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The effects of varying the concentration of pentasodium triphosphate (PP) emulsifying salt [0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8%, plus 0.9% of a mixture of citric acid (CA) and disodium phosphate (DSP) to adjust cheese pH to 5.85] on rheological, textural, physicochemical, and microstructural properties were studied in a processed cheese model system containing ~20% micellar casein concentrate, ~20% sunflower oil, and ~59% water. Special emphasis was placed on the unique casein fibrils recently described in a comparable processed cheese model system. Our results show that during processing (90°C, 17.37 rpm over 270 min) the apparent viscosity increased more and faster for formulations containing higher concentrations of PP, in analogy to the so-called creaming reaction, a general thickening of the molten cheese mass with prolonged processing. We found that 1.2% PP (plus 0.9% CA-DSP) appeared to be the threshold for the creaming reaction to take place. With increasing PP concentrations, cheese hardness increased in a sigmoidal fashion, and insoluble (protein-bound) calcium concentration decreased exponentially. Light micrographs of samples taken at the end of processing indicated initially large and dense casein aggregates within the matrix that disappeared with higher levels of PP, in parallel with the development of a finer emulsion. With transmission electron microscopy analysis on the same samples, the highly complex restructuring of the casein matrix was evident; casein fibrils had formed de novo at the periphery of the loosening casein aggregates. With higher levels of PP, amorphous areas were observed in place of the dense casein aggregates that appeared progressively void of protein, whereas fibril concentration increased throughout the rest of the matrix. Fibrils progressively attached to the surface of fat globules, thereby emulsifying them. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis of insoluble and soluble fractions indicated κ-casein to be the most likely constituent of the newly formed fibrils. The results of this study suggest that PP induced a concentration-dependent dissociation of caseins (through increased calcium chelation) and further led to their spatial separation. In essence, their chaperone activity was hindered, which resulted in amorphous aggregation on the one hand and fibril formation on the other.

Chlorogenic acid is one of the main phenolic components of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Researchers have demonstrated that this phenolic compound is a higher concentration in the native Huagalina potato peel and is also found in the whole tuber's cooking water. This research aims to extract and purify chlorogenic acid (CGA) from potato Huagalina peel obtained from discarded manufacturing for snacks, using an Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS). The central composite design rotatable (CDDR); Response Surface Methods (RSM) in R x 64 4.0.3 and RSM package was used to identify the regions of interest that resulted in the best extraction levels. The concentration of ethanol (EtOH) and disodium phosphate (DSP) were selected as factors capable of affecting CGA performance. Extraction efficiency values for concentrations were optimized using genetic algorithms (GA) applying the R package GA. . In the present research, a high value of 0.8 was applied, which produced new "offspring" solutions, which share some good characteristics taken from both parents. The mutation is applied after the crossover, altering some genes in the chains, which was 0.1. According to what has been reported, the offspring can replace the entire population or replace individuals with less aptitude. This evaluation cycle and selection-reproduction cycle were repeated until a satisfactory recovery of CGA (97.2%) estimated with GA at a pH of 3.4 (25ºC) was achieved, yielding 443.7 ± 0.062 mg CGA / 100 g dry weight of potato peels.

Background Data: Coccydynia is defined as pain in the coccyx or tailbone area, usually caused by sitting acutely on a hard object. Because it often runs a chronic course, the management of this medical problem remains controversial. Different therapeutic options are available for the treatment of this condition. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a local betamethasone-17α,21-dipropionate and 21-disodium phosphate injections versus NSAIDs and physiotherapy in its management. Study Design: Prospective clinical cases study. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight patients who presented with pain in the tailbone area for more than four weeks were recruited for the study. They were subdivided randomly into two groups:Group I patients were treated with a local injection with betamethasone-17α,21-dipropionate and 21-disodium phosphate (n = 24), whereas Group II were treated with oral NSAIDs and physiotherapy (n = 24). Oral diclofenac sodium (150 mg/day) with physiotherapy program was given to patients in Group II for six weeks. Clinical evaluation was based on the severity of the coccyx pain by Visual Analog Scales (VAS) at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up and comparison to the baseline pain at presentation. Results: The incidence was more in the third decade (52%, n = 25), with female overbalance (85%, n = 40). In Group I, the mean of VAS was 8.1 before treatment and after one month of treatment, the score reached 3.9 and improved to 0.2 at the end of one year. However, in Group II, the mean of VAS was 7.5 before treatment; then after one month, it changed to 6.6 and improved to 2.5 at the end of one year. Conclusion: The reported outcome in this study suggests that local betamethasone-17α,21-dipropionate and betamethasone 21-disodium phosphate injections are more effective than NSAIDs and physiotherapy for the treatment of coccydynia. (2020ESJ224)

Application of latent heat thermal energy storage unit is regarded as an effective method to improve the coefficient of performance of hot water heat pump systems (HWHPS). With consideration of energy efficiency and domestic hot water usage, phase change materials with a melting temperature range of 45–48 °C are suitable for practical applications. The most commonly used PCMs, paraffin-based materials, are costly and have low latent heat density, which restrains their applications. This study therefore aims to prepare a novel sodium acetate trihydrate based composite PCM with suitable phase change temperature and cost-effectiveness for HWHPs. A series of SAT-based composites with varying mass fraction of potassium chloride (KCl), urea, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (DSP) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) were prepared. Their thermophysical properties and stability were investigated by freezing-melting cycling tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The experimental results indicated that the optimized SAT-based CPCM with 8 wt% KCl, 3 wt% urea, 6 wt% CMC and 1.5 wt% DSP displayed a favorable phase change temperature of 47.8 °C and a higher latent heat of 242.0 kJ/kg. Meanwhile, the results demonstrated that it has extraordinary thermal cycling performance, negligible vibration in phase change temperature and latent heat, and good stability in chemical properties.

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the combined use of multiple antitumor drugs for better cancer treatment. The aims of the study are to construct a nanoparticle drug delivery system for the co-delivery of irinotecan hydrochloride and curcumin and to develop an analytical method for simultaneously quantifying these molecules, which is essential for further studies of the co-delivered nano system. The irinotecan hydrochloride and curcumin co-delivered nanoparticle (ICN) were prepared by combinatorially entrapping them into polyethylene glycol–poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PEG–PLGA) polymeric nanoparticles. A simple, sensitive and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated to simultaneously quantify the compounds in the co-delivered nanoparticle system. Acetonitrile and ultrapure water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.08 mol/L), disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4, 0.002 mol/L) and acetic acid (4%, v/v) were used as the mobile phase and their ratio was set at 50:50. The flow rate was set to 1.0 mL/min, and the temperature in the column oven was maintained at 40°C. The analysis was carried out at 256 and 424 nm to assess irinotecan hydrochloride and curcumin, respectively. Detectors with only one channel can also visualize both analytes in one chromatogram at 379 nm and still demonstrate acceptable sensitivity. The retention times for irinotecan hydrochloride and curium were 3.317 and 5.560 min, respectively. The method developed was confirmed to be sensitive, accurate (recovery, 100 ± 2%), precise (relative standard deviation, RSD ≤ 1%), robust and linear (R2 ≥ 0.9996) in the range from 2.05 to 1050 μg/mL. The presented method has been used to quantify irinotecan hydrochloride and curcumin in the co-delivered ICN nano system to assess the drug delivery quality of the nanoparticles and can also be used for routine analysis because of its simplicity and accuracy.

To achieve efficient drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye via topical instillation, novel multifunctional nanocomposites were prepared by hybridizing dexamethasone disodium phosphate (DEXP)-loaded liposome (LP) glycylsarcosine (GS)-anchored layered double hydroxides (named DEXP-HSPC@LDH-GS) and then fully characterized. The nanocomposites exhibited sustained-release performance as well as prolonged precorneal retention ability. MTT assays showed that the nanocomposites were not cytotoxic to both human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC) and human conjunctival epithelial cells (HConEpiC) at an LDH concentration of 100 μg/mL. The DEXP-HSPC@LDH-GS nanocomposites showed superior in vitro permeability on the HConEpiC-cell-based model. In the case of HConEpiC cells, both clathrin-mediated endocytosis and active transport by the peptide transporter-1 (PepT-1) were involved in the internalization of the nanocomposites. Fluorescent images of frozen sections of ocular tissues suggested that the possible route for the delivery of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)-labeled nanocomposites from the ocular surface to the back of the eye was a non-corneal pathway. Furthermore, in rabbit eyes, the hybrid nanocomposites displayed markedly higher drug concentration in choroid-retina tissue than other single nanocarriers, such as LPs and LDH. Besides, the results of the eye irritancy test showed that nanocomposite eye drops can be classified as nonirritant, which are suitable to be used as eye drops. In a word, multifunctional nanocomposites based on LPs and LDH could be used as promising vehicles for efficient noninvasive drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye.

Optimizing mechanical properties of scaffolds is important to control cell behaviors. Chitosan (CS) is a potential biomaterial for scaffolds due to the rich functionality and cationic property. However, the conventional fabrication of CS-based scaffolds requires more or less toxic cross-linking reagents, and the control of the mechanical property is achieved by the dose of such reagents. In this study, CS scaffolds embedding CS whiskers (CSWK) and hydroxyapatite (HA) are developed via thiol-maleimide Click reaction, of which no by-products generated, followed by alternate soaking of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4). Incorporation of CSWK favors the densed networks and improves the compressive strength. The subsequent HA deposition is not only for gel reinforcement but also osteocompatibility and osteoinductive properties after transforming to scaffold via freeze-drying. In addition, CSWK promotes the HA deposition on/in the gel. The use of Sarcoma osteogenic (SAOS2) cell model confirms cell compatibility as well as cell penetration of CS-CSWK-HA scaffolds. As the mechanical strength of the osteoblast cell compatible CS-CSWK-HA scaffolds can be tuned based on the contents of CSWK, HA, and the degree of crosslinking (via thiol-ene), the CS-CSWK-HA scaffolds are potential material for bone tissue engineering.

We hereby report a novel synthesis method of size and shape controllable gold nanoparticles that is rapid, in situ and seedless. Unlike most currently employed size and shape controllable synthesis methods, it takes place in a single step under room temperature within ~15 minutes. While mixtures of gold nanospheres around 70 nm and gold nanoplates with width ranging from 100 nm to 1000 nm can be synthesized in about 15 minutes by standard synthesis method using N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES) to reduce Au(III), gold nanoflowers or mixtures of smaller gold nanospheres and nanoplates can be synthesized with the addition of disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) or monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), respectively. Increasing the concentration of phosphate added significantly reduces the formation time of gold nanoparticles to seconds. By increasing the molar ratio of Na2HPO4: HEPES and NaH2PO4: HEPES, the size of gold nanoflowers and gold nanoparticle mixtures can be tuned from ~60 nm down to 1 nm and from ~70 nm to ~2.5 nm, respectively. The systematic structural changes are accompanied by similarly systematic colour changes associated with shifting of the surface plasmon resonance. The proposed mechanism of the synthesis process is also presented.

The effect of a reduced amount of emulsifying salt on the chemical and textural properties of processed cheese was studied. Reducing the amount of emulsifying disodium phosphate salt added resulted in a slight reduction in the pH, lightness and viscosity of the processed cheese. When replacing disodium phosphate with potassium phosphate or potassium citrate alternatives, the processed cheese had slightly higher pH compared with the reference sample. When 15% of sodium in phosphate salt was replaced by the same molar amount of potassium in phosphate form or as citrate salts, the viscosity of the cheese was similar to the reference sample and most of the samples were evaluated as acceptable. However, when 30% of sodium in phosphate form was replaced by either potassium phosphate or citrate a slightly lower viscosity of the processed cheese was indicated and this could be due to the slightly higher pH.

Concentration of milk proteins by ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF) processes during manufacturing of milk protein concentrate (MPC) powders alter their natural milk protein stabilization system. Increasing calcium and protein contents often leads to poor functional properties in MPC powders. The pH adjustment using disodium phosphate (DSP, Na(2)HPO(4)) and DF with 150 mM NaCl solution of UF retentate were hypothesized to produce desirable changes in various properties of resulted MPC powders. Addition of Na(2)HPO(4) followed by homogenization; DF of 5 × UF retentate with 150 mM NaCl solution resulted in significant improvement in the dispersibility, wettability, flowability, solubility, heat stability, buffer index, emulsification and foaming and water and oil binding capacities of the MPC powders. The solubility of developed MPC powders was significantly higher than MPC-C powder in fresh as well as even after 90 days of storage at 25 ± 1 °C. Rheological behaviour of reconstituted MPC was best explained by Herschel Bulkley model. Scanning electron microscopy micrograph indicated that MPC powders were having smooth surfaced, intact and separate smaller particles compared to rough, larger, infused aggregates with dents in MPC-C. Technological interventions applied are easier to adopt, cost-effective and efficient in producing excellent quality MPC powders that may find applications in wide range of novel food formulations. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-019-03578-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

According to numerous studies, lactic acid bacteria are characterised by the capability of reducing their initial activity given an insufficient quantity of growth factors supplied by a nutrient medium. Conversely, the introduction of additional sources of nutrient into the medium provides favourable conditions for the development of lactic acid-producing microorganisms. The present study was aimed at examining the effect of phosphorus-containing salts on the biosynthetic activity of a specially selected strain of lactic acid bacteria for the biotransformation of acid whey lactose into lactate-containing ingredients. For this purpose, lactic acid bacteria of the Lactobacillus acidophilus thermophilic bacilli subgroup applied in cheese and fermented dairy production were used as a producer of lactic acid. In the obtained fermented solutions, the mass fractions of lactose and calcium lactate were determined by the Bertrand method and complexometric techniques, respectively. The variables in the biosynthetic activity study of lactic acid bacteria included the type of phosphoruscontaining salt (disodium phosphate dodecahydrate and disubstituted ammonium phosphate) and its mass fraction, which ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 % in increments of 0.5 %. The amount of inoculum introduced for maximum production of lactic acid comprised 2.5 % vol. of the nutrient medium. The titratable acidity of the inoculum ranged from 1.80 to 1.85 g/cm3 . In order to produce calcium lactate, the lactic acid accumulating during biosynthesis was neutralised with chalk. The effect caused by the type of phosphorus-containing salt and its mass fraction on the coefficient of whey bioconversion to lactic acid by L. аcidophilus AT-I lactic acid bacteria was evaluated along with the rate of formation and yield of calcium lactate. The 2.0 % additive of sodium phosphate disubstituted dodecahydrate was established to provide the highest values for the formation rate and yield of the target product, comprising 0.78 g/(dm3 ·h) and 79.96 %, respectively. The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) produced by Lactococcus lactis Gh1 had shown antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313. Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth is used for the cultivation and enumeration of lactic acid bacteria, but there is a need to improve the current medium composition for enhancement of BLIS production, and one of the approaches is to model the optimization process and identify the most appropriate medium formulation. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were employed in this study. In medium optimization, ANN (R2 = 0.98) methodology provided better estimation point and data fitting as compared to RSM (R2 = 0.79). In ANN, the optimal medium consisted of 35.38 g/L soytone, 16 g/L fructose, 3.25 g/L sodium chloride (NaCl) and 5.40 g/L disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4). BLIS production in optimal medium (717.13 ± 0.76 AU/mL) was about 1.40-fold higher than that obtained in nonoptimised (520.56 ± 3.37 AU/mL) medium. BLIS production was further improved by about 1.18 times higher in 2 L stirred tank bioreactor (787.40 ± 1.30 AU/mL) as compared to that obtained in 250 mL shake flask (665.28 ± 14.22 AU/mL) using the optimised medium.

The aim of the study was to investigate the intrinsic stability and to identify potential degradation products of tedizolid disodium phosphate (TED-OPO3Na2), which belongs to the antimicrobial agents of the oxazolidinone class. Tedizolid, as disodium phosphate (prodrug), is registered under the trade name SIVEXTRO®, at a dose of 200 mg, in the form of powder for injection or infusion. The stability-indicating assay method was optimised using HPLC with diode array detection and with electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In solution-state studies, the forced decomposition of TED-OPO3Na2 carried out under acidic, basic, oxidative, photocatalytic, and thermal conditions revealed the lability of TED-OPO3Na2 to acidic, basic, and photocatalytic (UV) conditions, while it was relatively stable in oxidative conditions and during thermolysis processes. The kinetics of degradation and shelf-life values in solution-state studies were determined, and activation energies were calculated for alkaline and thermolytic degradation. In contrast, in the solid state degradation study, TED-OPO3Na2 was stable under thermal conditions at high humidity and in visible light, while moderate degradation was observed under thermal conditions of low humidity and ultraviolet light. The developed method enabled the identification of 12 new degradation products and 3 new by-products.

BACKGROUND Topical dexamethasone and prednisolone are currently the mainstay treatment for equine ophthalmic inflammatory diseases, such as equine recurrent uveitis. Comparative pharmacokinetic studies in horses are lacking and current guidelines are mainly based on empirical data and extrapolation from other species. OBJECTIVES To investigate the penetration and local concentrations of topically applied dexamethasone and prednisolone in normal equine ocular fluids and serum. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomised experimental pharmacokinetic study. METHODS Twenty-one Shetland ponies without ophthalmic disease were treated bilaterally topically every 2 hours during 24 hours to obtain steady state drug concentrations. One eye was treated with 0.15 mg of dexamethasone disodium phosphate (0.1%), and the other eye was simultaneously treated with 1.5 mg of prednisolone acetate (1%). Serum samples were taken prior to the induction of general anaesthesia. Aqueous and vitreous humour samples were taken during euthanasia at time points after administration of the last dose (t = 5 min, t = 15 min, t = 30 min, t = 60 min, t = 90 min, t = 120 min, t = 180 min). Each pony was randomly assigned to one time point, and three ponies were sampled per time point. Dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean dexamethasone concentration in aqueous humour was 32.4 ng/mL (standard deviation [SD] 10.9) and the mean prednisolone concentration was 321.6 ng/mL (SD 96.0). In the vitreous and in serum samples concentrations of both corticosteroids were below the limit of detection (LOD 2.5 ng/mL). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study group was limited to subjects without evidence of current ophthalmic disease. A limited number of time points were measured. CONCLUSIONS Potentially effective dexamethasone and prednisolone concentrations were measured in the anterior chamber, but vitreal concentrations were negligible. Systemic uptake was low. Therefore, treatment with only topically administered corticosteroids is deemed insufficient in horses in cases of posterior uveitis. Further studies evaluating other routes of administration are warranted.

Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration processes are used to concentrate proteins present in defatted milk in order to manufacture milk protein concentrate (MPC) powders. Selective passage of the water-soluble components causes retention as well as concentration of colloidal milk components in these processes. Increase in calcium and casein contents decreases the stability of milk proteins present in ultrafiltered retentates and negatively influence properties of manufactured MPC powders. Homogenization, diafiltration and disodium phosphate induced changes in properties of low-protein MPC powders were targeted in this study. Applied treatments significantly (P

In this work, we present novel ex situ modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) polymer, that significantly improves its ability to absorb water after drying. The method involves a single inexpensive and easy-to-perform process of BC crosslinking, using citric acid along with catalysts, such as disodium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate or their mixtures. In particular, the mixture of disodium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate was the most promising, yielding significantly greater water capacity (over 5 times higher as compared to the unmodified BC) and slower water release (over 6 times as compared to the unmodified BC). Further, our optimized crosslinked BC had over 1.5x higher water capacity than modern commercial dressings dedicated to highly exuding wounds, while exhibiting no cytotoxic effects against fibroblast cell line L929 in vitro. Therefore, our novel BC biomaterial may find application in super-absorbent dressings, designed for chronic wounds with imbalanced moisture level.

Visualization of tumor necrosis can determine tumor response to therapy. Our previous study showed that the rhein-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent with alkane linker (GdL2) could clearly image tumor necrosis. However, its water solubility and cell safety needed to be improved. Herein, three rhein-based MRI agents with ether or lysine linkers were designed. Three rhein-based MRI agents were synthesized with a tetracarbon ether (GdP1), a hexacarbon ether (GdP2), and a lysine (GdP3) linker, respectively. Their octanol-water partition coefficients (log P) and cytotoxicity were determined. Necrosis avidity of the leading agent was explored on HepG2 cells and ischemia reperfusion-induced liver necrosis (IRLN) rats by MRI. The effect of visualization of tumor necrosis was tested on nude mice with W256 tumor treated by combretastatin-A4 phosphate (CA4P). DNA binding assays were applied to evaluate the possible necrosis-avidity mechanism of the leading agent. The log P of three agents (− 1.66 ± 0.09, − 1.74 ± 0.01, − 1.95 ± 0.01) decreased when compared with GdL2, indicating higher water solubility. GdP1 not only presented lower cytotoxicity and good necrotic affinity in vitro and in vivo, but also can be fast excreted by renal. According to MRI results of tumor, distinct visualization of tumor necrosis can be discernible from 3 to 4.5 h post-injection of GdP1. In DNA-binding assays, the fluorescence quenching constant KSV (1.00 × 104 M−1) and the ultraviolet binding constant Kb (1.11 × 104 M−1) suggested that GdP1 may bind to DNA through intercalation. GdP1 may serve as a potential candidate for early evaluation of tumor response to CA4P treatment.

The novelty of this work is to propose a new process consisting to the modification of triple superphosphate (TSP) by sodium nitrate (NaNO3) for the preparation of a heterogeneous catalytic support Na2Ca(HPO4)2 (calcium hydrogen disodium phosphate). This product has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The catalytic activity of Na2Ca(HPO4)2 was examined in Knoevenagel condensation between 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononit rile as a model reaction. The optimization of the reaction operating conditions was carried out based on a study of the effect of various parameters, namely reaction time, the catalyst charge, the nature, and volume of solvent on the reaction yield. From these considerations, this catalyst proves its efficiency since it allows to obtain the product with excellent yields in a short reaction time. Moreover, it has been reused several times without any significant loss of its activity. The process developed herein can be considered as an ecological and economical method because the catalyst used is non-toxic, cost-effective and easy to prepare.

Nineteen isolates of Helminthosporium sesami were obtained from infected sesame plants with Helminthosporium leaf spot taken from different locations in Nubaria region, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt. All the obtained isolates of the pathogen were able to infect Del Al-Jamal sesame variety plants causing Helminthosporium leaf spot disease symptoms with different degrees. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of some zinc and phosphorus sources against the pathogen and their effect on some agronomic characters of sesame. In vitro studies, the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) as sources of zinc and dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) and disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) as sources of phosphorus on the pathogen have been studied by using different concentrations on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). These results suggest that these compounds reduced the mycelial growth of the pathogen. The highest reduction of mycelial growth was obtained when ZnSO4 at concentration 100 mM (78.57%), followed by ZnO. Under field experiments, foliar spraying of sesame plants with ZnO, ZnSO4, K2HPO4 and Na2HPO4 at the rate of 100 mM reduced disease severity compared to the control treatment. ZnO gave the highest reduction in disease severity followed by ZnSO4. These compounds improved agronomic characters of sesame, i.e. plant height, number of branches and capsules/plant, weight of 1000 seeds (g), seed yield/feddan and percentage of oil seeds. K2HPO4 treatment was the most effective on all studied agronomic characters than other compounds.

Poor solubility is the major limiting factor in commercial applications of milk protein concentrates (MPC) powders. Retentate treatments such as pH adjustment using disodium phosphate (Na(2)HPO(4)), also responsible for calcium chelation with homogenization and; its diafiltration with 150 mM NaCl solution were hypothesized to improve the functional properties of treated MPC70 powders. These treatments significantly improved the solubility, heat stability, water binding, dispersibility, bulk density, flowability, buffer index, foaming and emulsifying capacity of treated powders over control. Rheological behaviour of reconstituted MPC solutions was best explained by Herschel Bulkley model. Compared to rough, large globular structures with dents in control; majorly intact, separate, smaller particles of smooth surface, without any aggregation were observed in SEM micrograph of treated powders. Applied treatments are easy, cost-effective and capable to improve functional properties of treated powders that could replace control MPC70 powder in various food applications where protein functionality is of prime importance.

Since the electrolyte composition plays a pivotal role in the microstructure and corrosion behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings, the effects of disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·2H2O) concentration on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of PEO coatings fabricated on 2024 Al alloy were studied in this investigation. Accordingly, electrolyte with four different concentrations of phosphate ion (5, 10, 15 and 20 g/L) was used. All PEO processes were conducted at constant current density of 15 A/dm2 for 15 min. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the coatings indicated that the coating formed in the electrolyte with 10 g/L Na2HPO4·2H2O (with 9.14 µm thickness) had the most compact and uniform structure with the lowest and smallest micropores. Furthermore, studying the corrosion behavior of samples in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed that the sample coated in the electrolyte with 10 g/L Na2HPO4·2H2O had the highest corrosion potential, the lowest corrosion current density and, accordingly, the best corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of this coating was 4.574 × 105 Ω cm2, which could increase the corrosion resistance of uncoated 2024 Al alloy substrate 48 times. The x-ray diffraction pattern of this coating proved that the coating was composed of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 phases.

The present work analysed the rheological properties, water‐holding capacity (WHC) and syneresis of instant puddings prepared with the emulsifying salt‐containing milk powders (ESMPs), which contained different proportions of disodium phosphate (DSP) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP). Rheological measurements revealed that increasing the proportion of TSPP in the ESMPs increased gel stiffness (indicated by high values of Gʹ, G* and consistency index) and WHC, and decreased the tan δ and syneresis of the instant puddings. It was concluded that different interactions can be assumed dependent on the proportion of DSP and TSPP in the ESMPs added to the pudding system, and a mechanism was proposed for observed changes.

The 1986 Food Research Institute-Tanaka et al. model predicts the safety of shelf-stable process cheese spread formulations using the parameters of moisture, pH, NaCl, and disodium phosphate (DSP) to inhibit toxin production by Clostridium botulinum. Although this model is very reliable for predicting safety for standard-of-identity spreads, the effects of additional factors have not been considered. The objective of this study was to create a predictive model to include the interactive effect of moisture, pH, fat, sorbic acid, and potassium-based replacements for NaCl and DSP to reflect modern reduced-sodium recipes. Eighty formulations were identified using a central composite design targeting seven factors: 50 to 60% moisture, pH 5.4 to 6.2, 0 to 0.2% sorbic acid, 10 to 30% fat, 1.7 to 2.4% NaCl, 0.8 to 1.6% DSP, and 0 to 50% potassium replacement for sodium salts. Samples were inoculated with proteolytic C. botulinum spores at 3 log spores per g, hot filled into sterile vials, and stored anaerobically at 27°C. Samples were assayed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.5, 17.5, 26, and 40 weeks for the presence of botulinum toxin using the mouse bioassay. A parametric survival model was fit to the censored time-to-toxin data. All linear, quadratic, and pairwise effects were considered for model fit. As hypothesized, the effects of pH, sorbate, moisture, DSP, and NaCl were highly significant (P < 0.001). Fat concentration and potassium replacement effects were significant at P < 0.021 and P < 0.057, respectively. The model consistently predicted the safety failure of the toxic samples, but it also predicted failure for some samples that were not toxic. This model is an adjunct to existing models by adding the factors of potassium salts, fat, and sorbic acid to predict the botulinal safety of prepared process cheese products but is not intended to be a substitute for formulation evaluation by a competent process authority.

The impact of various phosphate compounds [sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), STPP/TSPP, trisodium pyrophosphate (3SP), sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), and disodium phosphate anhydrous (DSPA)] on retarding freeze-induced protein denaturation and aggregation was evaluated. Using natural actomyosin (NAM) extracted from fresh Pacific whiting, the phosphate treatments were evaluated at various concentrations (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%), with and without cryoprotectants (CP) (4% sorbitol and 5% sugar), after different freeze/thaw cycles (F/TC) (0, 3, and 9F/TC). Trimethylamine- N -oxide demethylase (TMAOase) activity, formaldehyde (FA) content, solubility, and turbidity were measured. The other NAM mixture containing the 0.5% STPP/TSPP, STPP, or TSPP along with CP showed low TMAOase activity, low FA production, high salt-soluble proteins solubility, and high turbidity. Among the phosphate treatments, STPP seemed to be the most effective compound in retarding both FA- and freeze-induced protein denaturation and aggregation. NAM without CP was more rapidly denatured and aggregated than NAM with CP as F/TC increased, resulting in a gradual increase in the degree of aggregation (DA). The DA, which was calculated based on graphical images, correlated with biochemical properties.

Background Wet wipes are a significant allergen source for anogenital allergic contact dermatitis. Objective The aim of the study was to calculate the frequency of potentially allergenic ingredients in personal hygiene wet wipes. Methods Ingredient lists from brand name and generic personal hygiene wet wipes from 4 large retailers were compiled. Results In the 54 personal hygiene wet wipes evaluated, a total of 132 ingredients were identified (average of 11.9 ingredients per wipe). The most common ingredients were Aloe barbadensis (77.8%), citric acid (77.8%), fragrance (72.2%), sorbic acid derivatives (63.0%), tocopherol derivatives (63.0%), glycerin (59.3%), phenoxyethanol (55.6%), disodium cocoamphodiacetate (53.7%), disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (42.6%), propylene glycol (42.6%), iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (40.7%), chamomile extracts (38.9%), sodium benzoate (35.2%), bronopol (22.2%), sodium citrate (22.2%), lanolin derivatives (20.4%), parabens (20.4%), polyethylene glycol derivatives (18.5%), disodium phosphate (16.7%), dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM) (14.8%), and cocamidopropyl propylene glycol (PG)-dimonium chloride phosphate (11.1%). Of note, methylisothiazolinone (5.6%) was uncommon; methylchloroisothiazolinone was not identified in the personal hygiene wet wipes examined. Conclusions There are many potential allergens in personal hygiene wet wipes, especially fragrance and preservatives.

A new method based on microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone and dexamethasone disodium phosphate in human aqueous humor. A central composite design was applied to investigate the effects of both loading and eluting cycles in the MEPS procedure; subsequently the multicriteria method of the desirability functions allowed to find the best conditions for the simultaneous extraction of both the analytes. Detection was performed on a LTQ XL linear ion trap mass spectrometer operating in the positive electrospray ionization mode applying multiple reaction monitoring mode. The assay was validated in accordance with the guidelines bioanalytical method validation obtaining quantitation limits in the low μg/L range, a precision characterized by RSD≤16% and recovery rates in the 91-119% range.

As phase change thermal storage material, sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) exhibits certain problems such as large undercooling, stratification in phase change, and small thermal conductivity. To overcome these problems, in this study, a new composite phase change thermal storage material was prepared by adding a certain amount of nucleating agent, thickening agent, and high thermal conductivity medium. The research results showed that addition of an appropriate proportion of nucleating agent disodium phosphate dodecahydrate(DSP) and thickening agent carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC) or gelatin led to a good restrain to the undercooling of SAT, while maintaining the heat storage capacity of sample, and avoiding the phenomenon of phase stratification at room temperature cooling. A certain proportion of expanded graphite could also be used in combination with the thermal storage materials, which resulted in relatively small undercooling of the SAT thermal storage materials and a relatively large thermal conductivity.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding binary mixtures of disodium phosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate during milk powder production. Overall, the addition of disodium phosphate–tetrasodium pyrophosphate caused an increase in pH and a decrease in the acidity and turbidity of reconstituted milk samples. The decrease in turbidity was attributed to either dispersion or swelling of the casein micelles. The addition of mixtures containing the lowest amounts of tetrasodium pyrophosphate considerably reduced the insolubility index, whereas mixtures containing higher levels of tetrasodium pyrophosphate exerted a detrimental effect on solubility. Interestingly, microscopic observations showed large agglomerated particles in mixtures with the highest level of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. We hypothesized that the formation of casein calcium–pyrophosphate complexes led to the higher insolubility index in this mixture.

Corticosteroids have been used for treatment of posterior segment eye diseases, but the delivery of drug to the posterior segments is still a problem to resolve. In our study, we explore the feasibility of Sub-tenon’s Controllable Continuous Drug Delivery to ocular posterior segment. Controllable continuous sub-tenon drug delivery (CCSDD) system, intravenous injections (IV) and sub-conjunctival injections (SC) were used to deliver dexamethasone disodium phosphate (DEXP) in rabbits, the dexamethasone concentration was measured in the ocular posterior segment tissue by Shimadzu LC-MS 2010 system at different time points in 24 h after first dose injection. Levels of dexamethasone were significantly higher at 12, 24 h in CCSDD than two other approaches, and at 3, 6 h in CCSDD than IV in vitreous body (p

Internal concentration polarization (ICP) within the forward osmosis (FO) membrane affects the reduction of driving force. The magnitude of ICP in the FO membrane was investigated experimentally by measuring water flux in both spiral wound (SW) and flat-sheet (FS) modules with different draw solutions (sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and disodium phosphate). The FO SW module always shows inferior water flux performance to the FO FS module. The water flux in the FO SW module can be easily estimated by just changing structure parameter. The estimated structure parameter in the FO SW module is 9.1325×10−4 m, which is quite higher than 4.2×10−4 m in the FO FS module. The increase of the structure parameter is attributed to the bending of the FO membrane in the SW module. It can be concluded that a module design such like SW type is not suitable for the FO process.