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In November 2021, DWD launched the pilot phase of the new DWD Geoportal at dwd-geoportal.de. It offers user-friendly exploration of DWD's Open Data, combining access to data, metadata, and documentation along with fulltext search and interactive previews powered by OGC WMS. This new front end covers datasets hosted on opendata.dwd.de as well as other DWD Open Data sources, for instance the Climate Data Centre and the DWD GeoServer.The contribution will outline the latest version of the new DWD Geoportal and discuss current development and features that are planned for integration in the near future.Open Data has been a part of the DWD data distribution strategy since 2017, starting with a small selection of meteorological products, but the number of available datasets has grown continuously over the last years. Since the start, users can download file-based meteorological products without registration. Free access and the variety of products have been welcomed by the general public as well as private met service providers. However, the more datasets were provided in a directory structure, the more tedious it became to find and select among all available data. Also, metadata and documentation were available, but on separate DWD websites. The DWD Geoportal adressed these trends, especially having new users of DWD's open data in mind.Cloud technology is a suitable way forward for hosting the geoportal in it's operational state along with the data. Benefits are expected for the easy integration of rich APIs with the DWD Geoportal, and the flexible and fast deployment and scaling of optional or prototypical services such as WMS-based previews. DWD focuses on cloud technology for new development projects.

Reproductive strategies of extinct organisms can only be recognised indirectly and hence, they are exceedingly rarely reported and tend to be speculative. Here, we present a mass-occurrence with common preservation of pairs of late Givetian (Middle Devonian) oncocerid cephalopods from Hamar Laghdad in the Tafilalt (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco). We analysed their spatial occurrences with spatial point pattern analysis techniques and Monte Carlo simulations; our results shows that the pairwise clustering is significant, while ammonoids on the same bedding plane reveal a more random distribution. It is possible that processes such as catastrophic mass mortality or post-mortem transport could have produced the pattern. However, we suggest that it is more likely that the oncocerids were semelparous and died shortly after mating. These findings shed new light on the variation and evolution of reproductive strategies in fossil cephalopods and emphasise that they cannot be based on comparisons with extant taxa without question.

Coleoid cephalopods exhibited two distinct reproductive strategies, resulting in small pelagic and large demersal hatchlings, both in the geologic past and recently. In ectocochleate cephalopods, the hatching event is recorded in shell structures (e.g., nepionic constrictions, ultrastructural shifts, or ornamentation differences). In contrast, well-defined hatching markers do not exist on coleoid shells. Changes in septal spacing may be evidence of hatching (e.g., some extant sepiids), but not in all fossil groups. In the present study, we subdivide the early ontogenetic shells of phragmocone-bearing coleoids (belemnoids, spirulids, and sepiids) into key architectural stages and describe their reference to the hatching event. Belemnoids exhibit three key stages, the second of which is here considered to occur shortly before or after hatching. In spirulids and sepiids, there is only one key stage. In Mesozoic belemnoids, spirulids, and sepiids, hatching accordingly occurred with a total shell length of less than 2 mm, which corresponds to mantle lengths of small planktonic hatchlings. Production of small pelagic hatchlings and thus small eggs was therefore the dominant reproductive strategy within the Coleoidea. The first evidence of enlarged hatchlings appeared during the Maastrichtian in Groenlandibelus. During the Eocene, the large-egg strategy apparently became more widespread, particularly in belosaepiids.

The 5d iridium-based transition metal oxides have gained broad interest because of their strong spin-orbit coupling, which favors new or exotic quantum electronic states. On the other hand, they rarely exhibit more mainstream orders like ferromagnetism due to generally weak electron-electron correlation strength. Here, a proximity-induced ferromagnetic (FM) state with T

The simulation of human brain neurons by synaptic devices could be an effective strategy to break through the notorious "von Neumann Bottleneck" and "Memory Wall". Herein, opto-electronic synapses based on layered hafnium disulfide (HfS

Plesioteuthis is a coleoid rather well known from the classical Fossillagerstatten of southern Germany (Solnhofen–Eichstatt region, Nusplingen). Here, we present two new specimens that display unusually preserved cirri-bearing arms and two pairs of fins. Based on these specimens, we shortly discuss in how far arm arrangement in the fossils might reflect behaviour. Additionally, we revise the phylogenetic position of the Jurassic vampyromorphs.

In September 2014, the 9th International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past (ISCPP) and the 5th International Coleoid Symposium were held at the University of Zurich. The numerous contributions from two joint symposia fill more than one special issue. After the first special issue, which was published in 2015 in the Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (Vol 134, Issue 2), the present second special issue also contains contributions from all fields of research on fossil and Recent cephalopod. In this editorial, we provide a short obituary honouring Fabrizio Cecca and report from the three conference field trips.

The electronic transport in superconducting epitaxial c-axis-oriented FeSe thin films grown on (001)-oriented MgO substrates was investigated. To this end, the in-plane resistivity was measured in dependence on temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. The temperature ranged from 1.2 to 35 K; static magnetic fields with strengths up to 14 T were applied normal to the film surface, i.e. parallel to the FeSe c-axis; and hydrostatic pressure was applied from 0 to 2.7 GPa. Concerning the role of the MgO substrate in the pressure experiments, it is suggested that the substrate mainly reduces the in-plane compressibility of the film in comparison to bulk. The transition to superconductivity shifted to higher temperatures with increasing pressure. The onset critical temperature raised from 11.5 K at zero applied pressure with an initial rate of 2.5 K/GPa to 18.2 K at 2.7 GPa. The pressure-induced increase of the critical temperature was accompanied by a twofold broadening of the transition width. As a counterpart of pressure, the magnetic field shifted the superconducting transition to lower temperature. In addition to pressure, the field also induced a noticeable broadening of the superconductive transition rather than a parallel shift. The positive magnetoresistance at 20 K increased with enhanced pressure and reached 24% at the highest pressure and field. For each applied pressure, the magnetoresistance could be fitted by a Lorentzian function, i.e. it originates from classical Lorentz scattering. The resulting charge carrier mobility increased under pressure suggesting a decreasing collision rate. The upper critical field raised with higher pressure. Its temperature dependence could be fitted by conventional Werthamer-Hohenberg-Helfand theory under the assumption of the Pauli paramagnetic effect that became more pronounced under pressure. The anomalous behaviour of the normalized negative slope of the upper critical field at the critical temperature suggested a change of the Fermi surface above a critical pressure of 2 GPa.

A concretion from the lower Tithonian Kimmeridge Clay Formation ( Pectinatus Zone) found by Steve Etches yielded a gladius of a coleoid cephalopod. It is peculiar in shape and has an unusual ornamentation of radiating ribs and tubercles. The new form is named Etchesia martilli n. gen. n. sp. and preliminarily placed within the octobrachian family Muensterellidae based on its limpet-like gladius. Through the presence of radiating ribs as well as the absence of a narrow anterior rachis E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. is similar to Pearceiteuthis buyi from the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian). The new muensterellid is unique in having an enrolled patella apex, which is located close to the posterior gladius rim. E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. represents the first muensterellid coleoid from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. A phylogenetic relationship of E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. (and Pearceiteuthis ) with cirrate and incirrate octopods is discussed, although further information on soft parts such as the muscular mantle is necessary.

In March and April 2018, the 10th International Symposium Cephalopods—Present and Past (ISCPP) was held in Fes, Morocco. Meeting and the post-conference fieldtrip were organized by representatives of the Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster, the Mohammed V University of Rabat and Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technology, the University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fes, University Hassan II, Casablanca, and the University of Zurich. We dedicate this proceedings volume to the memory of Prof. Dr. Jurgen Kullmann, who passed away in 2018.

Homoplasy is a common phenomenon in the evolution of the Cephalopoda. Many homology problems accordingly light up phylogenetic debates. The initial segment of the siphuncle, the so-called ‘caecum’, is one of these characters difficult to be unambiguously evaluated. Although rarely discussed, the caecum of the endocochleate decabrachian Spirula is traditionally seen as a plesiomorphy directly inherited from its ectocochleate ancestors. However, the Spirula caecum must be—according to recent phylogenetic analyses—derived from a substructure of the belemnoid protoconch. Here, I review the morphology of different types of ectocochleate and endocochleate protoconchs. Detailed comparisons show that belemnoid protoconchs are structurally closer to the bactritoid/ammonoid protoconch than to the spiruloid protoconch. The most striking difference between the caecum of Spirula and bactritoids or ammonoids concerns its ultrastructure, which is lamello-fibrillar nacre (Spirula nacre or nacre type II) in the former and organic in the latter. The Spirula caecum is consequently equivalent to the first septum, while in bactritoids/ammonoids, the caecum is a separate structure independent of the proseptum. To conclude, the spiruloid protoconch (including caecum) has been derived either from a belemnitid or diplobelid protoconch. Similarities between the bactritoid/ammonoid and spiruloid caecum are superficial and only concern its shape.

Since 2017, Open Data has been a part of the DWD data distribution strategy. Starting with a small selection of meteorological products, the number of available datasets has grown continuously over the last years. Since the start, users can access datasets anonymously via the website https://opendata.dwd.de to download file-based meteorological products. Free access and the variety of products has been welcomed by the general public as well as private met service providers. The more datasets are provided in a directory structure, however, the more tedious it is to find and select among all available data. Also, metadata and documentation were available, but on separate public websites. This turned out to be an issue, especially for new users of DWD's open data.To help users explore the available datasets as well as to quickly decide on their suitability for a certain use case, the Open Data team at DWD is developing a geoportal. It enables free-text search along with combined access to data, metadata, and description along with interactive previews via OGC WMS.Cloud technology is a suitable way forward for hosting the geoportal along with the data in its operational state. Benefits are expected for the easy integration of rich APIs with the geoportal, and the flexible and fast deployment and scaling of optional or prototypical services such as WMS-based previews. Flexibility is also mandatory to respond to fluctuating user demands, depending on time of day and critical weather situations, which is supported by containerization. The growing overall volume of meteorological data at DWD may mandate to allow customers to bring their code to the data – for on-demand processing including slicing and interpolation – instead of transferring files to every customer. Shared cloud instances are the ideal interface for this purpose.The contribution will outline a protoype version of the new geoportal and discuss further steps for launching it to the public.

Metallic antiferromagnets with broken inversion symmetry on the two sublattices, strong spin-orbit coupling and high N\'{e}el temperatures offer new opportunities for applications in spintronics. Especially Mn$_{2}$Au, with high N\'{e}el temperature and conductivity, is particularly interesting for real-world applications. Here, manipulation of the orientation of the staggered magnetization,\textit{\ i.e.} the N\'{e}el vector, by current pulses has been recently demonstrated, with the read-out limited to studies of anisotropic magnetoresistance or X-ray magnetic linear dichroism. Here, we report on the in-plane reflectivity anisotropy of Mn$_{2}$Au (001) films, which were N\'{e}el vector aligned in pulsed magnetic fields. In the near-infrared, the anisotropy is $\approx$ 0.6\%, with higher reflectivity for the light polarized along the N\'{e}el vector. The observed magnetic linear dichroism is about four times larger than the anisotropic magnetoresistance. This suggests the dichroism in Mn$_{2}$Au is a result of the strong spin-orbit interactions giving rise to anisotropy of interband optical transitions, in-line with recent studies of electronic band-structure. The considerable magnetic linear dichroism in the near-infrared could be used for ultrafast optical read-out of the N\'{e}el vector in Mn$_{2}$Au.

Although an early Cambrian origin of cephalopods has been suggested by molecular studies, no unequivocal fossil evidence has yet been presented. Septate shells collected from shallow-marine limestone of the lower Cambrian (upper Terreneuvian, c. 522 Ma) Bonavista Formation of southeastern Newfoundland, Canada, are here interpreted as straight, elongate conical cephalopod phragmocones. The material documented here may push the origin of cephalopods back in time by about 30 Ma to an unexpected early stage of the Cambrian biotic radiation of metazoans, i.e. before the first occurrence of euarthropods., Hildenbrand, Austermann et al. present new material from the early Cambrian of Newfoundland that potentially backdates the evolution of cephalopods to before euarthropods. The material is most closely aligned with the Cephalopoda, lending a tentative assignment and significant potential implications for the origin of this molluscan group.

Spirula spirula (Coleoidea: Decabrachia) is a unique deep-sea squid with an uncertain taxonomic status. Here, we apply geometric morphometric analyses to precisely describe changes in conch morphology during the course of ontogeny of 21 specimens collected from 12 localities worldwide. These data were used to explore whether the genus is monospecific or comprises several species. Different 2D and 3D conch parameters are presented based on micro-computed tomography data, combining noninvasive imaging techniques with a range of morphometric analyses. Our data imply that Atlantic and Indo-Pacific specimens form two distinct morphological clusters, potentially representing two pseudocryptic species or two populations undergoing divergence (i.e. in the process of speciation). Given the evolutionary trend from straight to more coiled forms, we suggest that S. spirula represents a neotenous form that migrated from the Indo-Pacific towards the Atlantic via the Agulhas leakage, which has been active since the closure of the Strait of Panama (10–3 Ma).

Advancing inverted (p���i���n) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is key to further enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of flexible and perovskite-based tandem photovoltaics. Yet, the presence of defects at grain boundaries and in particular interfacial recombination at the perovskite/electron transporting layer interface induce severe non-radiative recombination losses, limiting the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF) of PSCs in this architecture. In this work, we introduce a dual passivation strategy using the long chain alkylammonium salt phenethylammonium chloride (PEACl) both as an additive and for surface treatment to simultaneously passivate the grain boundaries and the perovskite/C60 interface. Using [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) as a hole transporting layer and a methylammonium (MA)-free Cs0.18FA0.82PbI3 perovskite absorber with a bandgap of ���1.57 eV, prolonged charge carrier lifetime and an on average 63 meV enhanced internal quasi-Fermi level splitting are achieved upon dual passivation compared to reference p���i���n PSCs. Thereby, we achieve one of the highest PCEs for p���i���n PSCs of 22.7% (stabilized at 22.3%) by advancing simultaneously the VOC and FF up to 1.162 V and 83.2%, respectively. Using a variety of experimental techniques, we attribute the positive effects to the formation of a heterogeneous 2D Ruddlesden���Popper (PEA)2(Cs1���xFAx)n���1Pbn(I1���yCly)3n+1 phase at the grain boundaries and surface of the perovskite films. At the same time, the activation energy for ion migration is significantly increased, resulting in enhanced stability of the PSCs under light, humidity, and thermal stress. The presented dual passivation strategy highlights the importance of defect management both in the grain boundaries and the surface of the perovskite absorber layer using a proper passivation material to achieve both highly efficient and stable inverted p���i���n PSCs.

The simulation of human brain neurons by synaptic devices could be an effective strategy to break through the notorious "von Neumann Bottleneck" and "Memory Wall". Herein, opto-electronic synapses based on layered hafnium disulfide (HfS2) transistors have been investigated. The basic functions of biological synapses are realized and optimized by modifying pulsed light conditions. Furthermore, 2 × 2 pixel imaging chips have also been developed. Two-pixel visual information is illuminated on diagonal pixels of the imaging array by applying light pulses (λ = 405 nm) with different pulse frequencies, mimicking short-term memory and long-term memory characteristics of the human vision system. In addition, an optically/electrically driven neuromorphic computation is demonstrated by machine learning to classify hand-written numbers with an accuracy of about 88.5%. This work will be an important step toward an artificial neural network comprising neuromorphic vision sensing and training functions.