., Goncalves J. L. de M. & Sparovek G. 2013. Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22 (6): 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","Peixoto A. V., Campiolo S. & Delabie J. H. C. 2010. Basic ecological information about the threatened ant, Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), aiming its effective long-term conservation. In: Tepper G. H. (ed.) Species Diversity and Extinction: 183 - 213. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY.","Paiva R. V. S. & Brandao C. R. F. 1995. Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7: 297 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938","Peixoto A. V., Campiolo S., Lemes T. N., Delabie J. H. C. & Hora R. R. 2008. Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia 52 (1): 88 - 94. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000100016","Holldobler B. & Wilson E. O. 1990. The Ants. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.","Buys S. C., Cassaro R. & Salomon D. 2010. Biological observations on Kapala Cameron 1884 (Hymenoptera Eucharitidae) in parasitic association with Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Brazil. Tropical Zoology 23: 29 - 34."]}

Dinoponera mutica Emery, 1901 Figs 23, 28B Dinoponera grandis mutica Emery, 1901: 48 (���). Dinoponera mutica ��� Kempf 1971: 378, fig. 4 (raised to species). ��� Lenhart, Dash & Mackay 2013: 148, figs 1e, f, 12b (redescription, key). Diagnosis Female Anteroventral corner of pronotum in lateral view forming obtuse angle. Petiolar node in lateral view with dorsal margin straight. Abdominal tergite III smooth and shining. Sparse brownish pubescence on dorsum, denser laterally. Body with brownish hairs. Material examined Non-type specimens (80 ������) BOL��VIA ��� Santa Cruz ��� 1 ���; ���7W��� P [Puerto] Juarez, ���n��� cerrito; 1938; Wittmer leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; San Ignacio [San Ignacio de Velasco]; 1 Jan. 1963; L.J. Hammerschmidt leg.; MZSP. BRAZIL ��� Goi��s ��� 3 ������; Aragar��as, R. Araguaia; Sep. 1946; H. Sick leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Parque Nacional das Emas; 10 Nov. 1990; Cesar Kriger leg.; UFSC ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 25 Oct.��� 2 Nov. 1986; Bechara, Viviani, Ferro and Sanches leg.; MZSP ��� 13 ������; same locality as for preceding; 15���30 Oct. 1994; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Parque Nacional das Emas, torre; 1 Jun. 2008; Valentim, Schmidt, Pereira and Ribas leg.; parcela 8 armadilha E; MZSP. ��� Mato Grosso ��� 1 ���; ��� Eot. Da Col��nia R. Itumbolt ���; 3 Oct. 1975; L.P. Albuquerque and J.B. Moraes leg.; MPEG HYM11513005 ��� 1 ���; Barra dos Bugres; 1 Jul. 1973; B. Dias leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Barrac��o Queimado; Nov. 1960; M. Alvarenga leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Itiguira [Itiquira]; 2013; T. Semido leg.; coleta manual; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Juara; 11��5���21.3��� S, 57��43���26��� W; Feb. 2015; Santo R. leg.; M 1L2 pitfall 8; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for precedig; DZUP 549809 ��� 1 ���; Juara, UHE Castanheira, floresta secund��ria; 11.0892�� S, 57.7238�� W; M1L2; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Novo Mundo, PE Cristalino; May 2013; R.E. Vicente leg.; parcela 12 pitfall 6; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Pocon��; 1 May 1948; C. Valette leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rio Correntes; 5 Mar. 1978; Olavo Seifert leg.; 6228; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Ricardo Franco; 2 Jun. 2014; H.L. Vasconcelos and J.B. Maravalhas leg.; 518, T58-9S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 629, T59-1S; DZUP ��� 3 ������; Rondon��polis; Diringe leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Sto [Santo] Ant��nio de Leverger, ��guas Quentes; 26 Oct. 1984; J.C.Trager leg.; isca carne, High cerrado, 169; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Tangar�� da Serra; 2003; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Utiariti, Rio Papagaio; 1 Aug. 1961; K. Lenko leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 1 Nov. 1966; Lenko and Pereira leg.; 4917; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 23 Oct. 1966; Lenko and Pereira leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; Cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Vila Bela da Sant��ssima Trindade, Serra Ricardo Franco; 14.9076�� S, 60.0644�� W; 7 Feb. 2014; J. Maravalhas et al. leg.; T59 11S��; DZUP ��� 3 ������; Xingu; Nov. 1961; Alvarenga and Werner leg.; MZSP. ��� Mato Grosso do Sul ��� 1 ���; Camapu��; 15 Oct. 1960; Evangelista leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rio Verde de Mato Grosso; Diringe leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Serra do Urucum, Corumb��; 25 Nov. 1960; K. Lenko leg.; 940; MZSP. ��� Par�� ��� 1 ���; Altamira, Castelo de Sonhos; 8.2033�� S, 55.0202�� W; alt. 265 m; 10 Nov. 2005; A.L. Nunes leg.; ��rea 18; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Jacareacanga, Rio Teles Pires; 6��58���03��� S, 57��39���00���W; Jun. 2009; N. Rodrigues leg.; UFGD. ��� Rond��nia ��� 1 ���; Alto Alegre dos Parecis, linha 24-RO 370; 12��14���23.2��� S, 61��47���26.7��� W; 24 Jun. 2016; I.O. Fernandes leg.; coleta manual; INPA ��� 1 ���; ���EXTEX���; 10��19���17��� S, 64��33���47��� W; 13 Mar. 1998; J.R.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP ��� 8 ������; Forte Pr��ncipe da Beira; 10 Nov. 1961; F.M. Oliveira leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 1 Nov. 1952; Cole����o Campos Seabra; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Ji-Paran��; 11 Aug. 1984; R.B. Neto leg.; MPEG HYM11513006 ��� 1 ���; Monte Negro-Cacaul��ndia, mata na margem, direita do Rio Jamari; Jul. 2001; S.E. Favorito et al. leg.; pitfall; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Ouro Preto do Oeste; 1997; O. Trevizan leg.; ��� in. natural de Monalonion spp ���; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Ouro Preto do Oeste, S��tio Deus �� amor; 26 Mar. 1985; M.F. Torres leg.; MPEG HYM11513007 ��� 4 ������; Ouro Preto do Oeste, Reserva Biol��gica de Ouro Preto do Oeste; 10��42���59.3��� S, 62��14���39.3��� W; 13���18 Jul. 2009; I.O. Fernandes leg.; alt. 287 m; INPA ��� 1 ���; Pres [Presidente] M��dici; 23 Aug. 1984; MPEG ��� 1 ���; R [Rio] Urup��, Ji-Paran��; 1 Jul. 1983; C.E.R. Coimbra leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rio Madeira, M. Tr��s Praias; 7 Oct. 2001; F.D. Santana leg.; #5696; CPDC ��� 1 ���; V [Vila] Rond��nia, 378 km from P [Porto] Velho; 25 Jan.���9 Feb. 1961; Pereira and Machado leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Vilhena; Nov. 1960; M. Alvarenga leg.; DZUP. PARAGUAY ��� Alto Paraguai ��� 1 ���; Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Cruce, 4 de Mayo; 20��18���03��� S, 60��33���02��� W; 18 Jan. 2001; B. Garcete leg.; MNHNP HX70. ��� Boquer��n ��� 1 ���; Parque Nacional Teniente Enciso; 21��11��� S, 61��40��� W; 16���18 Sep. 2002; B. Garcete leg.; MNHNP HX71. Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 24): HL 4.85���6.23; HW 4.55���6.3; MDL 4.05���4.97; SL 5.1���6.07; MSL 7.52���8.8; HFL 7.2���8.1; HBL 6���7.3; PL 2.13���2.57; PH 2.1���3.55; PW 1.55���1.86; ATS 7.24���8.8; BL 23.72���30.66 (mm); CI 0.9���1.01; SI 0.95���1.16; DPI 0.67���0.78. HEAD. Malar area punctulate and weakly striate; striae longitudinal to oblique, usually not reaching anterior eye margin. Gena smooth (rarely weakly microareolate) with bluish iridescence; usually transversely rugulose in median area. Appressed brownish pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, extending posteriorly to frons. Frons smooth, with bluish iridescence; with flexuous, brownish, suberect to erect hairs, longer than scape diameter; pubescence densest laterally. Occipital corner smooth and with bluish iridescence. Antennal scape weakly microareolate and silky; antenna with long decumbent to suberect hairs, except for 5���6 apical segments. Ventral surface of head mostly smooth and silky; longitudinal strigulae present on anterolateral cephalic margin, including hypostomal tooth. Labrum usually without median longitudinal sulcus; transverse rugulae absent. Mandibular dorsum with well-marked longitudinal strigulae on inner base that gradually fade apicad. MESOSOMA. Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view convex, usually with pronounced dorsoposterior swelling; anteroventral corner of pronotum forming obtuse angle, never toothed. Pronotal dorsum smooth, with bluish iridescence. Metapleural-propodeal suture well-marked, straight to slightly sinuous. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view elongate (DPI Male Unknown. Remarks Dinoponera mutica may resemble the sympatric D. nicinha sp. nov. The most useful diagnostic traits are the golden pilosity, the sparse pubescence on the dorsum of abdominal tergite III and the petiolar node in lateral view with its convex dorsal margin in D. nicinha sp. nov. Dinoponera grandis may also occur in sympatry, but has DPI>0.8, while D. mutica usually has DPI D. mutica has no visible microsculpturing on abdominal tergite III, unlike D. grandis. The petiolar node of D. mutica in lateral view can present an anterodorsal angle slightly lower than the posterodorsal angle, sometimes resembling D. lucida. However, D. lucida has an anteroventral pronotal tooth and strigulae on the cephalic ventral surface. Dinoponera quadriceps and D. gigantea are different on account of their predominantly microareolate and opaque integument. Biology Little is known about the habits of D. mutica. Although apparently occurring in sympatry with D. grandis, a species more common in savanna environments, Meurer et al. (2015) suggested that D. mutica may be restricted to forest environments. Distribution (Fig. 28B) This species is distributed in the midwest and part of northern Brazil, as well as Bolivia and Paraguay. The northernmost record is in Jacareacanga, Par��, Brazil, and the southernmost Brazilian record is in Camapu��, Mato Grosso do Sul., Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 45-47, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Emery C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 45: 32 - 54.","Kempf W. W. 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394.","Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Meurer E., Battirola L. D., Delabie J. H. C. & Marques M. I. 2015. Influence of the vegetation mosaic on ant (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) distributions in the northern Brazilian Pantanal. Sociobiology 62 (3): 382 - 388. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 62 i 3.359"]}

Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4BCDB67F-8944-4BE4-A613-BCC4AB018C27 Figs 24, 29B Diagnosis Female Anteroventral corner of pronotum in lateral view forming obtuse angle. Petiolar node in lateral view with convex dorsal margin, anterodorsal corner at same level as posterodorsal corner. Abdominal tergite III smooth and with bluish iridescence, covered with sparse golden pubescence. Body covered by golden hairs. Etymology This species epithet is a matrinym in memory of Nilce de Souza Guimar��es, locally known as Nicinha. She was an environmental and human rights activist that took to task consortiums that constructed hydroelectric dams and displaced entire villages to new sites with dismal living conditions. She lived in Rond��nia State, near the type locality, and was murdered in 2016. Material examined Holotype BRAZIL ��� Rond��nia ��� 1 ���; Porto Velho, ��rea Abun��; 9��38���03.3��� S, 65��26���23.9��� W; 17���27 Jul. 2013; G.R. Maz��o and R.S. Probst leg.; DZUP 549810. Paratypes (25 ������) BRAZIL ��� Rond��nia ��� 1 ���; Porto Velho, Nova Teot��nio; 8.85071�� S, 64.0679�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 105 Forest, 10T T06; MZSP 65802 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 65803 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 65804 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.86987�� S, 64.0546�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 117 Forest, 11C T04; MPEG HHY03034650 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MPEG HHY03034651 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MPEG HHY03034652 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.85071�� S, 64.0679�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 105 Forest, 10T T05; CASENT 0887850; INPA ��� 1���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887851; INPA ��� 1���; same locality as for preceding; 8.87762�� S, 64.0623�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 115 Forest, 9C T05; CASENT 0887852; CASC ��� 1���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887853; CASC ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887854; CASC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 115 Forest, 9C T04; CASENT 0887855; MCZC ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887856; MCZC ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887857; MCZC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.86987�� S, 64.0546�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 117 Forest, 11C T05; DZUP 550208 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 550209 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 550210 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.85071�� S, 64.0679�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 105 Forest, 10T T08; DZUP 550211 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 550212 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 550213 ��� 1���; same locality as for preceding; 8.86987�� S, 64.0546�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 117 Forest, 11C PPT08; CASENT 0887848; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; CASENT 0887849; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.86432�� S, 64.063�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 131 Forest, 9T T08; DZUP 550215 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 550216 ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8.86987�� S, 64.0546�� W; 29 Feb.���5 May 2016; TPI Network exped.; 117 Forest, 11C T03; DZUP 550214. Non-type specimens (24 ������) BRAZIL ��� Amazonas ��� 5 ������; L��brea, Ramal Apaeral, km 09 s��tio S��o Raimundo; 7��19���10��� S, 64��40���07��� W; Jun. 2006; F.F. Xavier F. leg.; coleta manual; INPA ��� 1 ���; Humait��, Galego; 12 Apr. 1975; V.P. da Silva leg.; 11944; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Manaus, Uypiranga, Rio Negro, 14 km from Manaus; alt. 81 m; Oct. 1941; August Rabaut leg.; MZSP. ��� Rond��nia ��� 1 ���; Ariquemes, Rio Ji-Paran��; 9��44��� S, 61��52��� W; 28 Oct. 1986; J.A. Rafael leg.; arm. Malaise; INPA ��� 3 ������; Nova Colina; 30 Oct.���4 Nov. 1984; Polonoroeste exped.; MZSP ��� 10 ������; Porto Velho; 8��45���43��� S, 63��54���14��� W; 21 May 2011; Carmo et al. leg.; pitfall; INPA ��� 1 ���; Guapor��; 1 Nov. 1954; F. Pereira, Werner Dente and M. Alvarenga leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rio Madeira, M. Teot��nio; 15 Oct. 2011; F.D. Santana leg.; #5696; CPDC. Description Female MEASUREMENTS. Holotype: HL 5.73; HW 5.6; MDL 4.53; SL 5.54; MSL 8; HFL 7.8; HBL 6.5; PL 2.35; PH 3.3; PW 1.7; ATS 7.76; BL 28.38 (mm); CI 0.97; SI 1.03; DPI 0.62. Non-types (n = 10): HL 5.48���6.64; HW 5.54���5.96; MDL 4.47���5.04; SL 5.98���6.64; MSL 8.2���9.2; HFL 7.92���8.8; HBL 6.4���7.5; PL 2.38���2.63; PH 3.32���3.42; PW 1.59���1.89; ATS 7.6���9.2; BL 28.86���32.51 (mm); CI 0.89���0.98; SI 1.05���1.13; DPI 0.63���0.72. HEAD. Malar area with weak longitudinal to oblique striae that do not reach anterior eye margin. Gena smooth, with bluish iridescence; usually without rugulae. Golden appressed pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, extending posteriorly to frons. Frons smooth, with bluish iridescence; with flexuous, golden, decumbent to suberect hairs, longer than scape diameter; pubescence densest laterally. Occipital corner smooth and with bluish iridescence. Antennal scape weakly microareolate and silky; antenna with decumbent to suberect hairs, except for 5���6 apical segments. Ventral surface of head mostly smooth, with bluish iridescence; longitudinal strigulae present on anterolateral cephalic margin, including hypostomal tooth. Labrum without median longitudinal sulcus, transverse rugulae absent. Mandibular dorsum weakly longitudinally strigulate on inner base, sculpture gradually fading apicad. MESOSOMA. Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view convex, dorsoposterior swelling sometimes very pronounced, anteroventral corner of pronotum forming obtuse angle, never toothed. Pronotal dorsum smooth, with bluish iridescence. Metapleural-propodeal suture well-marked and straight. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view elongate (DPI Male Unknown. Remarks The main difference between D. nicinha sp. nov. and other species of Dinoponera is in the shape of the petiolar node. This character has proven to be useful for separating species in this genus, as its shape is generally constant within the species. Specimens of this species were found in collections identified as D. longipes, but besides the node shape they can also be separated by the ratio of the length of the hind basitarsus to the head width, which in D. longipes is greater (always> 1.3 in D. longipes and D. nicinha sp. nov.). Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov. can also be confused with the sympatric D. mutica, but the pilosity is not golden in D. mutica and abdominal tergite III has dense pubescence on its side (sparse in Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov.). The node in D. mutica has the anterior and dorsal margins in lateral view meeting at a blunt angle, slightly lower than the posterodorsal angle. Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov. has rounded antero- and posterodorsal node angles, both at the same level. Biology Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov. occurs in forest environments with high rainfall and dense coverage of medium to large trees, with a maximum of six months of drought during the year (IBGE 2012). Its natural history is unknown, except for the fact that most specimens were collected in pitfall soil traps. Distribution (Fig. 29B) Dinoponera nicinha sp. nov. is only known from the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rond��nia. The northernmost record is Manaus, Amazonas, and the southernmost record is in Ji-Paran��, Rond��nia., Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 47-50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246

Dinoponera grandis (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838). Revived species Figs 15���18, 28A Ponera grandis Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838: 206 (���). Dinoponera grandis australis Emery, 1901: 48 (���). syn. nov. Dinoponera australis brevis Borgmeier, 1937: 227 (���). Dinoponera australis bucki Borgmeier, 1937: 228, fig. 7 (���, ♂). syn. nov. Dinoponera australis nigricolor Borgmeier, 1937: 228, figs 5���6, 8 (���, ♂). syn. nov. Dinoponera snellingi Lenhart, Dash & Mackay, 2013: 152, figs 4d, i, n, 5b, 7, 9b, 10b, 11b (♂). syn. nov. Dinoponera grandis ��� Roger 1861: 38 (combined in Dinoponera, synonym of D. gigantea). ��� Bequaert 1926: 188 (junior synonym of D. gigantea). Dinoponera grandis australis ��� Santschi 1921: 85 (male description). ��� Borgmeier 1937: 227 (raised to species, lectotype designated). ��� Kempf 1975: 382, figs 6, 17���18 (redescription, key). ��� Lenhart, Dash & Mackay 2013: 135, figs 4e, j, o, 5d, 9d, 10d, 11d (redescription, male genitalia, key). ��� Tozetto & Lattke 2020: 5, figs 2���3, 6 (male genitals). Dinoponera australis brevis ��� Kempf 1971: 382 (junior synonym of D. australis). Dinoponera australis nigricolor ��� Kempf 1971: 387 (lectotype male designated). Non Dinoponera grandis australis brevis ��� Santschi 1928: 416 (invalid name). Diagnosis Female Malar area with longitudinal to oblique striae that reach anterior ocular margin. Abdominal tergite III microareolate and opaque to slightly silky, never smooth and shining. Hind basitarsus length less than 6 mm long. Petiolar node short, DPI ��� 0.8. BL��� 27 mm. Male Body, including antenna, without long hairs. Basal ring in lateral view with dorsal margin declining and extending anteriorly to form a broad lobe. Penisvalva in lateral view with a posterior rounded apex, projecting ventrolaterally. Material examined Lectotype of Ponera grandis BRAZIL ��� Minas Gerais ��� ���; ZSM. Other type specimens (13 ������, 2 ♂♂) BRAZIL ��� Goi��s ��� ♂, lectotype of D. australis nigricolor; Campinas; 5 May 1933; Schwarzmaier leg.; MZSP 65801 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; Campinas; 6���8 Feb. 1936; R. Spitz leg.; MZSP 67063 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67064 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67066 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67067 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67068 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67069 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67070 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same locality as for preceding; 4 Nov. 1937; Schwarzmaier leg.; MZSP 67071 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67072 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67073 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis nigricolor; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67074. ��� Rio Grande do Sul ��� ♂, lectotype of Dinoponera australis bucki (here designated); Palmeira das Miss��es; 27 Jan. 1929; P. Buck leg.; MZSP 65800 ��� 1 ���, paralectotype of D. australis bucki; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67061 ��� 1���, paralectotype of D. australis bucki; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP 67062. Non-type specimens (234 ������, 9 ♂♂) ARGENTINA ��� Missiones ��� 1 ���; Bruch leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Iguaz��; Oct. 1964; A. Martinez leg.; MZSP. BOL��VIA ��� Icnilo ��� 1 ���; Buenavista; Feb. 1950; A. Martinez leg.; MZSP. ��� Santa Cruz ��� 1 ���; Gutierrez, Nueva Moka [Moca]; 23 Nov. 1951; A. Martinez leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; ��� Samaipata - balne��rio mama Pascula ���; 3 Jan. 1989; F.J.A. Peralta and Hansen leg.; INPA ��� 1 ���; San Jos�� de Chiquitos; 3���5 Mar. 1954; C. Gans and F. Pereira leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Sara, Nueva Moka; Feb. 1950; A. Martinez leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Nueva Moka; Mar. 1956; A. Martinez leg.; MZSP. BRAZIL ��� Distrito Federal ��� 1 ���; APA Gama Cabe��a de Veado; 2 Mar. 2000; Pic. Mireille leg.; CPDC ��� 2 ������; Bras��lia; Oct. 1961; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Bras��lia; 15.96565�� S, 47.91626�� W; 8 Apr. 2011; H.L. Vasconcelos and T. Frizzo leg.; 1157, T5-6S; UFU ��� 1 ���; Bras��lia, Ceil��ndia; 15 Oct. 1976; 499; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Bras��lia, E. Ecol. ��guas Emendadas; 15 Dec. 1992; A. Reis leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 19 May 1993; J.H. Schoereder leg.; UFV LabEcol 437 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; UFV LabEcol 438 ��� 1 ���; Bras��lia, FAL; 15��57���47.4��� S, 47��55���35.7��� W; 16 Oct. 2010; M.C. Galego-Ropero and P. Rezende leg.; ��� cupinzeiro C. cumulans ���; MZSP ��� 1���; Bras��lia, Reserva Ecol��gica do IBGE (RECOR), Fisionomia campo limpo; 15.9166�� S, 47.8666�� W to 15.9500�� S, 47.8833�� W; 2009; F.A. Schmidt leg.; P:5 E:E; UFV LabEcol 445 ��� 1 ���; Bras��lia, Reserva Ecol��gica do IBGE, cerrado sensu stricto; 6 Feb. 2008; J. Maravalhas leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 7 Feb. 2008; MZSP ��� 1 ���; UnB Campus; 10 Nov. 1974; Bittencourt leg.; 11756, 500; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 11756, 501; DZUP. ��� Goi��s ��� 1 ���; 7 km NW of Alto Para��so, Morro das Cobras; 1���7 Jul. 1991; C.R.F. Brand��o, M.L. Fran��oso and A.A. Reis leg.; pitfall stn 1; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Abadia de Goi��s; 6 Nov. 1980; C.R. Krigger leg.; UFSC ��� 1 ���; An��polis; Nov. 1938; M. Souza leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; An��polis, UEG, Campus CCET; 16.3826�� S, 48.9446�� W; 5 Oct. 2010; H.F. Cunha leg.; UEG ��� 6 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Oct. 2010; UEG ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 20 Oct. 2010; UEG ��� 1���; same collection data as for preceding; 27 Oct. 2010; UEG ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 1 Nov. 2010; UEG ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 12 Nov. 2010; UEG ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 8 Dec. 2010; UEG ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 14 Dec. 2010; UEG ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 21 Dec. 2010; UEG ��� 4 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 13 Jan. 2011; UEG ��� 4 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 20 Jan. 2011; UEG ��� 3 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 3 Feb. 2011; UEG ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 17 Feb. 2011; UEG ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 24 Feb. 2011; UEG ��� 3 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 17 Mar. 2011; UEG ��� 1 ���; Caiap��nia, Cerrad��o; 17��19���40��� S, 52��19���50��� W; 27 Jan. 2007; Vitor M. Carvalo leg.; Cole����o Diniz; 8-9h A7; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 8-9h A9; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 15-16h A6; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 19-20h A7; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; 10 Feb. 2007; 19-20h A9; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 24 Feb. 2007; 15-16h A6; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 15-16h A7; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 19-20h A6; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 10 Mar. 2007; 15-16h A8; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 19-20h A9; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Caiap��nia, pasto; 17��19���40��� S, 52��19���50��� W; 27 Jan. 2007; Vitor M. Carvalo leg.; Cole����o Diniz, 15-16h A4; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Caldas Novas; 1 Nov. 2011; H.L. Vasconcelos and T. Frizzo leg.; 952, T31-11S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 1020, T32-11S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 983, T33-17S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 1020, T32-17S; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Campinas; 1935; R. Spitz leg.; MZSP 62281 ��� 1 ���; Chapada dos Veadeiros; 13 Apr. 2015; J.B. Maravalhas leg.; 1088, T67-15S; DZUP ��� 1���; same collection data as for preceding; 1187, T68-3S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 1187, T68-15S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Cocalzinho de Goi��s, cerrado rupestre; 15��47���43��� S, 48��49���45.76��� W; alt. 1321 m; 31 Jan. 2010; Eduardo de Oliveira Emery leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; Goi��nia, campus Euc. De veterin��ria; 23 Dec. 2001; Luciano Lozi leg.; Cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Goi��s Velho; 2 Jan. 1976; Guiflord leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ♂; Jata��; Dec. 1972; F.M. Oliveira leg.; 8843; MZSP 62282 ��� 1 ���; Mineiros; 8 Feb. 2012; T. Frizzo leg.; 849, T38-11S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Mineiros, Parque Nacional das Emas; 17��54���30.3��� S, 53��00���29.6��� W; 8 Feb. 2012; F. Camarota, T. Frizzo and R. Pacheco leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Niquel��ndia, Anglo American; 14��28���26��� S, 48��27���35��� W; 23 Jan. 2006; M. Vilela leg.; Cole����o Diniz, IDSC (right) 19; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; INSC (right) 82; DZUP ��� 2 ������; same collection data as for preceding; INSC (left) 65; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; INSC (left) 23; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; IDSC (left) 77; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 22 Mar. 2006; IDSC (right) 88; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 24 May 2006; INSC (right) 52; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Parque das Emas; 11 Nov. 1990; C.R. Krigger leg.; UFSC ��� 1 ���; P.E. Serra de Jaragu��; 15.7964�� S, 49.3335�� W; 3 Jan. 2017; D.E. Oliveira leg.; DEO 843; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 549812 ��� 1 ���; P.N. Emas, Mineiros; 25 Oct.���2 Nov. 1986; Bechara, Viviani, Ferro and Sanche leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Santa B��rbara; 9 Dec. 2014; H.L. Vasconcelos and J.B. Maravalhas leg.; 643, T61-19S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 631, T63-11S; DZUP. ��� Mato Grosso ��� 1 ���; Barra do Gar��a; 6 May 2011; H.L. Vasconcelos and T. Frizzo leg.; 539, T11-7S; UFU ��� 1 ���; Bonito; 10 Jul. 2012; T. Frizzo leg.; 436, T43-11S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Buriti; 15 Feb. 1967; N. Tangerini leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Cachoeira da Fuma��a; 9 May 2011; H.L. Vasconcelos and T. Frizzo leg.; 330, T13-3S; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Chapada dos Guimar��es; 23 Nov. 1983; Dep. Zool - UFPR (polonoroeste) exped.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 24 Nov. 1983; Depto. Zool. (polonoroeste) exped.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 1���4 Feb. 1965; Sebasti��o Laroca leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 27 Jan. 1965; DZUP ��� 6 ������; same collection data as for preceding; Nov. 1963; Alvarenga and Werner leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; May 1959; Fr. Cannto leg.; MZSP ��� 4 ������; Jan. 1960; C. Amann leg.; MZSP ��� 3 ������; Jan. 1961; C. Amann leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; 27 Oct. 1961; F.M. Oliveira leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 15��27���11��� S, 55��44���23��� W; Oct. 2007; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; manual UFGD ��� 1 ���; Chapada dos Guimar��es, Fazenda Buriti; 18 Nov. 1982; M��rcio Zanuto; MPEG HYM11513596 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MPEG HYM11513598 ��� 1 ���; Chapada dos Guimar��es, Buriti; Oct. 1972; G.R. Kloss and F. Val leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ♂; Itaum; Mar. 1974; M. Alvarenga leg.; 10877; MZSP 62284 ��� 1 ♂; same data as for peceding; 10878; MZSP ��� 1 ♂; Maracaju; Shannon Lane leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Nova Xavantina; 10 May 2011; T. Frizzo leg.; 321, T16-7S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 311 T17-3S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; PARNA Chapada dos Guimar��es, Trilha do Cerrado; 15��24��� S, 55��50��� W; alt. 617 m; Mar. 2016; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; UFGD ��� 1���; Vale dos Sonhos, Barra do Gar��as; alt. 400 m; 22 Jun. 1972; Mielke and Brown leg.; DZUP 548841 ��� 1 ���; Vale dos Sonhos, S. pr. B. do Gar��as; 14 Jan. 1977; Kunze leg.; Cole����o Diniz; 1394; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Xavantina; 28 Nov. 1949; W. Bollermann leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 10 Jan. 1977; Kunze leg.; Cole����o Diniz, 1392; DZUP. ��� Mato Grosso do Sul ��� 1 ���; Bodoquena, Parque Nacional da Bodoquena, mata ciliar; 10 Apr. 2008; T. Marques, J.H. Schoereder, R. Silvestre and interns leg.; arm 1 solo; UFV LabEcol 442 ��� 1 ���; Bonito; 9 Oct. 1989; Paiva R. leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Bonito, PARNA Serra da Bodoquena, Faz. Boqueir��o; 21��07���14.7��� S, 56��43���08.2��� W; 18���22 Dec. 2005; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; Hym 93-F; UFGD ��� 1 ���; Bonito, PARNA Serra da Bodoquena, Faz. Harmonia; 21��17���09.8��� S, 56��41���45.5��� W; Oct. 2006; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; Hym 85F; UFGD ��� 1 ���; Bonito, RPPN Brazil Bonito, Rio Taquaral; 21��06���27��� S, 56��38���14��� W; Nov. 2009; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; Hym 75-F; UFGD ��� 1���; Campo Grande; 9 Oct. 1989; C.R.F. Brand��o leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Campo Grande, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, RPPN UFMS; 21 Oct. 2017; P.R. Souza leg.; ZUFMS 3064 ��� 1 ���; Morraria do Sul, PN Serra da Bodoquena, Faz. Calif��rnia; 20��42���07��� S, 56��52���47.7��� W; Nov. 2009; R. Silvestre et al. leg.; UFGD ��� 1 ���; Parana��ba, R. Parana��ba; 14 Aug. 1972; em solo 506; Cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; PARNA Serra da Bodoquena, Faz. Sta Laura da Vicunha, Rio Salobra; 20��46���56.2��� S, 56��44���31.2��� W; 22���29 Jun. 2006; 3�� exp., R. Silvestre et al. leg.; pitfall A-10, Hym 83-F; UFGD ��� 1 ���; P [Porto] Murtinho, Chaco Forest, Faz. Patol��; 21��42���02��� S, 57��42���60��� W; 7 Mar. 2012; P.R. Souza et al. leg.; busca ativa; UFGD ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548837 ��� 1 ���; S do Parana��ba [Santana do Parna��ba], Fazenda Olho D�����gua; 21 Feb. 1972; Diniz leg.; Cole����o Diniz, 512, Em 9010; DZUP ��� 1 ���; snt.do Parana��ba [Santana do Parna��ba], Faz. Olho D�����gua; 12 Jul. 1971; Diniz leg.; Cole����o Diniz, 499, Em 9010; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 12 Jul. 1972; Diniz leg.; em solo; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Serra da Bodoquena, Cara da On��a RPPN; 20��44���24��� S, 56��44���11��� W; alt. 196 m; Dec. 2011; R. Silvestre leg.; manual; UFGD ��� 1 ���; Serra da Bodoquena, Faz. Campo Verde; 21.3755�� S, 56.7177�� W; alt. 444 m; Dec. 2008; R. Silvestre leg.; manual; UFGD ��� 2 ������; Tr��s Lagoas, Jardim Alvorada; 3 Aug. 1985; J.L.M. Diniz leg.; Cole����o Diniz, 2194; DZUP. ��� Minas Gerais ��� 1 ���; Campo Florido; 12 Feb. 1964; H.M. Canter leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Monte Carmelo; 18.8000�� S, 47.8000�� W (3 min error); 23���25 May 2016; J.J.M. Aguiar leg.; amostra 355/176; ANTWEB 1038256; UFV ��� 1 ���; S do Salito [Serra do Salitre]; 4 Apr. 1965; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Uberaba; Oct. 1961; C. Elias leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Uberl��ndia; Jan. 1999; W.L. de Melo leg.; DZUP 548840; DZUP. ��� Paran�� ��� 1 ���; C Mour��o [Campo Mour��o]; Jul. 1950; cole����o F. Justus; DZUP ��� 1 ���; F do Igua��u, Foz de Igua��u cataratas; 24 Aug. 2000; J.O. Schmidt leg.; MPEG ��� 1 ♂; Guarapuava; Mar. 1947; 4380, Cole����o F. Justus Jr; DZUP 548845 ��� 1 ���; Guarauna; Dec. 1940; cole����o F. Justus, DZUP 548839; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Laranjeira do Sul; Mar. 1947; cole����o F. Justus, 4384; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Jan. 1962; S. Sakagami leg.; DZUP 548844 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548838 ��� 1 ���; Palmas; Dec. 1928; F. Schroer leg.; MZSP. ��� Santa Catarina ��� 1 ���; Chapec��; 2004; Funir leg.; P06; UFSC ��� 3 ������; Nova Teutonia; Fritz Plaumann leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 30 Dec. 1940; Diringe leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; May 1957; Fritz Plaumann leg.; MZSP. ��� S��o Paulo ��� 1 ���; Agudos; May 1959; C. Gilbert leg.; 3524; MZSP ��� 3 ������; same collection data as for preceding; Mar. 1960; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Boa Esperan��a do Sul, Faz. Itaquer��; 28 Nov. 1963; K. Lenko leg.; 2946; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Botucatu; 1 Sep. 1963; Mantovan leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 18 Oct. 1968; M. Artamiro leg.; 6423; MZSP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 4 Dec. 1968; M. Artamiro leg.; 6422; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Botucatu, CESP; 15 Apr. 1991; B.H. Dietz leg.; MZSP ��� 12 ������; Corumbata��; 30 Dec. 1962; H.A. Britski leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Corumbata��, Fac. Fil. Rio Claro; 1 Nov. 1963; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Itirapina; 10 Apr. 1990; R. Paiva leg.; MZSP 62283 ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 27 Feb. 1968; D. Dias leg.; 4857; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 24 Oct. 1987; H.G. Fowler leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 18 Nov. 1999; Thibaud Monnin leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Jundia��; Nov. 1929; J. Lane leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rio Claro; 1 Jul. 1962; S. Laroca leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 18 Nov. 1983; Caetano and Brand��o leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; Feb. 1992; E. Tomatake leg.; 4530; CPDC ��� 1 ���; S [S��o] Carlos, Faz. Canchiu; 9 Jun. 1987; R.R. Martins leg.; MZSP. ��� Rio Grande do Sul ��� 1 ���; Derrubadas, Parque Estadual do Turvo, Floresta Semidec��dua; 25 Apr. 2009; T. Marques leg.; pitfall hipogeico; UFV LabEcol 441 ��� 1 ���; Derrubadas, Parque Estadual do Turvo, mata seca; 25 May 2009; T. Marques and interns leg.; arm 10 estrato sol; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Sto [Santo] ��ngelo; 23 Feb. 1974; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Santa B��rbara [Santa B��rbara do Sul]; 23 Dec. 1944; C.R. Gon��alves leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Soledade, PPBio, Natural Grassland Ecossystem, campo; 28.8725�� S, 52.4588�� W; Nov. 2013; L.R. Podgaiski leg.; manual collection; UFRGS ��� 1 ���; Tem [Tenente] Portela, P. Est. Rio Turvo; Oct. 1978; E.P. Albuquerque leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Uruguaiana; Aug. 2014; E. Gazbe leg.; MZSP. ��� Tocantins ��� 1 ���; Paran��, cerrado sensu stricto; 12., Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 22-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Guerin-Meneville F. E. 1838. Premiere division. Crustaces, arachnides et insectes. In: Duperrey L. I. (ed.) Voyage autour du Monde, execute par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les Annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825: 9 - 320. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.","Emery C. 1901. Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 45: 32 - 54.","Borgmeier T. 1937. Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da America do Sul e Central, principalmente do Brasil (Hym. Formicidae). Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 3 (2): 217 - 255.","Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Roger J. 1861. Die Ponera - artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 1 - 54.","Bequaert J. 1926. The date of publication of the Hymenoptera and Diptera described by Guerin in Duperrey's ' Voyage de La Coquille'. Entomologische Mitteilungen 15: 186 - 195.","Santschi F. 1921. Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides neotropiques. Bulletin de la Societe vaudoise des Sciences naturelles 54 (200): 81 - 103.","Kempf W. W. 1975. Miscellaneous studies on Neotropical ants. VI. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 18: 341 - 380.","Tozetto L. & Lattke J. E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure and Development 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2020.100943","Kempf W. W. 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394.","Santschi F. 1928. Sur quelques nouvelles fourmis du Bresil (Hym. Form.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1928: 414 - 416.","Diller E. 1990. Die von Spix und Martius 1817 - 1820 in Brasilien gesammelten und von J. A. M. Perty 1833 bearbeiteten Hymenopteren in der Zoologischen Staatssammlung Munchen. Spixiana 13 (1): 61 - 81.","Tillberg C. V, Edmonds B., Freauff A., Hanisch P. E., Paris C., Smith C. R., Tsutsui N. D., Wills B. D., Wittman S. E. & Suarez A. V. 2014. Foraging ecology of the tropical giant hunting ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) - evaluating mechanisms for high abundance. Biotropica 46 (2): 229 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / btp. 12097","Paiva R. V. S. & Brandao C. R. F. 1995. Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7: 297 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938","Monnin T., Ratnieks F. L. W. & Brandao C. R. F. 2003. Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54: 71 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9","Wilson E. O. 2003. Pheidole in the New World. A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.","Smith C. R., Suarez A. V., Tsutsui N. D., Wittman S. E., Edmonds B., Freauff A. & Tillberg C. V. 2011. Nutritional asymmetries are related to division of labor in a queenless ant. PLoS One 6 (8): 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0024011"]}

Dinoponera quadriceps Kempf, 1971 Figs 25���26, 29B Dinoponera quadriceps Kempf, 1971: 380, figs 5, 13���16 (���). Dinoponera opaca Kempf, 1971: 379 (���). Dinoponera quadriceps ��� Mann 1916: 409. ��� Borgmeier 1937: 226 (male description). ��� Lenhart, Dash & Mackay 2013: 149, figs 4b, g, l, 5a, 6a, 10a, 11a, 12b (redescription, key, male genitals). ��� Tozetto & Lattke 2020: 5, figs 2���3, 6 (male genitals). Dinoponera opaca ��� Kempf 1975: 344 (junior synonym of D. quadriceps). Non Dinoponera grandis mutica quadriceps ��� Santschi 1921: 84 (invalid name). Non Dinoponera grandis mutica opaca ��� Santschi 1921: 84 (invalid name). Diagnosis Female Malar area without striae or with weak longitudinal to oblique striae that do not reach anterior eye margin. Ventral head surface without strigulae. Head with short to inconspicuous pubescence. Anteroventral corner of pronotum in lateral view forms an obtuse angle. Abdominal tergite III microareolate and opaque, with sparse pubescence on dorsum. Male Antenna with long suberect to erect hairs, clearly longer than maximum scape diameter. Mesoscutum without notaulus. Gastral tergites without long hairs. In lateral view, dorsal margin of basal ring broadly concave to straight. Material examined Non-type specimens (200 ������, 17 ♂♂) BRAZIL ��� Bahia ��� 1 ���; Aramari, ex Distrito de Alagoinhas; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Banza��; 10��34���37��� S, 38��36���54��� W; Mar. 2009; M.D. Dantas leg.; 01; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Barragem de Anag�� [Amaj��s]; 19 Oct. 1996; Arg��ro Santos leg.; 5126; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Barreiras, Serra do Mimo; 5 Aug. 2010; S. Souza and B. Santos leg.; #5657; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Bendeg��, pr��x. Canudos; 19���22 Nov. 1965; Exp. DZ Fapesp leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Lapa [Bom Jesus da Lapa]; 1 Dec. 1948; Gon��alves leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Bonfim; 6 Dec. 1948; C.R. Gon��alves leg.; ���Let OT Borgmeier set 1953 ���; MZSP ��� 7 ������; Buritirama; 22 Mar. 1958; E. Dente leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Caatinga do Moura; 24 Jan. 1980; M.T.U. Rodrigues leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 24���29 Jan. 1980; P.E. Vanzolini leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Cacul��; Jul. 1961; S. Laroca leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Caetit��; Nov. 2009; Jaqueline leg.; 8593; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Camis��o; 8 Apr. 1905; E. Bondas leg.; n 3401 Coll Borgmeier; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Campo Formoso; 20 Apr. 1974; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; n5534; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; Jun. 1995; C. Moura leg.; 4940; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Contendas do Sincor��; 13��55���20��� S, 41��06���57��� W; alt. 375 m; 3 Jun. 2014; Santos Silva leg.; UFGD ��� 5 ������; Contendas do Sincor��, F.N.C. Sincor��; 14��00��� S, 41��10��� W; 3 Jun. 2014; G. Santos Silva leg.; DZUP ��� 2 ������; Cruz das Almas; 1 Apr. 1988; C.A.L. Carvalho leg.; 704 188 (2/2) ME 014; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Feira de Santana; 23 Feb. 1993; J. Ricardo leg.; 4611; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 19 Jun. 2006; J.J. Resende leg.; 11, ninho 1 F07; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Feira de Santana, UEFS; 30 Nov. 1993; I.M.F. Soares leg.; 4899; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Guanambi, EAFG; Apr. 1997; A.J.S. Argolo leg.; CPDC ��� 3 ������; Ibiraba; 1 Mar. 1989; Pedro Rocha leg.; ��� noite, ninho p�� arbusto ���; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Ibotirama; 21 Jul. 1969; W. Silva leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Igapor��; 9 Nov. 2011; J.A. Jesus leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itaberaba; 19 Aug. 2008; Ant��nio Alves leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itaberaba, Amparo Br28; 16 May 1965; R. Grantsan leg.; MZSP ��� 4 ������; Itaberaba, Faz. Riacho do Uru��u 1; 5 Dec. 1990; C.R.F. Brand��o, J.L.M. Diniz and O.S. Oliveira leg.; 9 pm; MZSP ��� 3 ������; Itaberaba, Faz. Riacho do Uru��u; 1 Dec. 1990; S.T.P. Amarante leg.; ��� bandeja d�����gua ���; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Itatim; 6 Jul. 1996; G.M. Santos leg.; 5105b; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itau��u, FLONA Contendas do Sincor��; 9 Sep. 2005; Daniela and P��ricles leg.; TR pt 14; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Janda��ra, Costa Azul; 11��56���58��� S, 37��36���34��� W; 6 Oct. 2010; M.L.O. Travassos leg.; H1430; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Juazeiro; 11 Jul. 1989; M. Cristiano leg.; CPDC ��� 7 ������; Lagoa Itaparica; 8 Oct. 1990; Jorge L.M. Diniz leg.; cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Marcion��lio Souza; 24 Jul. 1993; N.S. Laca leg.; 4664; CPDC ��� 1 ♂; Manoel Vitorino; 26���27 Jan. 2006; R.R. Hora leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Milagres; 12��54���54.2��� S, 39��51���27.9��� W; 22���26 Oct. 2010; M.A. Ulyssea, A.M. Medina and E.M. Campos leg.; T1F 3H1; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; T2F 2H5; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; T3F 4H4; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 23���25 Oct. 2010; M.A. Ulyss��ia leg.; MuBio-CE Hym 507; UFGD ��� 1 ���; Milagres, Br 116 km 561, caatinga arb��rea; 12��52���12��� S, 39��11���31��� W; 4 May 2009; J.J. Resende leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Monte Santo; 19 Jul. 1995; Cardoso leg.; 4945A; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Morro do Chap��u; 25 Mar. 1990; J. Roseira leg.; #278; CPDC ��� 2 ������; Morro do Cruzeiro; 31 Jan. 1993; Andr�� leg.; 4610; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Mucug��; 6 Jul. 2009; Thomas Strwtzel leg.; UFSC ��� 1 ���; Paulo Afonso, APA Serra Branca; 19 Mar. 2009; Layla Marques leg.; #5596��; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Pil��o Arcado, Barra Zacarias; 9��59��� S, 42��48��� W; alt. 416 m; 5 Dec. 2005; P.P. Lopes and G.M.M. Santos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 3 Oct. 2006; J.J. Resende leg.; ninho 1 F30, 08; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Po����es, Faz. S��o Jo��o; 9 feb. 1964; Eduardo leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Rio Real; 27 Jun. 1994; Carmo leg.; 4859F; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Rui Barbosa; 16 Nov. 2012; Juliana Alves leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Samba��ba; 24 Aug. 1993; C. Ivan leg.; 4512; CPDC ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Mar. 2001; D.C. Nascimento leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; S [Santa] Rosa; 18 Jul. 1995; Cardoso leg.; 4944; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Santa Maria da Vit��ria, Serra do Ramalho; 13��23���52��� S, 44��11���52��� W; Jun. 2009; J. Castro leg.; CPDC ��� 2 ������; Sr do Bonfim [Senhor do Bom Fim]; 20 Jul. 1974; S. Laroca leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Serra da Jiboia; 20 Jul. 2004; R.M. Rodrigues leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Tucano, caatinga; 10.7798�� S, 38.8928�� W; 15 Nov. 2010; E.M. Campos, A.M. Medina, P.L. Paix��o and P.L.O. Rebou��as leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Vila Nova; 1 Feb. 1908; E. Gazbe leg.; MZSP. ��� Cear�� ��� 1 ���; Araripe; 10 Nov. 1975; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Chapada do Araripe; 5 Apr. 1962; D. Zajuwawl leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Crate��s, Croat��; 5.1333�� S, 40.9166�� W; 20���30 Apr. 2003; Y. Quinet leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ♂; Crate��s, Serra das Almas; 5.14170�� S, 40.91620�� W; 19 May 2014; G. Melo and B. Rosa leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 19���20 May 2014; G. Melo and B.B. Rosa leg.; Mini-luminosa; DZUP 549801 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548847 ��� 6 ������; Fazenda Malhada Arcoverde; Jul. 1974; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Fortaleza; 3��43���01��� S, 38��32���34��� W; Sep. 2008; Y. Quinet leg.; 04; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Maranguape, Serra de Maranguape; 14 Nov. 2003; A.A. Tavares leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 3.8809�� S, 38.6958�� W; alt. 100 m; 16. Oct. 2017; Y.P. Quinet leg.; manual; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Pacatuba; 10 May 2016; G. Melo and B. Rosa leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Tiangu��; 18 Dec. 1948; C.R. Gon��alves leg.; MZSP. ��� Distrito Federal ��� 1 ♂; Bras��lia; Sep. 1972; N. Sim��es leg.; MZSP. ��� Minas Gerais ��� 1 ���; Po����es de Sta Cruz, 10 km SE of Jana��ba; 16��53��� S, 43��16��� W; alt. 660 m; 19 Jan. 2005; Melo and Costa leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Vi��osa, UFV; 30 Oct. 1975; J. Freire leg.; CPDC. ��� Para��ba ��� 1 ���; Areia; 1 Jul. 1955; Pe. Pereira leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Barra do Rio Mamanguape, Rio Tinto; 10 Jan. 2018; Mar��lia Costa leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Brand��o [Caldas Brand��o]; 22 Sep. 1955; Arist��teles Silva leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Estrela Dalva, S [S��o] Sebasti��o do Umbuzeiro; 24 Aug. 1954; A. Silva leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Fazenda Almas; 20 Dec. 2006; J. Paulo leg.; pitfall A5; CPDC ��� 1 ���; forest near Areia; alt. 630 m; 24 Jan. 1981; Robert Davidson leg.; primary forest, sweeping day; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Jo��o Pessoa; 28 Nov. 2008; Linsmara Nunes leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 23 Jan. 1988; M. Kammers and I.L. Oliveira leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 4 Nov. 1955; C.A. Gon��alves leg.; MZSP ��� 2 ������; same locality as for preceding; 9 Sep. 2002; A. Vasconcelos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 7��7���9.2��� S, 34��50���41.67��� W; alt. 41 m; 4 Sep. 2014; J.M. Churata S. leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Jo��o Pessoa, UFPB; 2���5 Apr. 1995; M.F.S. Santos leg.; 4921; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Jo��o Pessoa, Cabo Branco; 18 Jul. 1993; N. Rabet leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Jo��o Pessoa, forest of Gargau; alt. 45 m; 22 Jan. 1981; R. Davidson leg.; primary forest, sweeping day; MPEG ��� 5 ������; Mamanguape; 1 Jul. 1957; Dep. Zoologia exped.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Mata do campus UFPB; 24 Apr. 1977; V.Py Daniel leg.; INPA ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; Dec. 1976; INPA ��� 1 ♂; Matureia, Pico do Jabre; 7.25250�� S, 37.38472�� W; 19 Feb. 2018; A. Ferreira leg.; ��� armadilha de luz ���; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 5488852 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 5488853 ��� 2 ������; Olivedos; 20 Aug. 1954; Arist��teles Silva leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Rebio Sema 3; 2 Jul. 2015; L. Brisa leg.; pitfall; UEMS ��� 1 ���; Rio Tinto; 6��47���56.5��� S, 35��05���04��� W; alt. 83 m; 5 Jul. 2015; R. Silvestre leg.; pin��a; UFGD ��� 2 ������; S��o Jos�� Cordeiros, Faz. Almas; 2 May 2003; A. Vasconcelos leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; S��o Jos�� da Mata, S��tio S��o Miguel; 12 Apr. 1997; A.D. Brescovit leg.; at night; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Tabuleiro, N Sta Rita; 7 Feb. 1968; Dr. Dardano leg.; 9; MZSP. ��� Pernambuco ��� 3 ������; Oct. 1929; Pickel leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Afr��nio; alt. 500 m; 16 May 2007; J.A. Rafael and F.F. Xavier F. leg.; light; INPA ��� 1 ���; Araripina; 2 Jan. 1973; R. Montenegro leg.; #324, 8430; MZSP ��� 2 ������; Arcoverde; 17 Jul. 1974; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Brej��o, Faz. Matary, R Maranh��o; 24 Apr. 1974; 932; MZSP ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; cole����o Diniz; DZUP ��� 6 ������; Carnaubeira; 20 May 1971; ABC MZUSP exped.; MZSP ��� 13 ������; Floresta, Faz. Campos Bons; 20���27 Jun. 1971; ABC MZUSP exped.; MZSP ��� 3 ������; Garanhuns; 13 Jan. 1967; F.B. Galinda leg.; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 29 Oct. 1938; A. Silva leg.; 5314; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Itamb��; 13 Feb. 1976; C.J. Rosetto leg.; 931; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Olinda; Reichensperger leg.; 34; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Parque Nacional do Catimbau; 8��30���40.561��� S, 37��16���37.133��� W; 27 Dec. 2017; Katherine B. Haedo leg., R27; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8��32���48.38��� S, 37��15���21.74������W; alt. 938 m; 27 Dec. 2017; Katherine B. Haedo leg.; R4; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8��28���29.71������ S, 37��21���22.36��� ���W; alt. 987 m; 27 Dec. 2017; Katherine B. Haedo leg.; R23; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 8��31���32.41������ S, 37��14���57.62������ W; alt. 910 m; 27 Dec. 2017; Katherine B. Haedo leg.; R45; DZUP ��� 1 ���; Pesqueira; 5 Aug. 1928; B. Pickel leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Petrolina; 18 Jul. 1974; R.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Recife; 21 Apr. 1905; L. Lima Castro leg.; 2376; MZSP ��� 1 ���; Salgueiro; 17 Jul. 1974; P.L. Ara��jo leg.; MZUSP 5502 ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; MZSP. ��� Piau�� ��� 1 ���; Bom Jesus; 9��28���52.3��� S, 44��72���12.1��� W; 8 Nov. 2010; T. Frizzo and H. Vasconcelos leg.; T2 PI 10S; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; Caracol, P.N. da Serra das Confus��es; 9.22637�� S, 43.46331�� W; 3���7 Mar. 2016; R.M. Feitosa, G.P. Camacho and M.F.O. Martins leg.; DZUP 549804 ��� 1 ♂; Col��nia do Piau��; 27 Mar.���1 Apr. 1994; Boussard leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; 4914; CPDC ��� 2 ������; Curimat��, Espinhos; 10��6���19��� S, 44��13���08��� W; 20 Apr. 2000; M.P.D. Santos leg.; coleta manual; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Faz. Sta. Paz; 19 Jun. 1992; Argolo leg.; 4635; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Ribeir��o Gon��alves, Est. Ecol. Uru��u��-Una, cerrado; 10 Dec. 1980; A.I. Almeida leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; S��o Raimundo Nonato, P.N. Serra da Capivara, Zabel��; 12 Apr. 2011; A.C.A. leg.; pitfall; MZSP. ��� Rio Grande do Norte ��� 1 ���; FLONA de N��sia; Jun. 2017; Dina leg.; UFRN ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 15 Sep. 2005; R.R. Hora leg.; 5457; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Natal; 24 May 2008; Pitfall F4; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Natal, Campus Central UFRN; Jun. 2014 ��� Jan. 2016; Dina leg.; ���4 ninhos���; UFRN ��� 1 ���; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 549811 ��� 3 ♂♂; Campus Central UFRN, Jul. 2012 ��� Jan. 2016, Dina leg., ���4 ninhos���; DZUP ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548850 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DZUP 548851 ��� 1 ���; Natal, Lagoa de Jenipabu; Oct. 2010; R. Silvestre leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Parnamirim, Mata do Jiqui; Oct. 2009; Dina leg.; UFRN. ��� Sergipe ��� 1 ���; Est��ncia; 15 Jun. 1994; J. Jardim leg.; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Itabaianinha, Mata Verde; 15 Dec. 1991; B. Santos leg.; 4492; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Pirambu, Pov. Aguilhada, restinga; 10��41���37��� S, 36��50���37��� W; 8 Jun. 2017; D.S. Mesquita and team leg.; pitfall; MPEG ��� 1 ���; Po��o Redondo, Angico, alto sert��o; 9��41��� S, 38��31��� W; Jun. 2008; F.S. Nascimento leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ���; S��o Crist��v��o; 11��00���54��� S, 37��12���21��� W; 16 Apr. 2009; J.O. Dantas leg.; ��� ninho 2, 12 ���; CPDC ��� 1 ���; Serra de Itabaiana; Mar. 2008; T.J. leg.; CPDC. ��� Tocantins ��� 1 ���; Jalap��o, 19 Nov. 2012; H.L. Vasconcelos and T. Frizzo leg.; 405, T49-19S; UFU ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 409, T49-17S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 409, T50-11S; DZUP ��� 1 ���; same locality as for preceding; 452, T51-2S; DZUP. Redescription Female MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 32): HL 4.95���5.76; HW 4.9���5.73; MDL 3.9���4.66; SL 4.95���5.73; MSL 7.52���8.47; HFL 6.78���7.71; HBL 5.84���6.48; PL 2.15���2.59; PH 2.85���3.35; PW 1.45���1.95; ATS 7.04��� 8.4; BL 25.71���29.39 (mm); CI 0.93���1.04; SI 0.96���1.09; DPI 0.64���0.81. HEAD. Malar area without striae or with weak longitudinal to oblique striae that do not reach anterior eye margin. Gena microareolate and opaque, usually without rugulae. Brownish, appressed and very short pubescence present between eye and frontal lobe, extending posteriorly to frons. Frons microareolate, opaque to silky; with very sparse brownish, flexuous, suberect to erect hairs, longer than scape width; pubescence densest laterally. Occipital corner microareolate and opaque (sometimes silky). Antennal scape microareolate and silky; long, suberect hairs usually present on antennal segments 1���3. Ventral surface of head microareolate, generally without strigulae, sometimes present only on anterolateral margin and extending to hypostomal tooth. Labrum without median longitudinal sulcus; very shallow transverse rugulae sometimes present. Mandibular dorsum weakly longitudinally strigulate on inner base, sculpture gradually fading apicad. MESOSOMA.Dorsal margin of pronotum in lateral view broadly convex, with no pronounced dorsoposterior swelling; anteroventral corner of pronotum forms obtuse angle. Pronotal dorsum weakly microareolate, opaque to silky. Metapleural-propodeal suture well-marked and usually straight. METASOMA. Petiolar node in lateral view elongate (usually DPI Male MEASUREMENTS. Non-types (n = 5): HL 2.13���2.32; HW1 2.56���2.84; MDL 0.52���0.58; SL 0.87���0.97; EL 1.5���1.58; MOD 0.53���0.58; LOD 0.51���0.57; MSL 6.75���7.16; HFL 5.5���6; PL1 1.8���1.9; PH 1.44���1.54; PW 1.17���1.27; ASL 4.35���4.75; BL1 15.56���16.53 (mm); CI1 1.13���1.24; SEI 1.59���1.77; SI1 0.33���0.36. HEAD. Frontal carina usually forming short longitudinal swelling. Lateral ocellus clearly surpassing posterior head margin in full-face view. Head punctulate, weakly microareolate and with silky sheen; with yellowish decumbent pubescence and scarce long suberect to erect hairs, longer than ocellus height in full-face view. Antenna with appressed pubescence and long suberect to erect hairs clearly longer than maximum scape diameter; third to fourth most apical antennomeres without hairs. Ventral surface of head punctulate and slightly microareolate; with subopaque to silky sheen. MESOSOMA. Mesoscutum without notaulus. Mesopleural sulcus punctate or slightly scrobiculate. Scutoscutellar sulcus scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum longitudinally strigulate laterally. Metapleuralpropodeal suture with same microsculpture as rest of integument. Mesosoma mostly slightly microareolate and with silky sheen, becoming coarsely punctate on declivitous surface of propodeum; with decumbent to suberect pubescence and suberect hairs, distance between each hair usually greater than half its length. Legs densely covered by decumbent pubescence; coxae with suberect long hairs, greater than femur diameter. Protibial apex with at least one stout seta. METASOMA. Petiolar node microareolate and shining; densely covered by decumbent to suberect pubescence and sparse suberect hairs. Abdominal tergite VIII spiniform. Gaster very slightly microareolate and shining; tergites dense, Published as part of Dias, Amanda Martins & Lattke, John Edwin, 2021, Large ants are not easy - the taxonomy of Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), pp. 1-66 in European Journal of Taxonomy 784 (1) on pages 50-57, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.784.1603, http://zenodo.org/record/5798246, {"references":["Kempf W. W. 1971. A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 14: 369 - 394.","Mann W. 1916. The Stanford Expedition to Brazil, 1911, John C. Branner, Director. The ants of Brazil. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 60 (11): 399 - 490.","Borgmeier T. 1937. Formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da America do Sul e Central, principalmente do Brasil (Hym. Formicidae). Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 3 (2): 217 - 255.","Lenhart P. A., Dash S. T. & Mackay W. P. 2013. A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 31: 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Tozetto L. & Lattke J. E. 2020. Revealing male genital morphology in the giant ant genus Dinoponera with geometric morphometrics. Arthropod Structure and Development 57: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2020.100943","Kempf W. W. 1975. Miscellaneous studies on Neotropical ants. VI. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 18: 341 - 380.","Santschi F. 1921. Ponerinae, Dorylinae et quelques autres formicides neotropiques. Bulletin de la Societe vaudoise des Sciences naturelles 54 (200): 81 - 103.","Alvares C. A., Stape J. L., Sentelhas P. C., Goncalves J. L. de M. & Sparovek G. 2013. Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22 (6): 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","Araujo C. Z. D., Lachaud J. P. & Fresneau D. 1990. Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioural Processes 22: 101 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0376 - 6357 (90) 90011 - 4","Paiva R. V. S. & Brandao C. R. F. 1995. Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 7: 297 - 312. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938","Vasconcellos A., Santana G. G. & Souza A. K. 2004. Nest spacing and architecture, and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 64 (2): 357 - 362. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842004000200022","Assis D. S., Morris S. & Nascimento F. S. 2017. \" Empty spaces ' where' we are living for \" - first record of Dinoponera quadriceps reusing nests of Atta sexdens. Sociobiology 64 (1): 130 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 64 i 1.1251","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1997. Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften 84: 499 - 502. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050433","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1998. Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour 55: 299 - 306. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1997.0601","Nascimento F. S., Souza D. I. S. A., Tannure-Nascimento I. C. & Dantas J. O. 2012. Social facilitation and food partitioning in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 46 (31 - 32): 1959 - 1967. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2012.700333","Asher C. L., Nascimento F. S., Sumner S. & Hughes W. O. H. 2013. Division of labour and risk taking in the dinosaur ant, Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 18: 121 - 129.","Araujo A. & Rodrigues Z. 2006. Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology 35 (2): 159 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2006000200002","Medeiros J., Araujo A., Araujo H. F. P., Queiroz J. P. C. & Vasconcellos A. 2012. Seasonal activity of Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Formicidae, Ponerinae) in the semi-arid Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Revista brasileira de Entomologia 56 (1): 81 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262012000100013","Azevedo D. L. O., Medeiros J. C. & Araujo A. 2014. Adjustments in the time, distance and direction of foraging in Dinoponera quadriceps workers. Journal of Insect Behavior 27: 177 - 191. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10905 - 013 - 9412 - 6","Medeiros J. & Araujo A. 2014. Workers' extra-nest behavioral changes during colony fission in Dinoponera quadriceps (Santschi). Neotropical Entomology 43 (2): 115 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13744 - 013 - 0193 - 6","Monnin T. & Peeters C. 1999. Dominance hierarchy and reproductive conflicts among subordinates in a monogynous queenless ant. Behavioral Ecology 10 (3): 323 - 332. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / beheco / 10.3.323"]}

Dinoponera mutica Emery, 1901. Tucuruí [INPA]. Dinoponera quadriceps Kempf, 1971. Aveiro [Lenhart et al., 2013]; Óbidos [Lenhart et al., 2013]; Santarém [Lenhart et al., 2013]., Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5122523, {"references":["Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54. [in French]","Kempf, W. W. (1971) A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 14, 369 - 394.","Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335"]}

Dinoponera hispida Lenhart et al., 2013. Tucuruí [Lenhart et al., 2013]. Dinoponera longipes Emery, 1901. Bannach [MPEG]; Cumaru do Norte [MPEG]; Melgaço [INPA]; Ourilândia do Norte [MPEG]; Parauapebas [MPEG]; São Félix do Xingu [MPEG]., Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5122523, {"references":["Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54. [in French]"]}

Dinoponera Roger, 1861 Dinoponera gigantea (Perty, 1833). Municipality unavailable [INPA; Emery, 1901; Emery, 1911; Kempf, 1972c; Lenhart et al., 2013]; Acará [Kempf, 1971]; Altamira [MZSP]; Ananindeua [MZSP]; Bannach [MPEG]; Belém [DZUP; MZSP; Santschi, 1939; Kempf, 1970; Kempf, 1971; Lenhart et al., 2013]; Bragança [Lenhart et al., 2013]; Bujaru [INPA]; Curionópolis [MPEG]; Goianésia do Pará [CPDC]; Marabá[MZSP]; Marapanim [MZSP]; Marituba [CPDC]; Melgaço [INPA]; Mocajuba [Lenhart et al., 2013]; Moju [CPDC]; Novo Repartimento [CPDC; Santos et al., 2012]; Óbidos [MZSP; Kempf, 1971]; Paragominas [ANTWEB; CPDC; DZUP; MZSP; Fourcassie & Oliveira, 2002; Solar et al., 2016b]; Parauapebas [MPEG; MZSP]; Peixe-Boi [Lenhart et al., 2013]; Portel [Kempf, 1971; Harada, 2016]; Santarém [MZSP; Kempf, 1971]; São Caetano de Odivelas [INPA]; Tracuateua [INPA]; Tucuruí [INPA; Lenhart et al., 2013]., Published as part of DE ALBUQUERQUE, EMÍLIA ZOPPAS, PRADO, LÍVIA PIRES DO, ANDRADE-SILVA, JOUDELLYS, DE SIQUEIRA, EMELY LAIARA SILVA, DA SILVA SAMPAIO, KELLY LIANE, ALVES, DIEGO, BRANDÃO, CARLOS ROBERTO FERREIRA, ANDRADE, PALOMA L., FEITOSA, RODRIGO MACHADO, DE AZEVEDO KOCH, ELMO BORGES, DELABIE, JACQUES HUBERT CHARLES, FERNANDES, ITANNA, BACCARO, FABRÍCIO BEGGIATO, SOUZA, JORGE LUIZ PEREIRA, ALMEIDA, RONY PETERSON SANTOS & SILVA, ROGÉRIO R., 2021, Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 5001 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5122523, {"references":["Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54. [in French]","Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125.","Kempf, W. W. (1972 c) Catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym., Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 15 (1 - 4), 3 - 344. [in Portuguese]","Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Kempf, W. W. (1971) A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 14, 369 - 394.","Santschi, F. (1939) Resultats scientifiques des croisieres du navire-ecole belge, Mercator. XIV. Formicidae s. lt. Memoires du Musee Royal d'histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 15 (2), 159 - 167. [in French]","Kempf, W. W. (1970) Levantamento das formigas da mata amazonica, nos arredores de Belem do Para, Brasil. Studia Entomologica, 13, 321 - 344. [in Portuguese]","Santos, I. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Silva, J. G., Costa, M. A., Barros, L. A. C., Pompolo, S. G. & Mariano, C. S. F. (2012) Karyotype differentiation among four Dinoponera (Formicidae: Ponerinae) species. Florida Entomologist, 95 (3), 737 - 742. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.095.0324","Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S. (2002) Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet, and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History, 36, 2211 - 2227. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149","Harada, A. Y. (2016) State of art of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at Caxiuana, Melgaco, Para, Brazil. Advances in Entomology, 4, 115 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / ae. 2016.43013"]}

Forensic entomology is a frequently used tool to estimate the time interval between death and the discovery of the corpse. Succession of arthropods associated with cadaveric decomposition was monitored in a rural area of the Municipality of Florencia, Department of Caquetá, Colombia. Three pigs (Sus scrofa) were used as study models. Insect sampling, and monitoring of carcasses and environmental conditions were carried out every five hours. The total time from death to skeletonization was of 545 hours (22.7 days). A total of 30833 insect individuals were collected. Specimens were distributed in nine orders, 46 families, 95 genera and 106 species. Diptera was the most abundant, with 23215 individuals (75.3%), followed by Coleoptera, with 3711 individuals (12%), and Hymenoptera, with 3154 individuals (10.2%). Immature stages of Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Hemilucilia semidiaphana and Ophyra aenescens were the main species involved in tissue consumption and acceleration of the decomposition process. Due to the presence of ants Cheliomyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. and Dinoponera sp., and coleopterans Hister sp., Acylophorus sp. and Philonthus spp., it was not possible to obtain sufficient Diptera egg masses for rearing the colonizing species. These results can be used as a standard to determine the postmortem interval in criminal investigations in the rural area of the Andean Amazon, Caquetá, Colombia. RESUMO: A entomologia forense é uma ferramenta frequentemente utilizada para estimar o intervalo de tempo entre a morte e a descoberta do corpo. Na área rural do município de Florencia, Caquetá, foi monitorada a sucessão de artrópodes associados à decomposição cadavérica, utilizando como modelo de estudo os cadáveres de três porcos (Sus scrofa). A amostragem de insetos e coleta de dados ambientais foram realizadas a cada cinco horas. A duração total do processo desde a morte até a esqueletização foi de 545 horas (22,7 dias). Foram coletados 30833 espécimes de insetos, distribuídos em nove ordens, 46 famílias, 95 gêneros e 106 espécies. Diptera foi o grupo mais representativo, com 23215 indivíduos (75,3%), seguido de Coleoptera, com 3711 indivíduos (12%) e Hymenoptera, com 3154 indivíduos (10,2%). Os estágios imaturos de Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Hemilucilia semidiaphana e Ophyra aenescens foram as principais espécies envolvidas no consumo de tecidos e na aceleração do processo de decomposição. Devido à presença de formigas Cheliomyrmex sp., Camponotus sp. e Dinoponera sp. e de besouros Hister sp., Acylophorus sp. e Philonthus spp., não foi possível obter massas de ovos de Diptera suficientes para a criação de espécies colonizadoras. Nosso estudo fornece subsídios para determinar o intervalo post-mortem em investigações policiais e promover a entomologia forense em uma área rural da Amazônia Andina na Colômbia. COL0066697

Genitalia include some of the most complex and morphologically diverse structures in insects, finding extensive use in taxonomy, but ant taxonomy is female biased and knowledge of the males is little explored, potentially depriving ant taxonomy of valuable information. We examine the male genital morphology of six species of Dinoponera and the variation among species and within species is described. We performed geometric morphometric analyses for the penisvalvae and lateropenite of the volsella. The results from the descriptions and statistical analyses show the genitalia offer valuable characters for species delimitation. What is presently known as Dinoponera australis can be differentiated into discrete populations, perhaps some representing cryptic species. The similarities between D. australis and D. snellingi suggest a close relation between them as well as between D. gigantea and D. quadriceps. We conclude that several genital characters, especially those of the penisvalvae, can be used to differentiate the species and might be useful to clarify the taxonomy of Dinoponera.

As formigas do gênero Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) estão entre as maiores Formicidae do Mundo. Dinoponera é alopatricamente distribuído no Brasil com várias espécies ocorrendo em biomas ameaçados. No presente trabalho foi feita a caracterização do cariótipo de quatro espécies de Dinoponera: Dinoponera australis Emery, Dinoponera gigantea Perty, Dinoponera lucida Emery, e Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Um grande número de cromossomos pequenos foi encontrado no cariótipo de todas as espécies analisadas (D. australis, 2n = 114; D. gigantea, 2n = 82; D. lucida, 2n = 118/120; D. quadriceps, 2n = 92). Uma moderada variação no número de cromossomos foi observada entre as espécies estudadas, o que sugere a ocorrência de rearranjos cromossômicos durante a evolução cariotípica neste gênero. O presente estudo também confirma a presença de um par cromossômico AMT em todas as espécies de Dinoponera estudadas até o momento, o que provavelmente representa uma sinapomorfia para este gênero. Ants in the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) are among the largest sized Formicidae of the World. In Brazil Dinoponera has an allopatric distribution, and several species occur in threatened biomes. We characterized karyotypes of the following 4 species: Dinoponera australis Emery, Dinoponera gigantea Perty, Dinoponera lucida Emery, and Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Karyotype analysis found that all 4 species have high numbers of small-sized chromosomes (D. australis, 2n = 114; D. gigantea, 2n = 82; D. lucida, 2n = 118/120; D. quadriceps, 2n = 92). A moderate variation in chromosome number was observed among the 4 species, which suggests the occurrence of chromosome rearrangements during karyotype evolution in Dinoponera. An exclusive AMT chromosome pair was found to occur in all Dinoponera species studied thus far, which we conclude is a probable synapomorphy in Dinoponera.

Key for identification of Dinoponera males (modified from Lenhart et al. 2013) 1 Ocelli protruding on occipital margin of head............................................................... 2 - Ocelli not protruding on occipital margin of head; Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and southern Brazil...................................................................................................... australis Emery 2 Setae on flagellum longer than the segment's width and erect................................................... 3 - Setae on flagellum absent or shorter than the segment's width, stiff and subdecumbent............................... 4 3 Digitus of the volsella with toothless lobe at distal end; Brazil, Peru, and Guiana....................... gigantea (Perty) - Digitus of the volsella without lobe at distal end; northeast Brazil................................ quadriceps Santschi 4 Penisvalva with distal flange and triangular ventral lobe; abdominal tergum VIII ending in short, broad, triangular angle; Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil........................................................................... snellingi - Penisvalva wedge-shaped in lateral view; abdominal tergum VIII ending in narrow, elongate spine or in acute, triangular angle.................................................................................................... 5 5. Abdominal tergum VIII terminating in narrow, elongate spine; Colombia south to Per�� to north western Brazil.................................................................................................... longipes Emery - Abdominal tergum VIII terminating in a very acute triangular angle (Fig. 2C); Bahia, Esp��rito Santo, Minhas Gerais, S��o Paulo.......................................................................................... lucida Emery Material examined. BRAZIL, ESP��RITO SANTO: Alfredo Chaves, Matilde, RPPN Oiutrem 20��33���S, 40��48���W, 600���800m, 14���21.x.2009, Malaise, C. O. Azevedo & eq. col., UFES n�� 76115; Cariacica, Reserva Biol��gica de Duas Bocas, 28.ii.2004, R. Kawada col., UFES n�� 132366; Domingos Martins, Mata Pico do Eldorado, 20��22���17������S, 40��39���29������W, 03���10.xii.2004, Malaise T7, Tavares, M. T. & eq. col., UFES n�� 64441; Itagua��u, Alto Lajinha, Fazenda Binda 19��48���S, 40��48���W. 22���29.ix.2008, Malaise, M. T. Tavares e eq. col., UFES n�� 82138; Laranja da Terra, Joatuba���Fazenda Betzel, 280���430. 19��50���25������S, 40��49���40������W, 05���12.x.2012, Malaise B1, M. T. Tavares & eq. col., UFES n�� 135693; Pancas, Fazenda Juliberto Stur�����rea 1, 19��13���10.5������S, 40��46���23.8������W, 24���31.i.2003, Malaise T4, Tavares, Azevedo & eq. col., UFES n�� 99293; Santa Leopoldina, Su����a. Mata 361 m. 20��04���54.6������S 40��35���38.9������W, 05���12.xi.2007, Malaise. C. O. Azevedo & eq. col., UFES n�� 68910; Santa Teresa, Esta����o Biol��gica Santa L��cia, 17���23.x.2011, Malaise, 30 bacias, M. T. Tavares & eq. col., UFES n�� 118173., Published as part of Mayron E Esc��rraga, John E Lattke & Celso O Azevedo, 2017, Discovery of the Dinoponera lucida male (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), a threatened giant ant from the Atlantic rain forest, pp. 128-136 in Zootaxa 4347 (1) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1045149, {"references":["Lenhart, P., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335"]}

Dinoponera lucida Emery 1901 (Figures 1���3) Dinoponera grandis subsp. lucida Emery 1901:48 Dinoponera lucida Emery. Raised to species by Kempf 1971:376 Male diagnosis. Body bicolored: head, mesosoma, and petiole brown; scape, legs and gaster ferruginous brown. Lateral ocelli protruding beyond posterior cephalic margin in dorsal view of the head; abdominal tergum VIII shaped as acute triangular; body with abundant long yellow hairs. Measurements: (n=8) HL= 1.90���2.10, HW1= 1.58���1.86, HW2= 2.22���2.44, MAL = 0.14���0.24, MDL= 0.48��� 0.56, SL= 0.60���0.76, PDL= 0.20���0.24, A3L= 1.38���1.50, A4L= 1.40���1.58, AAL= 1.34���1.46, EL= 1.16���1.28, EW= 0.74���0.80, MOD = 0.34���0.40, OOD= 0.32���0.42, LOD = 0.32���0.38, WL= 5.83���6.33, MLL= 1.14���1.48, MLW= 2.00���2.26, MTL= 2.52���2.68, MTW= 2.56���2.84, PFL= 3.68���3.96, MFL= 4.72���5.08, FWL= 13.3���15.0, HWL= 10.0���11.7, PTH = 1.24���1.48, PTL= 1.66���1.82, PTW= 0.98���1.10, GL= 7.33���8.17, TBL= 17.6���18.7, CI= 74.7���93.9, CS= 1.66���1.95, SEI= 168���200, SI= 32.3���46.5, EI1= 59.7���63.8, EI2= 98���119, MDI = 23.1���28.4, OBI = 60.2���79.3, OMI= 483���900, MNI= 1.49���1.84, MTI= 101���184 FI= 76.7���80.5, PTI= 70���87.1 Cephalic capsule ovoid in dorsal view, wider than long including compound eyes; posterior cephalic margin forming blunt angle interrupted by lateral ocelli close to its apex; lateral head margin convex, formed by compound eye. Clypeus protrudes posteriorly between compound eyes; anterior margin bordered by narrow, translucent lamella; lamella medially straight to weakly convex, laterally convex; surface of clypeal disc very convex, epistomal sulcus posteriorly convex and weakly impressed, separating clypeus from weakly elevated but flattened frontal triangle that extends posterad between antennal sockets; anterior tentorial pit large and easily discernible. Frontal carina reduced to faint and short elevated line, median torular arch shaped as weak posteromedian convex lobe that leaves antennal condyle completely exposed, lateral torular arch simple; antennal socket located at cephalic mid-length, as measured from anterior clypeal margin to posterior head margin, separated from other socket by distance shorter than median ocellus diameter (MOD = 0.34���0.40). Compound eye large and bulging (EI2= 98���119), occupying whole lateral cephalic margin (OBI = 60.2���79.3), dorsomedial margin weakly emarginate; ocelli large and protruding, approximately equal in sized, lateral ocelli closer to anterior ocellus than to each other and separated from compound eye by a distance similar to its diameter (OOD=0.32���0.42). Antenna longer than mesosoma, 13-segmented; scape length approximately half of first flagellomere and shorter than EL; pedicel length approximately one-third that of scape, surface smooth; flagellum filiform, punctate. Palpal formula 4,3 (in situ count); labrum, in dorsal view, lateromedially narrower than labium, weakly projecting as transverse, anteriorly emarginate structure with convex dorsal surface. Mandible slightly shorter than antennal scape, apically rounded, lacking teeth, surface smooth and shiny, with basal, flattened lateral expansion. Cephalic sculpture mostly shining with scattered small, piligerous tubercles; weak longitudinal striae present between ocelli and antenna. Mesosoma in lateral view with anterior pronotal margin forming brief overhang above head, narrow posterior shelf present at promesonotal junction; mesoscutum convex; mesoscutellum strongly convex; metanotum brief and strongly convex; propodeal dorsal margin straight to weakly convex in profile view, forming smooth continuity with broadly convex declivitous margin. Pronotum trapezoid in lateral view, posterolateral corners blunt and slighted lifted; mesopleural sulcus oblique, deeply impressed, scrobiculate, mesopleural pit directed ventrally; spiracular sclerite oval, directed anterolaterally; metapleuron medially constricted, with conspicuous and deep pit medially located near metapleural-propodeal suture; metapleural-propodeal suture broad and shallow but well-defined; propodeal spiracle slit-shaped. In dorsal view, pronotal posterior margin broadly concave, lateral lobe protruding, mesoscutum with three longitudinal carinae: one anterior median notal carina and two lateral parapsidal lines; notauli absent, mesoscutum smooth and shining; scutoscutellar sulcus scrobiculate, mesoscutellum hexagonal, disc smooth and shining; metascutellum transversally rectangular with transverse striae. Mesosoma mostly smooth and shining except for metanotum and irregular minute raised areas on propodeal declivity. Protibial calcar pectinate with small basal lamella (= ���velum of calcar���), probasitarsus with basal comb; meso- and metatibia each with long pectinate spur and simple short spur; all basitarsi long, each about same length of its corresponding tibia; tarsal claws with preapical tooth; arolium well-developed. Fore wing with pterostigma, abscissae C, Sc+R, R, Rs, Rs+M, M+Cu, M, Cu, and A present; crossveins 2r-rs, 2rs-m, 1m-cu, cu-a present. Cells Costal+Subcostal, Basal, Subbasal, Marginal, Submarginal 1, Submarginal 2, Discal, Subdiscal present. Rs weakly curved anterad R; M and Cu curved posterad, without reaching posterior margin. Crossvein cu-a far from wing base, near discal cell (Fig. 3A). Hind wing with abscissae R+Rs, Rs, M+Cu, M, Cu, and A present; crossveins 1rs-m and cu-a present; no abscissae reach posterior margin; segment of M+Cu posterior to cu-a twice as long as segment of M anterior to rs-m; 1rs-m almost twice longer than cu-a, jugal lobe present (Fig. 3B). Petiole rounded in lateral view, anterior margin more broadly convex than posterior margin, petiolar spiracle relatively small, oval, anteriorly located. Petiole rectangular in dorsal view, longer than broad with anterior cervix developed, posterior corner rounded, spiracle laterally protruding; articulation with gaster well-defined. Gaster smooth and shiny, with well-marked constriction between abdominal segments III and IV; spiracles on tergites III��� V exposed; stridulitrum present on abdominal pretergite IV; abdominal tergum VIII ending in very acute triangle almost forming a spine (Fig. 1B), cercus about as long as fourth protarsomere, club-shaped, bearing many long hairs issuing from small piligerous tubercles; abdominal sternum IX apically truncate; telomere rounded; penisvalva with ventral margin serrated. Head covered with scattered, long yellow hairs, longest hairs on posterior part of head; clypeus bearing long, subdecumbent, anteriorly projecting hairs that surpass extended labrum, posterior region of clypeus and frons with shorter appressed yellow hairs. Antenna with many short, appressed and subdecumbent hairs, some longer erect hairs present on first three flagellomere, each about as long as pedicel. Maxillary palp segments III and IV with erect hairs; labrum bearing short erect setae. Dorsum of mesosoma densely covered with yellow decumbent and erect hairs, hairs longer on pronotum and propodeum; pilosity scarce on sides of pronotum and anterior portion of mesopleuron; setae on propodeum long, about same length of mandible. Wings covered with short decumbent hairs. Petiole densely covered with erect, yellow hairs, longer than propodeal hairs. Gaster covered with many subdecumbent yellow hairs. Head, mesosoma, and petiole brown; scape, pedicel, mandible, labrum, maxilla, labium, legs, and gaster ferruginous brown; flagellum mostly dark brown (Fig. 1A). Discrete light blue iridescence visible on different body parts depending upon light source used. Distribution (Figure 4). Dinoponera lucida is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, recorded from the states of Bahia, Esp��rito Santo, Minas Gerais, and S��o Paulo, with most records in Esp��rito Santo and Southern Bahia. The most northern record is from Ilheus (Bahia) and the southernmost record is from Cruzeiro (S��o Paulo). There is a single record from S��o Paulo by Kempf (1971)., Published as part of Mayron E Esc��rraga, John E Lattke & Celso O Azevedo, 2017, Discovery of the Dinoponera lucida male (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), a threatened giant ant from the Atlantic rain forest, pp. 128-136 in Zootaxa 4347 (1) on pages 130-134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4347.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1045149, {"references":["Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54.","Kempf, W. W. (1971) A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 14, 369 - 394."]}

Ant colonies can reproduce by two strategies: independent foundation, wherein the queen starts a new colony alone, and dependent foundation, in which workers assist the queen. In the queenless species Dinoponera quadriceps (Santschi), the colony reproduces obligatorily by fission, a type of dependent foundation, but this process is not well understood. This study describes a colony fission event of D. quadriceps in the field and analyzes the influence of the fission process on workers' extra-nest behavior. Based on observations of workers outside the nest, five distinct stages were identified: monodomic stage, polydomic stage, split stage, conflict stage, and post-conflict stage. The colony was initially monodomic and then occupied a second nest before it split into two independent colonies, indicating a gradual and opportunistic dependent foundation. After the fission event, the daughter colony had aggressive conflicts with the parental colony, resulting in the latter's disappearance. Colony fission affected workers' extra-nest behavior by increasing the frequency of rubbing the gaster against the substrate (which probably has a chemical marking function) and by decreasing the frequency of foraging during the split stage. After the fission event, the number of foragers was halved and foragers remained nearer to the nest during extra-nest activity. The spatial closeness of the parental and daughter colonies led to competition that caused the extinction or migration of the parental colony. Intraspecific competition was indicated by foraging directionality at the colony level, whereby areas of neighbor colonies were avoided; this directionality was stronger while both colonies coexisted.

Despite the noxious effects inflicted by Dinoponera ant's envenomation, the information about the biological properties and composition of their venom is still very limited. Ants from the genus Dinoponera are believed to be the world's largest living ants with a body length of 3 cm. Their occurrence is restricted to tropical areas of South America. In this work, we study the venom of the giant Dinoponera quadriceps ant collected in 4 different regions of Brazil. By using a combination of complementary mass spectrometric approaches, we aim at: (i) characterizing the venom composition of these ants; (ii) establishing a comparative analysis of the venom from four geographically different regions in Brazil. This approach demonstrates that ant venom is a copious source of new compounds. Several peptides were identified and selected for “de novo sequencing”. Since most of the new peptides showed similarities with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), antimicrobial assays were performed with the purpose of evaluating their activity. In regard to the comparative study of the four regions, we observed not only major differences in the venom compositions, but also that the venoms collected in closest areas are more similar than the ones collected in distant regions. These observations seem to highlight an adaption of the ant venoms to the local environment. Concerning the biological assays, the peptides called Dq-3162 and Da-3177 showed a wide-ranging antimicrobial activity. The characterization of new AMPs with a broad spectrum of activity and different scaffolds may aid scientists to design new therapeutic agents and understand the mechanisms of those peptides to interact with microbial membranes. The results obtained betoken the biotechnological potential of ant's venom. Biological significance For the first time this manuscript describes an extensive proteomics characterization of the D. quadriceps venom. In addition this study reports the variation in venom composition of primitive ants from 4 geographically different areas of Brazil. The results reveal the presence of ~ 335 compounds for each venom/area and inter-colony variations were observed. 16 new peptides were characterized and 2 of them were synthesized and biologically assayed. These findings highlight the considerable and still unexplored diversity of ant's venom which could be used as valuable research tools in different areas of knowledge.

Recent evidence suggests that the traditional view of myrmecochory as a highly diffuse interaction between diaspores and a wide range of ant species attracted to their elaiosomes may not be correct. The effectiveness of dispersal varies markedly among ant species, and combined with differential attractiveness of diaspores due to elaiosome size and composition, this raises the potential for myrmecochorous plants to target ant species that offer the highest quality dispersal services. We ask the question: Do particular physical and chemical traits of elaiosomes result in disproportionate removal of Euphorbiaceae diaspores by high-quality disperser ants in Caatinga vegetation of north-eastern Brazil? We offered seeds of five euphorb species that varied in morphological and chemical traits of elaiosomes to seed-dispersing ants. High-quality seed-disperser ants (species of Dinoponera, Ectatomma and Camponotus) were identified as those that rapidly collected and transported diaspores to their nests, often over substantial distances, whereas low-quality disperser ants (primarily species of Pheidole and Solenopsis) typically fed on elaiosomes in situ, and only ever transported diaspores very short distances. Low-quality disperser ants were equally attracted to the elaiosomes of all study species. However, high-quality dispersers showed a strong preference for diaspores with the highest elaiosome mass (and especially proportional mass). As far as we are aware, this is the first study to identify a mechanism of diaspore selection by high-quality ant dispersers based on elaiosome traits under field conditions. Our findings suggest that myrmecochorous plants can preferentially target high-quality seed-disperser ants through the evolution of particular elaiosome traits.

Dinoponera Roger 1861 has been revised several times. However, species limits remain questionable due to limited collection and undescribed males. We re-evaluate the species boundaries based on workers and known males. We describe the new species Dinoponera hispida from Tucuruí, Pará, Brazil and Dinoponera snellingi from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil and describe the male of Dinoponera longipes Emery 1901. Additionally, we report numerous range extensions with updated distribution maps and provide keys in English, Spanish and Portuguese for workers and known males of Dinoponera.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 Symbiotic microorganisms are directly related to the ecological success of host insects, influencing many aspects of their biology. The present study is the first to investigate the microbiota associated with ants of the subfamily Ponerinae and aims to identify the bacterial midgut communities of Dinoponera lucida, Neoponera curvinodis, Pachycondyla striata, Odontomachus brunneus and Odontomachus bauri relied on culture-dependent technique, particularly 16S rRNA sequencing. The greatest species richness was observed in O. bauri, with 15 OTUs, followed by D. lucida with five OTUs, O. brunneus, with four OTUs, and N. curvinodis and P. striata, both with three OTUs. There were representatives of the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes and Firmicutes, including the genera Bartonella, Mesoplasma, Mesorhizobium, Spiroplasma, Wolbachia and Serratia in the guts of the studied Ponerine ants. Spiroplasma and Mesoplasma were found to be prevalent in the studied ants and they were the only genera of bacteria found in more than one of the analyzed ant species suggesting they might be beneficial symbionts. The low microbial diversity observed given the predatory trophic habits of the species studied suggests that there is selection for these microorganisms, predominantly preserving symbionts with functional roles that are able to colonize this environment. It is also valid to infer that the identified bacteria are predominant in the gut and exhibit mutualistic functions that are important mainly for immunity, but also to reproduction and nutrition; moreover, a subset may be parasites that could have considerable impacts on the studied ants. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Microbiologia, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT) UESC Laboratório de Mirmecologia CEPLAC Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)

Venom from the "false tocandira"Dinoponera australis, a giant Neotropical hunting ant, paralyzes small invertebrate prey and induces a myriad of systemic effects in large vertebrates. HPLC/DAD/MS analyses revealed that the venom has over 75 unique proteinaceous components with a large diversity of properties ranging in size, hydrophobicity, and overall abundance. The six most abundant peptides, demonstrative of this diversity and hereafter referred to as Dinoponeratoxins, were de novo sequenced by exact mass precursor ion selection and Edman degradation. The smallest peptide characterized, Da-1039, is hydrophilic and has similarities to vasoactive peptides like kinin and bombesin. The two largest and most abundant peptides, Da-3105 and Da-3177, have a 92.9% identity in a 28 residue overlap and share approximately 50 of their sequence with ponericin G2 (an antimicrobial from another ponerine ant Pachycondyla goeldii). One peptide, Da-1585, is a hydrophilic cleavage product of an amphipathic peptide, Da-2501. The most hydrophobic peptide, Da-1837, is amidated (a PTM observed in one half of the major peptides) and shares homology with poneratoxin, a sodium channel modifier found in the bullet ant Paraponera clavata. This study is the first examination of potential pharmacophores from venom of the genus Dinoponera (Order: Hymenoptera).

1 Ants of the genus Dinoponera belong to a convergent group, in which there is no morphologically specialized caste of reproducing females and reproduction is by fertilized workers known as gamergates. Dinoponera lucida Emery, which is native to Brazilian Atlantic rain forest, is included on the official list of Brazilian fauna species threatened with extinction, due to habitat fragmentation, loss of their natural habitat and to peculiarities in their biology. 2 Karyotype variation was studied among D. lucida populations in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo, Brazil. The cytogenetic study was carried out on brain ganglia and/or on male and/or female gonads. Banding techniques, such as sequential staining with DA/CMA3/DAPI fluorochromes and FISH, were also applied. 3 The diploid chromosome numbers ranged from 106 to 120. Variations in the karyotype were detected in the populations from Bahia, while in Espirito Santo the karyotypes were the same everywhere. Most of the chromosomes were small in size and acrocentric, except for a differentiated pair (AMt). This pair exhibited polymorphism in the different populations. 4 The karyotype variation detected in D. lucida suggested that the original population has previously been divided into two allopatric populations distributed in two different refugial areas of Atlantic rain forest in the early Quaternary. They probably developed in parallel and differentiated in karyotype composition. When the Atlantic rain forest regained its continuous distribution along with the Brazilian coast, the two groups came to occupy the continuous area of occurrence of the species that is seen today.

Reproduction in groups may be unequal, with one or a few individuals monopolizing direct reproduction assisted by nonbreeding helpers. In social insects this has frequently led to a pronounced queen-worker dichotomy and a loss of reproductive totipotency among workers. However, in some invertebrate and all vertebrate societies, all or most individuals remain reproductively totipotent. In these groups, conflicts of interest over reproduction are potentially greatest. Here, we synthesize previous analyses of reproductive conflict, aggression and breeder replacement in haplodiploid societies of totipotent individuals and extend them to cover diploid (vertebrate) examples. We test predictions arising from this approach using the best-studied invertebrate (Dinoponera queenless ants) and vertebrate (naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber) examples, although in principle our analysis applies to all similar groups. We find that premature replacement of a parent breeder by nonbreeders (overthrow) is rare. Dominant coercive control of nonbreeders by the breeder is often unnecessary and honest signalling of breeder vitality can maintain group stability and resolve conflicts over reproduction. We hope that by providing an explicit transfer of social theory between ants and naked mole-rats we will stimulate further cross-taxonomic studies that will greatly broaden our understanding of sociality.

The male of the endangered ant Dinoponera lucida Emery is described, providing morphometric measurements, high-resolution images, and a distribution map of the species. This ant inhabits the Brazilian Atlantic forest, an ecosystem strongly impacted by fragmentation. The males show clear morphological differences from the known males of other species of Dinoponera. We briefly discuss the relevance of the male description for the conservation strategies of this ant.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:20:30Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:28:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-0036710885.pdf: 2404829 bytes, checksum: b6e4a129f5f23fedd9026ee6f8caf73f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:20:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-09-01 The post-pharyngeal gland of normal and starvation ants was studied under TEM. This study showed an orgin of lipids droplets from mitochondria (named derivate mitochondria) in the normal ants and the lipids absence or reduction, in fasting ants. UNESP Depto. de Biologia Campus be Rio Claro, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP UNESP Depto. de Biologia Campus be Rio Claro, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP

Species of Dinoponera Lenhart et al. (2013) revised the genus and provided a key to species. D. australis Emery, 1901: Paraguay D. australis bucki Borgmeier, 1937: Brazil D. australis nigricolor Borgmeier, 1937: Brazil D. gigantea (Perty, 1833): Brazil D. hispida Lenhart, Dash & Mackay, 2013: Brazil D. longipes Emery, 1901: Peru D. lucida Emery, 1901: Brazil D. mutica Emery, 1901: Brazil D. quadriceps Kempf, 1971: Brazil D. snellingi Lenhart, Dash & Mackay, 2013: Brazil

Dinoponera Roger Fig. 28 Dinoponera Roger, 1861: 37 (as genus). Type-species: Ponera grandis Gu��rin-M��neville, 1838: 206 (junior synonym of Ponera gigantea Perty, 1833: 135); by monotypy. Dinoponera is a small genus (ten described species and subspecies) found in rainforests to savannahs from southern Colombia south to Argentina and Uruguay. It boasts the world���s largest monomorphic ant workers (up to 40 mm or more). The genus is also notable for reproducing via gamergates (with the loss of the queen caste). Diagnosis. Dinoponera workers are unmistakable due to their enormous size. Other diagnostic characters (in combination) include: subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, complex metapleural gland orifice, toothed tarsal claws, and stout hypopygial spines. Some of these characters are synapomorphic with Pachycondyla, which is sister to Dinoponera and the most similar genus morphologically. Pachycondyla lacks the huge size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and toothed tarsal claws of Dinoponera. Streblognathus bears some resemblance to Dinoponera, given its large size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and forward facing eyes, but Streblognathus has a novel fin-shaped petiole and lacks the complex metapleural gland orifice, toothed tarsal claws, and hypopygial spines of Dinoponera, and is somewhat smaller. Synoptic description. Worker. Huge (TL 25���40 mm; Kempf, 1971; Paiva & Brand��o, 1995) ants with the standard characters of Ponerini. Mandibles subtriangular, with roughly five teeth and without a distinct basal angle or basal groove. Anterior margin of clypeus with a pair of long anteriorly-directed teeth. Frontal lobes moderately large. Eyes moderately large, located anterior of head midline and relatively forward-facing. Posterolateral corners of head prominent. Metanotal groove reduced to a subtle suture. Propodeum broad dorsally. Propodeal spiracles slit-like. Metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped cuticular lip and a lateral groove. Tarsal claws with a single tooth. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole nodiform, with a blunt dorsal longitudinal ridge. Gaster with a strong girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Hypopygium with a row of stout spines on either side of the sting. Head and body smooth to sparsely punctate, with sparse to abundant pilosity and patchy pubescence. Color black. See also description in Lenhart et al. (2013). Queen. Absent, reproduction instead being performed by gamergates. Male. See description in Lenhart et al. (2013). Larva. Described for D. gigantea by Wheeler & Wheeler (1986a). Geographic distribution. Dinoponera is a strictly South American genus, found from montane rainforests on the eastern slope of the Andes in Per��, Ecuador and Colombia to savannah and lowland rainforest in Brazil, Guyana, south through Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina (Lenhart et al., 2013). Lenhart et al. also provide maps showing the distribution of each Dinoponera species. Ecology and behavior. Dinoponera is one of the best studied ponerine genera, due to its interesting social behaviors and large body size, which makes it relatively easy to work with. In particular, the papers by Monnin and colleagues document in unprecedented detail the social and reproductive behaviors of Dinoponera, especially of D. quadriceps (e.g., Monnin et al., 1998, 2002, 2003; Monnin & Peeters, 1997, 1998, 1999; Monnin & Ratnieks, 1999, 2001; Peeters et al., 1999; Hart & Monnin, 2006; also Hart & Ratnieks, 2005). We will only briefly summarize their results here, with the caveat that much of this information stems from studies of D. quadriceps alone, and its general applicability to the entire genus is in some cases uncertain. Dinoponera colonies generally contain fewer than 100 workers, though colony size varies among species (Fowler, 1985; Paiva & Brand��o, 1995; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira, 2002; Vasconcellos et al., 2004; Monnin & Peeters, 2008). Dinoponera has completely lost the queen caste and reproduction in each colony is instead performed by a single mated gamergate worker who is the top (alpha) individual in a ranked dominance hierarchy (Haskins & Zahl, 1971; Monnin et al., 2003). Below her in the hierarchy are three to five subordinate workers who vie with one another for the opportunity to succeed the alpha once she dies (Monnin et al., 2002; Peixoto et al., 2008). These ���hopeful reproductives��� perform little work in the colony and represent a drain on the colony���s resources (Monnin & Ratnieks, 1999, 2001; Monnin et al., 2003; Hart & Monnin, 2006). The remaining workers perform most of the work for the colony and also police the colony, punishing high-ranking workers who attempt to prematurely overthrow the alpha (Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001; Monnin et al., 2002). This policing is quite effective, as early replacement of the alpha is apparently rare (Hart & Monnin, 2006). A newly annointed alpha worker briefly leaves the colony and mates with a single male (Monnin & Peeters, 1998). Subordinate workers do not mate, but sometimes lay haploid eggs which will develop into males if the alpha does not discover and cannibalize them (Dantas de Araujo et al., 1990; Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001). Alpha workers have a different cuticular hydrocarbon profile from other workers, and this profile is transferred to their eggs, allowing them to identify the eggs of subordinates (Monnin & Peeters, 1997; Peeters et al., 1999). The hydrocarbon profile is apparently related to ovarian activity, and allows workers to assess the rank and reproductive status of each member of the colony (Monnin et al., 1998; Monnin & Peeters, 1999; Peeters et al., 1999; Monnin & Ratnieks, 2001). As with most ponerines lacking winged queens, colony reproduction in Dinoponera occurs via fission, with workers carrying brood and males to new nest sites and recruiting other workers via tandem running, with apparently no chemical trail (D. australis: Fowler, 1985; D. gigantea: Overal, 1980). Nests are built into the soil, can be quite extensive, and house diverse communities of myrmecophiles including inquiline Pheidole species (Zahl, 1957; Hermann et al., 1994; Paiva & Brand��o, 1995; Vasconcellos et al., 2004). Workers are not generally aggressive but can deliver a painful sting if provoked (Allard, 1951; Zahl, 1957; Hermann et al., 1994). Dinoponera workers forage diurnally or crepuscularly on the ground, and are generalist predators of insects and opportunistic scavengers of fruits and other food sources (Oldham et al., 1994; Hermann et al., 1994; Paiva & Brand��o, 1995; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira, 2002; Monnin et al., 2003; Ara��jo & Rodrigues, 2006). Workers always forage individually (Zahl, 1957; Haskins & Zahl, 1971; Fowler, 1985; Fourcassi�� & Oliveira, 2002; Ara��jo & Rodrigues, 2006). Orientation and navigation by foraging D. gigantea workers were studied by Fourcassi�� et al. (1999). The large size and interesting behaviors of Dinoponera have made them attractive model systems for histological and biochemical research, including studies of the mandibular gland (Oldham & Morgan, 1993; Oldham et al., 1994; Hermann et al., 1994), Dufour���s gland (Hermann et al., 1994, Morgan et al., 2003), sting apparatus and venom gland (Hermann et al., 1994; Morgan et al., 2003), convoluted gland (inside venom reservoir; Schoeters & Billen, 1995), post-pharyngeal gland (Schoeters & Billen, 1997), and antennal sensillae and glands (Marques-Silva et al., 2006). Interestingly, D. lucida has the highest number of chromosomes known for any hymenopteran (2n=120), though the total number ranges from 2n=106 to 2n=120 and the significance or cause of this large number and variation is unknown (Mariano et al., 2004; Barros et al., 2009). Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations. Dinoponera was erected by Mayr (1861) as a monotypic genus to house Ponera grandis Gu��rin-M��neville (now Dinoponera gigantea). The enormous size and other morphological apomorphies of Dinoponera led to a stable taxonomic history for the genus. Schmidt's (2013) molecular phylogeny strongly indicates that Dinoponera is a close sister genus to Pachycondyla. Dinoponera and Pachycondyla are morphologically quite similar, and the presence of a row of stout spines on either side of the hypopygium is a strong synapomorphy linking the two genera. Ironically, though W. L. Brown (in Bolton, 1995) synonymized numerous unrelated ponerine genera under Pachycondyla, he failed to include Dinoponera, which is the only ponerine genus closely related enough to Pachycondyla to actually justify synonymy. Given the numerous morphological apomorphies of Dinoponera (including their huge body size, subtriangular mandibles, clypeal teeth, and toothed tarsal claws) and their highly derived social behaviors, we are retaining Dinoponera as a separate genus from Pachycondyla. Dinoponera has at times been considered closely related to Streblognathus (see discussion under that genus), but neither morphological or molecular evidence supports this hypothesis. The fossil genus Archiponera was also considered by Carpenter (1930) to be closely related to Dinoponera and Streblognathus. While Archiponera does bear some superficial resemblance to these genera, and especially to Dinoponera, the purported age of this fossil genus makes it unlikely to represent an ancestor or sister group to either Streblognathus or Dinoponera., Published as part of Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O., 2014, The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior, pp. 1-242 in Zootaxa 3817 (1) on pages 140-143, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1, {"references":["Roger, J. (1861) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen (Schluss). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 5, 1 - 54.","Guerin-Meneville, F. E. (1838) Premiere division. Crustaces, arachnides et insectes. In: Duperrey, L. I. (Ed.), Voyage autour du monde, execute par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majeste, La Coquille, pendant les annees 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie. Tome deuxieme. Part 2. H. Bertrand, Paris, xii + 9 - 320 pp.","Perty, M. (1833) Delectus animalium articulatorum, quae in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi peracto, collegerunt Dr. J. B. Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. Fasc. 3. Published by the author, Monachii [= Munich], pp. 125 - 224.","Kempf, W. W. (1971) A preliminary review of the ponerine ant genus Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 14, 369 - 394.","Paiva, R. V. S. & Brandao, C. R. F. (1995) Nests, worker population, and reproductive status of workers, in the giant queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera Roger (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ethology, Ecology and Evolution, 7, 297 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 08927014.1995.9522938","Lenhart, P. A., Dash, S. T. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A revision of the giant Amazonian ants of the genus Dinoponera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 31, 119 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 31.4335","Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1986 a) The larva of Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche (Camb.), 92, 387 - 391. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1985 / 38707","Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (1997) Cannibalism of subordinates' eggs in the monogynous queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Naturwissenschaften, 84, 499 - 502. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050433","Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (1999) Reproduction versus work in queenless ants: when to join a hierarchy of hopeful reproductives? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 46, 413 - 422. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650050637","Monnin, T. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2001) Policing in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 50, 97 - 108. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002650100351","Peeters, C., Monnin, T. & Malosse, C. (1999) Cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 266 (1426), 1323 - 1327. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 1999.0782","Hart, A. G. & Monnin, T. (2006) Conflict over the timing of breeder replacement in vertebrate and invertebrate societies. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 375 - 389. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00040 - 005 - 0895 - 4","Hart, A. G. & Ratnieks, F. L. W. (2005) Crossing the taxonomic divide: conflict and its resolution in societies of reproductively totipotent individuals. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 18, 383 - 395. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1420 - 9101.2004.00832. x","Fowler, H. G. (1985) Populations, foraging and territoriality in Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 29, 443 - 447.","Fourcassie, V. & Oliveira, P. S. (2002) Foraging ecology of the giant Amazonian ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymnoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae): activity schedule, diet and spatial foraging patterns. Journal of Natural History, 36, 2211 - 2227. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930110097149","Vasconcellos, A., Santana, G. G. & Souza, A. K. (2004) Nest spacing and architecture, and swarming of males of Dinoponera quadriceps (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a remnant of the Atlantic forest in northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 64 (2), 357 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 69842004000200022","Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (2008) How many gamergates is an ant queen worth? Naturwissenschaften, 95, 109 - 116. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00114 - 007 - 0297 - 0","Haskins, C. P. & Zahl, P. A. (1971) The reproductive pattern of Dinoponera grandis Roger (Hymenoptera, Ponerinae) with notes on the ethology of the species. Psyche (Camb.), 78 (1 - 2), 1 - 11.","Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W. & Brandao, C. R. F. (2003) Reproductive conflict in animal societies: hierarchy length increases with colony size in queenless ponerine ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54, 71 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 003 - 0600 - 9","Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F. L. W., Jones, G. R. & Beard, R. (2002) Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant. Nature, 419, 61 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1038 / nature 00932","Peixoto, A. V., Campiolo, S., Lemes, T. N., Delabie, J. H. C. & Hora, R. R. (2008) Comportamento e estrutura reprodutiva da formiga Dinoponera lucida Emery (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52 (1), 88 - 94. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0085 - 56262008000100016","Monnin, T. & Peeters, C. (1998) Monogyny and regulation of worker mating in the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Animal Behaviour, 55, 299 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / anbe. 1997.0601","Dantas de Araujo, C. Z., Lachaud, J. - P. & Fresneau, D. (1990) Le systeme reproductif chez une ponerine sans reine: Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi. Behavioral Processes, 22, 101 - 111. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0376 - 6357 (90) 90011 - 4","Overal, W. L. (1980) Observations on colony founding and migration of Dinoponera gigantea. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 15 (4), 466 - 469.","Hermann, H. R., Blum, M. S., Wheeler, J. W., Overal, W. L., Schmidt, J. O. & Chao, J. - T. (1994) Comparative anatomy and chemistry of the venom apparatus and mandibular glands in Dinoponera grandis (Guerin) and Paraponera clavata (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77 (3), 272 - 279.","Allard, H. A. (1951) Dinoponera gigantea (Perty), a vicious stinging ant. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 41, 88 - 90.","Oldham, N. J., Keegans, S. J., Morgan, E. D., Paiva, R. V. S., Brandao, C. R. F., Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. (1994) Mandibular gland contents of a colony of the queenless ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Naturwissenschaften, 81, 313 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050077","Araujo, A. & Rodrigues, Z. (2006) Foraging behavior of the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 35 (2), 159 - 164. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1519 - 566 x 2006000200002","Fourcassie, V., Henriques, A. & Fontella, C. (1999) Route fidelity and spatial orientation in the ant Dinoponera gigantea (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary forest: a preliminary study. Sociobiology, 34 (3), 505 - 524.","Oldham, N. J. & Morgan, E. D. (1993) Structures of the pyrazines from the mandibular gland secretion of the ponerine ant Dinoponera australis. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, 2713 - 2716. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1039 / p 19930002713","Morgan, E. D., Jungnickel, H., Keegans, S. J., do Nascimento, R. R., Billen, J., Gobin, B. & Ito, F. (2003) Comparative survey of abdominal gland secretions of the ant subfamily Ponerinae. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29 (1), 95 - 114. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1023 / a: 1021928630441","Schoeters, E. & Billen, J. 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The morphologically specialized queen caste has been lost in various ponerine ants, and mated workers ('gamergates') reproduce instead of queens. Unlike previous reports in the literature, we found only one gamergate in each colony of Dinoponera quadriceps. We documented monogyny by dissecting ovaries and spermathecae in 914 workers from 15 colonies, and by observing mating in the laboratory. In colonies without a gamergate, aggressive interactions among some of the unmated nestmates led to the behavioural differentiation of a top-ranking worker ('alpha'), which laid almost all the eggs. Only the alpha went outside the nest at night, and mated if foreign males were present (N=11 tests), thus becoming a gamergate. The alpha was sexually attractive even when her ovaries were not yet active. After intromission, the male remained linked to the alpha while she severed the end of his abdomen. Pieces of the male genitalia remained attached to her genital tract, and she removed them after 30+/-18 min (X+/-sdN=9). We interpret this to be a mating plug, preventing other males from fathering her offspring. None of these newly inseminated gamergates continued to go outside the nest, and, when tested, they never re-mated (N=4). Thus, gamergates of D. quadriceps probably mate only once. In queenless ant species, comparative evidence indicates that worker mating is often regulated in monogynous species, while unrestricted mating of young individuals is typical of polygynous species (oviposition is regulated subsequently). Furthermore, the occurrence of either monogyny or polygyny influences the mating strategies of males, and mating plugs have been reported only in some monogynous species. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Anthropogenic disturbance can have important indirect effects on ecosystems by disrupting species interactions. Here we examine the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on distance dispersal by ants for the diaspores of myrmecochorous Euphorbiaceae in Brazilian Caatinga. Rates of diaspore removal and distances removed of Croton sonderianus and Jatrophamollissima were observed at 24 sites ranging from low to very high disturbance (primarily grazing by livestock, hunting and firewood collection). Despite a large number of seed-disperser ant species, there were only two species providing high-quality distance-dispersal services, Dinoponera quadriceps (40 % of all observed seed removals) and Ectatomma muticum (33 %). D. quadriceps was responsible for 97 % of all removals >2 m, and 100 % of all removals >5 m. Removal rates did not vary with disturbance for C. sonderianus (small elaiosome), but declined with increasing disturbance for J. mollissima (large elaiosome). The number of removals by Ectatomma was highest at intermediate levels of disturbance, whereas those by Dinoponera decreased systematically with increasing levels of disturbance. Mean dispersal distance was four times higher at sites experiencing low disturbance, where removals >5 m represented a third of all removal events, compared with very highly disturbed sites, where no removals >5 m were observed. Despite high overall diversity there is very limited functional redundancy in disperser ant species, resulting in low disperser resilience in relation to disturbance. This is likely to have important implications for recruitment by myrmecochorous plants, and therefore on vegetation composition and structure, at sites subject to high anthropogenic disturbance.

We present data on nest architecture, associated fauna, items found in the refuse chambers, populations and other field observations for three Dinoponera species (D. australis, D. lucida, and D. quadriceps). For D. australis we present also an analysis of nest distribution, and the results of dissections of all adult females from 37 colonies. Although queenless, all the colonies of D. australis studied have a monogynous structure, with only one mated worker with fully developed ovaries at a time. We discuss these observations in the light of the evolution of queenlessness in ants.

Ethnopharmacological relevance In northeastern Brazil, Dinoponera (Ponerinae) ants macerate are used to treat ear ache and its sting, rheumatism, and back pain. Such a popular use is a relevant fact that called for experimental evaluation of the antinociceptive activity of Dinoponera venom. Materials and methods Dinoponera quadriceps venom (DqV; 5–500 μg/kg; i.v.) or morphine (3.4 mg/kg; s.c.) were evaluated in mice models of nociception ( n =8 animals/group). Negative controls received sterile saline (0.9% NaCl; i.v.). Results DqV showed 64% protein content and exhibited antinociceptive activity, without affecting motor function, in the tests: formalin (72%), writhing (52%), von Frey (71%) and hot plate (45%). The antinociceptive activity was abolished under protein denaturant conditions. Conclusions This study provided the first demonstration of the antinociceptive property of Dinoponera quadriceps venom in mice models of chemical, mechanical and thermal nociception, corroborating the popular use and suggesting its potential therapeutic utilization in painful conditions.

The basal ant Dinoponera (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae) has lost the morphologic queen caste so that all females may be potential reproductive individuals, and the nestmate recog- nition results from cuticular hydrocarbons cues. However, data about the origin of that substance in Ponerinae ants are scarce. This study reports the occurrence of epidermal glands in the abdomen of the ant Dinoponera lucida. In this ant, the epidermis of the abdominal sternites has tall cells with well-developed nucleus contrasting with flattened and collapsed epidermis in the tergites, suggesting a glandular function in the epidermis of the sternites. The possible role of the glandular epidermis in the synthesis of cuticular hydrocarbons for the nestmate recognition is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 72:28-31, 2009. V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

mutica Emery 1901. Alto Paraguay, Boquerón (INBP)., Published as part of Wild, A. L., 2007, A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-55 in Zootaxa 1622 on page 39

australis Emery 1901. Amambay, Canindeyú, Concepción, Guairá, Itapúa, “Paraguay” (s. loc.) (ALWC, INBP, LACM, MZSP, NHMB, NHMW). Literature records: Concepción, Itapúa, “Paraguay” (s. loc.) (Borgmeier 1937, Emery 1896b, Emery 1901b, Forel 1907d, Santschi 1929a)., Published as part of Wild, A. L., 2007, A catalogue of the ants of Paraguay (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)., pp. 1-55 in Zootaxa 1622 on page 38

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652005000400012.pdf: 702096 bytes, checksum: ef7db389db49c113413e36d47af26596 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0036-46652005000400012.pdf: 702096 bytes, checksum: ef7db389db49c113413e36d47af26596 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652005000400012.pdf: 702096 bytes, checksum: ef7db389db49c113413e36d47af26596 (MD5) S0036-46652005000400012.pdf.txt: 14079 bytes, checksum: 8dd4e7f2dd0bb431a8dc664eedf0ab57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652005000400012.pdf: 702096 bytes, checksum: ef7db389db49c113413e36d47af26596 (MD5) S0036-46652005000400012.pdf.txt: 14079 bytes, checksum: 8dd4e7f2dd0bb431a8dc664eedf0ab57 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0036-46652005000400012.pdf: 702096 bytes, checksum: ef7db389db49c113413e36d47af26596 (MD5) S0036-46652005000400012.pdf.txt: 14079 bytes, checksum: 8dd4e7f2dd0bb431a8dc664eedf0ab57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 A partir de um acidente causado pela picada de uma formiga falsa tocandira na mão de um pescador amador, os autores descrevem os achados clínicos locais observados, tais como edema, eritema e dor excruciante e a evolução do envenenamento, que cursou com fenômenos sistêmicos imediatos, como sudorese fria, náuseas, vômitos, mal estar, taquicardia e linfadenopatia axilar à esquerda. Após três horas, a dor intensa persistia e o paciente apresentou um episódio de hematoquesia, sem história anterior de enfermidades do trato digestivo, hematológicas ou vasculares. O uso de analgésicos (Tramal® 300 mg/dia), água quente e gelo não melhorou a dor, que arrefeceu em oito horas, tendo permanecido por cerca de 24 horas. São apresentados ainda os aspectos folclóricos, farmacológicos e clínicos relacionados às picadas de tocandiras. The authors observed an injury caused by the sting of a false tocandira ant in the hand of an amateur fisherman and they describe the clinical findings and the evolution of the envenoming, which presented an acute and violent pain, cold sweating, nausea, a vomiting episode, malaise, tachycardia and left axillary's lymphadenopathy. About three hours after the accident, still feeling intense pain in the place of the sting, he presented an episode of great amount of blood in the feces with no history of digestive, hematological or vascular problems. The intense pain decreased after eight hours, but the place stayed moderately painful for about 24 hours. In that moment, he presented small grade of local edema and erythema. The authors still present the folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects related to the tocandiras stings, a very interesting family of ants, which presents the largest and more venomous ants of the world. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Instituto Butantan Hospital Vital Brazil Instituto Butantan Laboratório de Parasitologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina

The authors observed an injury caused by the sting of a false tocandira ant in the hand of an amateur fisherman and they describe the clinical findings and the evolution of the envenoming, which presented an acute and violent pain, cold sweating, nausea, a vomiting episode, malaise, tachycardia and left axillary's lymphadenopathy. About three hours after the accident, still feeling intense pain in the place of the sting, he presented an episode of great amount of blood in the feces with no history of digestive, hematological or vascular problems. The intense pain decreased after eight hours, but the place stayed moderately painful for about 24 hours. In that moment, he presented small grade of local edema and erythema. The authors still present the folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects related to the tocandiras stings, a very interesting family of ants, which presents the largest and more venomous ants of the world. A partir de um acidente causado pela picada de uma formiga falsa tocandira na mão de um pescador amador, os autores descrevem os achados clínicos locais observados, tais como edema, eritema e dor excruciante e a evolução do envenenamento, que cursou com fenômenos sistêmicos imediatos, como sudorese fria, náuseas, vômitos, mal estar, taquicardia e linfadenopatia axilar à esquerda. Após três horas, a dor intensa persistia e o paciente apresentou um episódio de hematoquesia, sem história anterior de enfermidades do trato digestivo, hematológicas ou vasculares. O uso de analgésicos (Tramal® 300 mg/dia), água quente e gelo não melhorou a dor, que arrefeceu em oito horas, tendo permanecido por cerca de 24 horas. São apresentados ainda os aspectos folclóricos, farmacológicos e clínicos relacionados às picadas de tocandiras.

Dinoponera quadriceps is a queenless neotropical ponerinae ant. Nest spacing and abundance were investigated in a remnant of the Atlantic forest in Northeast Brazil. Males were captured with a light trap between August 1994 and July 1996. Nest density varied from 15 to 40 ha-1. An overdispersion of nests suggests that the intraspecific competition may be an important factor regulating their spatial arrangement. Territory size was correlated with worker population size of the colonies. The nests had up to 16 chambers, with variations in their architecture closely related to habitat diversification. Populations varied from 12 to 97 adult workers per nest, with a mean density of 1,618 workers ha-1 and a live biomass of 461 g ha-1 (n = 13 nests). Males swarm continually throughout almost all months of the year, suggesting that production and swarming are more influenced by mechanisms that regulate the sexual activity of workers than by climatic factors. Dinoponera quadriceps é uma formiga ponerine sem rainha da região Neotropical. A distribuição espacial e a abundância de seus ninhos foram investigadas em um remanescente de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro. Machos foram capturados com armadilha luminosa de agosto de 1994 a julho de 1996. A densidade de ninhos de D. quadriceps variou de 15 a 40 ha-1. A distribuição dos ninhos foi do tipo regular, sugerindo que a competição intra-específica representa um importante fator na determinação de seu arranjo espacial. O tamanho do território foi correlacionado com a população de operárias da colônia. Os ninhos encontram-se constituídos por até 16 câmaras, e sua arquitetura apresenta algumas variações de acordo com o habitat. A população variou de 12 a 97 operárias adultas por ninho, correspondendo a uma densidade média de 1.618 operárias ha-1 e uma biomassa viva de 461 g ha-1 (n = 13 ninhos). Os machos foram capturados continuamente durante quase todos os meses do ano, sugerindo que a produção e a revoada são mais influenciadas pelos mecanismos que regulam a atividade sexual das operárias do que pelos elementos climáticos.

Dominance interactions determine reproductive status in many animal societies, including many cooperatively breeding vertebrates and eusocial Hymenoptera without queen-worker dimorphism. Typically, the dominant individual monopolises reproduction, and subordinates behave like helpers. In Dinoponera queenless ants, workers are totipotent females and can potentially reproduce, yet only the top-ranking worker actually reproduces. Individual workers ranked immediately below the dominant breeder worker (gamergate) are hopeful reproductives. Whether or not a worker benefits from joining the hierarchy of high-ranking workers depends on the trade-off between the probability of becoming dominant and reproducing directly, and the colony-level cost of an additional lazy high ranker. Inclusive fitness models predict that the length of the dominance hierarchy depends on relatedness, colony size, and the linearity of the hierarchy. Here, we test the effect of colony size by comparing hierarchy length among three species that differ in colony size (Dinoponera australis: median=14 workers, quartiles=10 and 19 workers; D. gigantea: median=41, quartiles=33 and 74; D. quadriceps: median=78, quartiles=55 and 90). Although difficulties in defining where the hierarchy ends hamper comparisons, the results are in broad agreement with the predictions. Hierarchies are close to the predicted lengths and are longer in species with larger colonies (one, three and three workers in the three species in order from smallest to largest colony vs two, three and four predicted). These conclusions are further supported by determining Kokko and Lindstrom's λ index of skew, which is smaller (i.e. characteristic of a longer hierarchy) in species with larger colonies.