Search

Rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi], an annual legume in the genus Vigna, is a promising crop suitable for cultivation in a changing climate to ensure food security. It is also a medicinal plant widely used in traditional Chinese medicine; however, little is known about the medicinal compounds in rice bean. In this study, we assessed the diuretic effect of rice bean extracts on mice as well as its relationship with the contents of eight secondary metabolites in seeds. Mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from yellow and black seeds had higher urinary output (5.44–5.47 g) and water intake (5.8–6.3 g) values than mice gavaged with rice bean extracts from red seeds. Correlation analyses revealed significant negative correlations between urine output and gallic acid (R = −0.70) and genistein (R = −0.75) concentrations, suggesting that these two polyphenols negatively regulate diuresis. There were no obvious relationships between mice diuresis-related indices (urine output, water intake, and weight loss) and rutin or catechin contents, although the concentrations of both of these polyphenols in rice bean seeds were higher than the concentrations of the other six secondary metabolites. Our study findings may be useful for future research on the diuretic effects of rice bean, but they should be confirmed on the basis of systematic medical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is an orchid endemic to Mexico, known as "Calavera" or "calaverita", in the Huasteca Potosina (central region of Mexico). This plant species is used for the folk treatment of mental disorders and urological kidney disorders, according to the ethnomedicinal information obtained in this study. Ethanolic extracts of leaves (HE) and pseudobulb (PE) were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the chemical characterization of HE and PE. The pharmacological effects (antioxidant, diuretic, anxiolytic, locomotor, hypnotic, and sedative) of HE and PE were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of the anxiolytic-like activity induced by HE was assessed using inhibitors of the GABAergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. The possible mechanism of the diuretic action of HE was assessed using prostaglandin inhibitory antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers. HE at 50 and 100 mg/kg exerted anxiolytic-like activity without inducing hypnosis or sedation. Flumazenil, prazosin, and ketanserin inhibited the anxiolytic-like activity shown by HE, which suggests the participation of GABA, α1-adrenergic receptors, and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. The diuretic effect was reversed by the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME, which caused the reduction in nitric oxide (NO). These results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of S. tigrina leaves exhibited anxiolytic-like activity and diuretic effects without inducing hypnosis or sedation. This work validates the medicinal uses of this orchid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to summarize and systematize the literature data, as well as the results of the carried out research in the field of medicinal plants used as diuretics in the Russian Federation and abroad.Materials and methods. During the search for this review article materials, the abstract databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as the ResearchGate and elibrary.ru were used. The search was carried out according to the publications for the period from 2005 to 2023. The keywords were as follows: herbal diuretics, diuretic drugs, kidney diseases, types of medicinal plant raw materials. The data from the authors’ previous scientific research on the analysis of the diuretic properties of certain types of medicinal plant raw materials, as well as individual substances of a phenolic nature isolated from them (simple phenols, flavonoids), were also reviewed.Results. It was determined that the diuretic activity of most of the medicinal plants used, is due to such groups of biologically active compounds as terpenoids (essential oils and saponins), simple phenols, flavonoids and anthracene derivatives related to the secondary metabolites. It has been shown that, despite the fact that many herbal diuretics have concomitant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihistamine and other properties relevant from the point of view of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, it is reasonable to use them as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined medicinal herbal preparations, as this is in accordance with the global trend. The types of medicinal plant raw materials that can be a promising source of new diuretic herbal medicines, have been examined in this review.Conclusion. It has been determined that terpenoids and phenolic compounds make the greatest contribution to the manifestation of the diuretic activity of medicinal herbal preparations, among which the greatest structural diversity is noted for flavonoids. It has been established that in the composition of any drug, taking into account the peculiarities of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, herbal diuretics can be both the main drug and an auxiliary component. The expediency of using medicinal plant raw materials with a diuretic effect as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined preparations used in the treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases has been also substantiated.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) is a protein kinase that inactivates eEF2, a protein that mediates a peptidyl-tRNA translocation during an elongation step of protein synthesis. We have previously shown that eEF2K was involved in pathogenesis of essential and pulmonary hypertension. A484954 (7-amino-1-cyclopropyl-3-ethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine-6-carboxamide), a selective eEF2K inhibitor, is a membrane permeable small molecule. We have previously shown that A484954 lowered blood pressure and induced diuretic effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) due to an increase in renal blood flow. Here we aimed to reveal mechanisms underlying the diuretic effects of A484954 in SHR. A484954-induced diuresis and increase in urinary Na+ excretion were inhibited by N (G)-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor. A484954 increased mRNA expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In summary, we for the first time revealed that A484954 induces diuresis in SHR at least partly via the activation of NO/Nrf2/AT2R pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diuretic medications are widely used and can come with negative effects. Because they are effective and have fewer adverse effects than other treatments for renal illness, medicinal plants have become increasingly important. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the impact of Laurus nobilis extract (flower) on diuresis in rats. Two doses of 200 mg and 400 mg of Laurus nobilis extract were used to treat rats for thirty days. Then, we assessed all changes induced in urine and plasma parameters of rats, using furosemide as a standard drug. Further, we evaluated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant ability (DPPH and FRAP) of the tested extract. The results obtained show that the administration of a single dose of Laurus nobilis extract improved the urine flow significantly after 4 h of treatment. Similarly, both doses of the tested extract enhanced sodium, potassium, and chloride excretion without inducing hypokalemia. A similar tendency was recorded for both urine and creatinine, while the results of the furosemide group revealed a significant hypokalemia effect of the standard drug. Laurus nobilis demonstrated superior antioxidant and diuretic effects without inducing hypokalemia due to the higher content of phenolic and flavonoid content. However, more advanced studies are required to explore the constituents of Laurus nobilis extracts and essential oils, as well as to test their pertinent biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piper amalago L. is used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat inflammation, chest pain, and anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the safety and the renal and cardiovascular effects of the volatile oil (VO) and the aqueous (AE) and hydroalcoholic (HE) extracts from P. amalago. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses identified 47 compounds in the VO, with β-cyclogermacrene, spathulenol, β-phellandrene, and α-pinene standing out. Among the 47 compounds also found in AE and HE by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, glycosylated flavones, organic acids, amino acids, and amides were highlighted. Some examples of these compounds are methoxy-methylenedioxy cis-cinnamoyl pyrrolidine, methoxy-methylenedioxy trans-cinnamoyl pyrrolidine, and cyclobutene-2,4-bis-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-methoxy-6-yl)-1,3-dicarboxapyrrolidide. The acute toxicity experiments were conducted on female rats (n = 5). The cardiorenal assays (n = 8) and evaluations of vasodilatory effects on the mesenteric vascular bed (n = 5) were conducted on male rats. In either extract or VO, there were no mortality or changes in relative weights or histopathological analysis of the organs. Urinary volume and renal electrolyte excretion were elevated significantly during repeated dose 7-day treatment with different preparations from P. amalago. None of the preparations induced hypotension or changes in cardiac electrical activity. Only HE promoted significant vasodilatory effects in rats' isolated mesenteric vascular beds. These effects were completely abolished in the presence of L-NAME plus 4-aminopyridine. Therefore, P. amalago leaves are safe and present diuretic activity after acute and repeated dose administration over 7 days. Moreover, the HE induced significant vasodilator response in rats' mesenteric vascular beds by NO/cGMP pathway and voltage-dependent K+ channels activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diuretics increase the volume of urine and sodium excretion, and therefore are often used to remove excess fluid from the body during various diseases, including hypertension, heart and kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, etc. Until now, a wide range of diuretics is known, but none of them is completely safe and has a number of side effects. The aim of the work is to investigate the diuretic activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing fluorophenyl substituents at the fifth position of the 1,2,4-triazole fragment, as well as to establish the relationship between “chemical structure and diuretic action” among derivatives 1,2,4-triazole. Materials and methods. To study the effect on kidney function, six groups of animals with seven rats each were used. When studying water diuresis, rats were kept on a constant diet with free access to water. Before water loading (5 % of body weight), rats were fasted for 2 hours without food and water. Since all tested compounds were insoluble in water, they were administered orally as an aqueous suspension stabilized with Tween-80. The compounds were administered at a dose of 1/10 LD50. Results. The diuretic activity of 28 new compounds of a number of substituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols, which according to their chemical structure belong to different classes of compounds, was investigated. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of diuretic activity indicates that there are a number of compounds whose activity is higher than hypothiazide, as well as a compound that exceeds the activity of furosemide.

Stanhopea tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is an orchid endemic to Mexico, known as “Calavera” or “calaverita”, in the Huasteca Potosina (central region of Mexico). This plant species is used for the folk treatment of mental disorders and urological kidney disorders, according to the ethnomedicinal information obtained in this study. Ethanolic extracts of leaves (HE) and pseudobulb (PE) were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the chemical characterization of HE and PE. The pharmacological effects (antioxidant, diuretic, anxiolytic, locomotor, hypnotic, and sedative) of HE and PE were evaluated. The possible mechanism of action of the anxiolytic-like activity induced by HE was assessed using inhibitors of the GABAergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic systems. The possible mechanism of the diuretic action of HE was assessed using prostaglandin inhibitory antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockers. HE at 50 and 100 mg/kg exerted anxiolytic-like activity without inducing hypnosis or sedation. Flumazenil, prazosin, and ketanserin inhibited the anxiolytic-like activity shown by HE, which suggests the participation of GABA, α1-adrenergic receptors, and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively. The diuretic effect was reversed by the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME, which caused the reduction in nitric oxide (NO). These results demonstrate that the ethanolic extract of S. tigrina leaves exhibited anxiolytic-like activity and diuretic effects without inducing hypnosis or sedation. This work validates the medicinal uses of this orchid species.

In patients hospitalized for acute decompensation of heart failure (HF), the impact of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) on diuresis and renal function has not been fully investigated. Patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction who were hospitalized for acute decompensation and newly initiated ARNI after hemodynamic stabilization were enrolled. Changes in urine volume (UV), body weight, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (uNAG) levels before and after ARNI initiation were investigated. Changes in the diuretic response [DR, calculated as urine volume/(intravenous furosemide volume/40 mg)], N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), hematocrit, and plasma volume (PV) were also evaluated. A total of 60 patients were enrolled. ARNI was initiated at a median of 6 [5, 7] days after hospitalization. After initiation of ARNI, body weight, NT-proBNP, and PV decreased. UV and DR increased only on the day of ARNI initiation (delta UV 400 ± 957 ml and delta DR 1100 ± 3107 ml/40 mg furosemide) and then decreased to baseline levels. In the multivariable linear regression analysis, younger age, higher BMI, and higher NT-proBNP levels were significantly associated with greater UV after ARNI initiation. eGFR and uNAG did not significantly change after the initiation of ARNI [delta eGFR -1.7 ± 12.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 and delta uNAG 2.0 (−5.6, 6.9) IU/L]. In patients hospitalized for HF, the initiation of ARNI was associated with a small and transient increase in UV and DR, and was not associated with worsening of renal function or tubular injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study aims to investigate the anti-hypertensive effects of aqueous extract of Callisia fragrans and their underlying mechanism using a two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model of reno-vascular hypertension in rats. Methods The reno-vascular hypertensive rats were treated with C. fragrans leaf extract (100 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.) and a reference drug, captopril (20 mg/kg; p.o.), for 4 weeks. The blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using a tail-cuff. The heart weight, left ventricular wall thickness, and serum creatinine and urea levels were measured. A spectrophotometric assay was used to analyze the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity of the extract and the reference drug. The total volume and the concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride in urine samples were evaluated. Results C. fragrans extract significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the reno-vascular hypertensive rats. No significant difference in the heart rate was observed between each animal group. C. fragrans extract reduced the 2K1C-induced increase in the heart and body weight ratio and the left ventricular wall thickness. Moreover, the extract also attenuated the increase in serum urea induced by the 2K1C treatment. C. fragrans extract inhibited ACE activity in vitro with an IC50 of 20.97 ± 3.94 µg/ml. The urine output and urinary electrolyte excretion significantly increased in C. fragrans extract-treated rats. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that C. fragrans extract can mitigate hypertension and alleviate ventricular hypertrophy and renal dysfunction in reno-vascular hypertensive rats, at least in part via ACE activity inhibition and diuretic property.

Piper amalago L. is used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat inflammation, chest pain, and anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the safety and the renal and cardiovascular effects of the volatile oil (VO) and the aqueous (AE) and hydroalcoholic (HE) extracts from P. amalago. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses identified 47 compounds in the VO, with β-cyclogermacrene, spathulenol, β-phellandrene, and α-pinene standing out. Among the 47 compounds also found in AE and HE by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, glycosylated flavones, organic acids, amino acids, and amides were highlighted. Some examples of these compounds are methoxy-methylenedioxy cis-cinnamoyl pyrrolidine, methoxy-methylenedioxy trans-cinnamoyl pyrrolidine, and cyclobutene-2,4-bis-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-methoxy-6-yl)-1,3-dicarboxapyrrolidide. The acute toxicity experiments were conducted on female rats (n = 5). The cardiorenal assays (n = 8) and evaluations of vasodilatory effects on the mesenteric vascular bed (n = 5) were conducted on male rats. In either extract or VO, there were no mortality or changes in relative weights or histopathological analysis of the organs. Urinary volume and renal electrolyte excretion were elevated significantly during repeated dose 7-day treatment with different preparations from P. amalago. None of the preparations induced hypotension or changes in cardiac electrical activity. Only HE promoted significant vasodilatory effects in rats’ isolated mesenteric vascular beds. These effects were completely abolished in the presence of L-NAME plus 4-aminopyridine. Therefore, P. amalago leaves are safe and present diuretic activity after acute and repeated dose administration over 7 days. Moreover, the HE induced significant vasodilator response in rats’ mesenteric vascular beds by NO/cGMP pathway and voltage-dependent K+ channels activation.

Clitoria ternatea, commonly known as butterfly pea, is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Fabaceae family. It has recently attracted a lot of interest as it has potential applications both in modern medicine and agriculture, and as a source of natural food colorants and antioxidants.Additionally, Clitoria ternateahas been widely used in traditional medicine, particularly as a supplement to enhance cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms of numerous ailments including fever, inflammation, pain, and diabetes.The present study was undertaken to investigate diuretic effect of aqueous and ethanolextracts of the dried flowers of Clitoria ternatea in normal rats.Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents was determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature.Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Clitoria ternateaflowers were administered to experimental ratsorally at doses of 500 mg/kg p.o. Furosemide (5 mg/kg) was used as positive control instudy. The diuretic effect of the extracts was evaluated by measuring urine volume and sodium content.Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence some common compounds like alkaloids, resins, steroids, tannins, saponins, and glycoside.Urine volume was significantly increased by aqueous and ethanol extracts incomparison to control group. While the excretion of sodium was also increased by both extracts.We can conclude that aqueous and ethanol extracts of Clitoria ternateaproduced notablediuretic effect which appeared to be comparable to that produced by the reference diuretic Furosemide. Thepresent study provides a quantitative basis for explaining the folkloric use of Clitoria ternateaas a diuretic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon nardus is one of the medicinal plants widely used in folk medicine to cure certain diseases. The current work aims to assess the diuretic potential of Cymbopogon nardus using animal models. Urine electrolytes (Sodium and potassium), serum electrolytes (Sodium, potassium, and chloride), blood urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance, osmolar clearance, urinary osmolarity, and urine flow were determined. To assess the diuretic effect of the studied plant, four groups of rats were used (n = 6). The control group received 10 mL of water, the second and third groups received both studied doses of the plant (100 and 150 mg/kg bw), and the last group received furosemide (10 mg/kg bw), the experiment sustained for seven days. Urine flow and electrolytes levels were studied. The single dose of Cymbopogon nardus extract significantly increased urine flow after oral administration. In addition, daily administration of both doses of Cymbopogon nardus significantly elevated urine excretion as opposite to the first group. Cymbopogon nardus enhanced the urine elimination of sodium and potassium. Importantly, both doses have no effect on serum potassium level. Creatinine clearance was significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner. This information will be considered as a keystone for further studies forward in applying new process to isolate active compounds of Cymbopogon nardus responsible for its biological properties.

Background: Lagopsis supina (Steph. ex Willd.) Ikonn.-Gal. has been a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of blood stasis, inflammation, and diuresis. Moreover, Huo Xue Li Shui theory was an important TCM theory that used to treat many ailments. Nevertheless, the scientific connotation of this theory has not been clearly elucidated so far. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to explore the scientific connotation of Huo Xue Li Shui with promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis (PBCRBS), anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects in trauma-induced blood stasis model (TBSM) rats, taking microporous adsorption resin with water (LSB) and 30% ethanol (LSC) elution fractions from L. supina as a classical demonstration. Materials and methods: 48 rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 8/group): the control group, the model group, and model groups treatment with LSB or LSC. The biochemical parameters and protein expression were measured using kit method and Western blot assay, respectively. Results: Both LSB and LSC were effective in elevating body weight, food consumption, and water intake in model rats. In PBCRBS efficacy evaluation, LSB and LSC remarkably improved histopathological tissues. On the other hand, LSB and LSC prominently decreased the contents of plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate, thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen, thromboxane B2, thromboxane B2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), PAI-1/tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and PAI-1/u-PA, while significantly enhanced the contents of antithrombin III, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and t-PA. In parallel, LSB and LSC obviously down-regulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8, and remarkably up-regulated the level of IL-10. In determining diuretic activities, LSB and LSC prominently elevated urinary excretion volume and the level of atriopeptin, and remarkably reduced the levels of angiotensin II, anti-diuretic hormone, aldosterone, aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP2, and AQP3. In addition, LSB and LSC clearly suppressed protein expressions of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3. Finally, LSB and LSC did not caused urinary pH, Na+, and Cl− electrolytes and had minor effects on K+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Conclusions: LSB and LSC exhibited prominent PBCRBS, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects in TBSM rats, thereby supported the traditional folk use of L. supina. This study successfully provided an experimental basis for the scientific connotation of Huo Xue Li Shui.

This study aims to investigate the anti-hypertensive effects of aqueous extract of Callisia fragrans and their underlying mechanism using a two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) model of reno-vascular hypertension in rats. The reno-vascular hypertensive rats were treated with C. fragrans leaf extract (100 and 500 mg/kg; p.o.) and a reference drug, captopril (20 mg/kg; p.o.), for 4 weeks. The blood pressure and heart rate were recorded using a tail-cuff. The heart weight, left ventricular wall thickness, and serum creatinine and urea levels were measured. A spectrophotometric assay was used to analyze the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity of the extract and the reference drug. The total volume and the concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride in urine samples were evaluated. C. fragrans extract significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the reno-vascular hypertensive rats. No significant difference in the heart rate was observed between each animal group. C. fragrans extract reduced the 2K1C-induced increase in the heart and body weight ratio and the left ventricular wall thickness. Moreover, the extract also attenuated the increase in serum urea induced by the 2K1C treatment. C. fragrans extract inhibited ACE activity in vitro with an IC50 of 20.97 ± 3.94 µg/ml. The urine output and urinary electrolyte excretion significantly increased in C. fragrans extract-treated rats. These findings demonstrated that C. fragrans extract can mitigate hypertension and alleviate ventricular hypertrophy and renal dysfunction in reno-vascular hypertensive rats, at least in part via ACE activity inhibition and diuretic property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to analyze the polyphenols and determines the antioxidant, analgesic and diuretic properties of the methanolic extract of C.speciosus rhizome. DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced licking experiments were used to assess the analgesic effect. The total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were found 51.73± 0.25 mg GAE/g dry weight, 3.41± 0.07mg QE/g dry weights and 44.19± 2.24 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. The plant extract exhibited weak antioxidant activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays, with an IC50 value of 1699±62 µg/mL and an EC50 value of 125±2 µg/mL, respectively. The extract significantly reduced the number of writhes at both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) as compared to the control. The extract (400 mg/kg) also significantly reduced the percent inhibition of licking by 31.96 and 62.69% compared to the control in the early and late phase, respectively. Compared to the standard drug furosemide, the plant extract also showed a weak diuretic effect. The docking study supported the analgesic activity of rhizome extract. The potent analgesic activity of the plant extract justifies the traditional and medicinal aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 150 million cases of infectious diseases of the urinary system are registered annually in the world. Common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) leaves is one of the most well-known species of raw materials with uroantiseptic and diuretic activity. The method of a decoction obtaining from bearberry leaves is well known, but this dosage form is non-standardized, poorly stored and difficult to maintain the accuracy of dosing. In this regard, the development of domestic standardized medicines based on bearberry leaves is an urgent aim of modern pharmacy. The aim of the research is to study the phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of the bearberry leaves dry extracts, obtained by various extractants, to identify the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic activity. Materials and methods. The subjects were the dry extracts obtained from bearberry leaves with purified water and ethanol solutions (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 96 %). Determination of the main BAS extracts was performed by TLC, HPLC and spectrophotometry. Determination of diuretic activity of the extracts was performed by the method of E. B. Berchin, antibacterial activity – by diffusion into agar. Results. Arbutin, 2 phenolic acids, 6 flavonoids and 8 saponins were detected in the bearberry extracts. The results showed that arbutin and saponins are better extracted with water and diluted solutions of ethanol, while phenolic acids and flavonoids – with 50–70 % ethanol. As a result of studying the diuretic activity of the bearberry extracts, it was found that the highest diuretic activity has the extract obtained with 50 % ethanol at a dose of 50 mg/kg, increasing diuresis by 70 %. The bearberry leaves extracts showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans. The content of different groups of phenolic compounds, economic factor and pharmacological activity showed that 50 % ethanol is the optimal extractant for extraction phenolic compounds from bearberry leaves and creation of new medicines from the raw materials. Conclusions. As a result of phytochemical and pharmacological studies, it was found that the dry bearberry leaves extract obtained with 50 % ethanol solution was the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic action

At the industrial working conditions, lead exposure could induce several alterations for the human body. Subchronic lead exposure is linked with several injuries including cerebral and renal dysfunctions. The present work discusses the effects of subchronic lead toxicity (3 g/l) in drinking water during the period of treatment (6 weeks) on vasopressin system and epithelial cells in proximal tubules. Also, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of curcumin-III administered orally by gavage (30 mg/kg BW), against subchronic Pb exposure in Meriones shawi. The biochemical and histopathological examinations demonstrate renal damages induced by lead toxicity. In addition, the behavioral and immunohistochemical studies revealed that Pb neurotoxicity exhibited an anxious behavior with a significant elevation of the vasopressin (AVP) staining within the paraventricular nuclei. The study showed also curcumin-III restored the renal alterations with an anxiolytic effect. Moreover, it restored the AVP level in the studying nuclei. Our work supports a possible link between AVP release and epithelial degeneration in the proximal tubules, and shows a new pharmacological effect of curcumin-III as an anxiolytic agent against lead toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert hypoglycemic and diuretic effects by inhibiting the absorption of sodium and glucose from the proximal tubule. Currently available data indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors transiently enhance urinary sodium excretion and urinary volume. When combined with loop diuretics, SGLT2 inhibitors exert a synergistic natriuretic effect. The favorable diuretic profile of SGLT2 inhibitors may confer benefits to volume management in patients with heart failure but this natriuretic effect may not be the dominant mechanism for the superior long-term outcomes observed with these agents in patients with heart failure. The first part of this review explores the causes of transient natriuresis and the diuretic mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors. The second part provides an overview of the synergistic effects of combining SGLT2 inhibitors with loop diuretics, and the third part summarizes the mechanisms of cardiovascular protection associated with the diuretic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert hypoglycemic and diuretic effects by inhibiting the absorption of sodium and glucose from the proximal tubule. Currently available data indicate that SGLT2 inhibitors transiently enhance urinary sodium excretion and urinary volume. When combined with loop diuretics, SGLT2 inhibitors exert a synergistic natriuretic effect. The favorable diuretic profile of SGLT2 inhibitors may confer benefits to volume management in patients with heart failure but this natriuretic effect may not be the dominant mechanism for the superior long-term outcomes observed with these agents in patients with heart failure. The first part of this review explores the causes of transient natriuresis and the diuretic mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors. The second part provides an overview of the synergistic effects of combining SGLT2 inhibitors with loop diuretics, and the third part summarizes the mechanisms of cardiovascular protection associated with the diuretic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.

Ficus capensis is highly medicinal in nature and has been reported to possess pharmacological properties. Ethanol leaves of extract of F. capensis were evaluated for its sub-chronic impact on the hepatic biomarkers as well as anti-inflammatory and diuretic activity in male albino rat. Fifty four albino rats were randomly divided into six treatment groups of nine rats per group. Group A - received normal saline (normal control), Group B - received either 40 mg/kg of Furosemide (control for diuretic) or 50 mg/kg of Aspirin (control for anti-inflammatory), Group C - received 200 mg/kg F. capensis extract, Group D - received 400 mg/kg F. capensis extract, Group E - received 600 mg/kg F. capensis extract and Group F received 800 mg/kg F. capensis extract. The anti-inflammatory effect assessed using carrageen induced paw edema in rat was significantly affected by the extracts. The diuretic activity of the extract screened by quantification of urine volume and electrolyte concentration was significantly affected. The extract of F. capensis showed significant (p<0.05) increase in serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotranferarase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and conjugate bilirubin in the 600 and 800 mg/kg extract treated groups on week 3 when compared to the normal control. The result suggested that ethanol leaves extract of F. capensis could be non-toxic to the liver at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and has potential anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties, hence could be utilized at moderate doses in the treatment of inflammation and diuretic related health complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2,4-Triazole derivatives have been widely used in medical practice due to their wide spectrum of biological activities and low toxicity, as they have 1,2,4-triazole cycle in their structure. That makes 1,2,4-triazole derivatives a very promising and attractive class of organic compounds in research of their physical and chemical properties, and biological activity determining. In order to find new substances with potential biological activity 20 new compounds of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives were synthesized, which have never been described in literature before. The objective of this study was the research of bioactivity of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives. Materials and methods. Compounds of research were synthesized in Department of Toxicological and Inorganic Chemistry of ZSMU. Berchin method was used in order to estimate the effect of compounds on excretory function of kidneys. Results. Diuretic activities of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives were studied. The compounds exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. It is worth noting that 4-((R-idene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion derivatives demonstrated both moderate and high diuretic activity. In such way, introduction of 3,4-methoxybenzyl, 3,5-methoxybenzyl and 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl substituents into the structure of 4-((R-idene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion slightly increased diuretic effect. Reduction of compounds 4-((4-bromobenzylidene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion, 5-methyl-4-((thiophen-2-ylmethylene)amino)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion, 4-((2-chloro-6-fluorobenzylidene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion caused decline of diuretic activity. The most potent bioactivity was observed in 4-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion. Conclusion. Derivatives of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. “Structure – Effect” relation was shown. The most potent activity was observed in 4-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion.

It should be noted, that the clinical and therapeutic effect of diuretic drugs is not necessarily associated with an increase diuresis. So, for example, diuretics are also prescribed as a means of dehydration emergency therapy for pulmonary edema, brain, in the integrated therapy of patients with arterial hypertension, with glaucoma, epilepsy, as well as for induction of forced diuresis in poisoning. Therefore, the search for new diuretic agents among heterocyclic systems can solve the problem of treating a complex of diseases of different genesis. The aim of this work was to study the diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Materials and methods. The method of E. B. Berchin was used to establish the influence of synthesized compounds on the excretory function of the kidneys. All compounds for this research have been synthesized at the Toxicological and Inorganic Chemistry Department of ZSMU. Results and discussion. Diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives was investigated. Some regularities between “structure – activity” were established: the replacement of the phenyl radical in the 4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2- ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol molecule with ethyl or methyl leads to a slight increase in diuretic effect. The introduction of alkyl radical to 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triasole-3-thiol molecule results in diuretic effect increase. The introduction of 2-chloro-6- fluorobenzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl and 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl radical to N’-R1 -iden-2-((4-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) thio)acetohydrazide molecule also results in diuretic activity increase. Replacement of 3,4-difluorobenzyl radical with 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 2-hydroxybenzyl to N’-R1 -iden-2-((4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazide molecule results in diuretic activity decrease. Conclusions. The diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles derivatives was established by the method of Ye. B. Berchin. The derivatives of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. Some relationship between “structure – activity” was established. The most active compound was 3-(heptylthio)-4-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole.

Background: Gokshura Moola (root of Tribulus terrestris Linn.) is one among the ingredients of Dashamoola, a group of ten medicinal plants principally comprising roots as the useful part. In practice instead of root, fruit of Gokshura is widely used in most of the preparations of Dashamoola in Kerala. Dashamoola occupies a significant role in a wide range of Ayurvedic formulations and holds a major share in the drug manufacturing industry. This high demand of Dashamoola, leads the use of fruit instead of its root and implies the need to compare the efficacy of root and fruit of Gokshura. Aim: This study is planned to assess whether fruit of Gokshura can be substituted for its root using the parameter of diuretic activity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and methods: Wistar albino rats were divided in to four groups. The group I control group and group II standard group was orally administered with carboxymethyl cellulose 2% in normal saline and furosemide (20 mg/kg) respectively. Group III was administered orally with decoction of Gokshura root and groups IV with Gokshura fruit decoction, with a dose of 8.64 ml/kg. The diuretic effect was evaluated by measuring urine volume, Na+, K+ and Cl− ion content in urine. The results were analyzed by applying one-way ANOVA and LSD Post hoc pairwise comparison test. Results: Both test drugs in group III and group IV provided significant increase in urine output when compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Decoction of Gokshura root provided a significant increase in comparison to decoction of Gokshura fruit in regards of sodium (P < 0.01), potassium (P < 0.001), and chloride ion (P < 0.05) excretion. Conclusion: Diuretic action of both root and fruit of Gokshura is similar in terms of urine volume, but root is more effective in the basis of ionic excretion. Hence, while treating patients suffering from ionic imbalance, it is better to use fruit of Gokshura for protecting the ionic balance during diuresis. In all other conditions, root can be used for a better diuretic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenous infusion of either camboginol or morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis (GD) exerted diuretic, hypotensive, and vasorelaxant effects in either normotensive or hypertensive rats. This study aims to investigate the effects of GD flower extract on arterial blood pressure (ABP) and renal excretory functions. Male Wistar rats (8-weekold) were divided into 4 groups (group I-IV, n = 6 each) in both acute and sub-chronic protocols. The GD extract was orally administrated to group II-IV at the dose of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, respectively, while group I served as vehicle control. The oral administration was performed before the experiment in acute protocol and daily for 2 weeks in the sub-chronic protocol. The ABP and renal excretory functions were measured in the anesthetized rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma lipid profiles, and liver enzymes were evaluated in the sub-chronic experiment along with liver histology. The results showed that acute administration of GD extract significantly decreased ABP but increased renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, osmolar clearance, and negative free water clearance when compared with the control. In the sub-chronic protocol, the GD extract significantly decreased ABP but did not alter the renal excretory functions. The plasma levels of FBG, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and the histology of liver were not changed. It is concluded that acute oral administration of GD extract possessed hypotensive and diuretic effects whereas the sub-chronic treatment of GD showed hypotensive effect and no alterations in liver function, FBG, and plasma lipid profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Edema of advanced cancer, seldom recognized in the literature, significantly impairs patient quality of life.Objectives: The purpose was to assess edema frequency, etiology, and impact on common symptoms and present its conservative management.Methods: A prospective analysis of 784 patients admitted to a hospice was performed, of whom 119 were diagnosed with edema. For 18 patients with short life prognosis, an individually tailored physiotherapy (limb elevation, bandaging, manual lymphatic drainage, and Kinesio Taping) or subcutaneous needle drainage was administered. Forty-six patients with longer prognosis were treated by standardized limb bandaging (5-7 days) and re-evaluated, 28 of them with venous congestion resistant to enteral diuretics received supplementary furosemide infusion.Results: Among those admitted with edema (96.6% with advanced cancer), 81.5% had bilateral and 10.9% generalized edema, 10.9% had lymphorrhea, 5.9% skin ulcerations, and in 27.7% edema was the main problem. The high mean comorbidity C3-index score (2.97) was observed. The main precipitating factors of the edema were chronic immobilization (79.8%) medications (58.8%), and congestive heart failure (28.6%). Before admission, 47.9% had received diuretics for edema and only 4.2% had physiotherapy. Among those re-evaluated (46 patients [84 limbs]), the mean reduction of limb volume (1.18L; 16.6%; P < 0.001) was accompanied by a decrease of edema symptoms/signs intensity and ESAS-Core by median 1 point (P < 0.002).Conclusion: Limb edema of advanced cancer occasionally treated by physical therapy concerns patients with numerous comorbidities and precipitating factors. It can be managed sufficiently with decongestive or supportive physiotherapy, depending on patients' life prognosis, symptom burden, edema stage, and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study was to investigate diuretic activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives which contain С5 atom 5-bromfuran-2-yl substituent in the 1,2,4-triazole nucleus, and to establish interrelation between chemical structure and diuretic action of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Methods and results. For the investigation of the diuretic activity were used 15 compounds, namely 3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-4-R-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, their S-derivatives and 2-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-5-R'-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-6(5H)-ones. During the study Ye. B. Berkhin’s method has been used to establish the influence of the compounds on the renal excretory function. Conclusion. The most active substance among 1,2,4-triazole derivatives was morpholinium 2-((5-bromofuran-2-yl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate.

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) kinase (eEF2K) is a protein kinase that inactivates eEF2, a protein that mediates a peptidyl-tRNA translocation during an elongation step of protein synthesis. We have previously shown that eEF2K was involved in pathogenesis of essential and pulmonary hypertension. A484954 (7-amino-1-cyclopropyl-3-ethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine-6-carboxamide), a selective eEF2K inhibitor, is a membrane permeable small molecule. We have previously shown that A484954 lowered blood pressure and induced diuretic effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) due to an increase in renal blood flow. Here we aimed to reveal mechanisms underlying the diuretic effects of A484954 in SHR. A484954-induced diuresis and increase in urinary Na + excretion were inhibited by N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor. A484954 increased mRNA expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In summary, we for the first time revealed that A484954 induces diuresis in SHR at least partly via the activation of NO/Nrf2/AT2R pathway.

The preparation of Solidago caucasica herbal dry extract from the plant was studied by us for the first time. The main quality indicator was a flavonoid content of ≥ 2.5%. Other biologically active compounds, e.g., coumarins, phenolic carboxylic acids, and organic acids, were also present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The extremity edema of advanced disease is a common, multifactorial feature, which impairs patients' activities and quality of life. The most frequently chosen management is based on combined decongestive physiotherapy or pharmacotherapy (with diuretics or steroids). Subcutaneous lymphatic drainage in refractory edema may decrease the swelling, prevent spontaneous lymphorrhea, but also increase the risk of infection. Safe and effective conservative management in diuretics-resistant edemas is lacking. The objective of this prospective, observational study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of combined physiotherapeutic and diuretic therapy in edemas refractory to parenteral diuretics.Methods: A group of 19 patients with advanced disease and severe bilateral leg edema resistant to parenteral diuretic therapy were treated for three days with a combination of multilayer short-stretch compression bandaging and furosemide in hypersaline intravenous infusion.Results: A clinically meaningful decrease in mean limb volume (of 1.52 L; 20.6%; P < 0.0001)-strongly correlating with patients' weight loss (ρ = 0.71; P = 0.0001), with a lowering of the intensity of complaints-was achieved. The treatment was well tolerated, without decreasing the performance status in any patient. Stable levels of blood pressure, laboratory kidney profile (potassium, sodium, creatinine clearance), and serum albumin were observed. Maintenance of the achieved results with a good compliance was seen during an informal follow-up at the hospice.Conclusion: The combination of compression therapy with hypersaline diuretics could be considered as a valuable option for refractory cases of limb edema in advanced disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the diuretic effect of micronized powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen oil rats. Methods: The metabolic cage method and weighing method were used in this experiment: The indictor of urine excretion in 6 h was used to study the diuretic effect of powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen in the water loaded rats: the output of Na+, K+.Cl-in mine were measured to elucidate the related mechanization. Results: Powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. FI. Chen under high dose after administration of 2h to 5h can significantly increase the mine volume of rat compared with the blank control group (p< 0.01, p< 0.05), but no diuretic effect after administration of 6h. powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. PI. Chen under high dose could increase the urine Na+. Cl- (P < 0.01) but reduce the K“ excretion, inhibitting the Na+ reabsoiption and K' excretion of renal tubule. It could significantly increase rat mine pH value (P< 0.01), the effect of pH value by which is similar with the effect of hydrochlorothiazide and the effect of Jinqiancao granules. Conclusion: For the fust time, this study investigated the diuretic effect of powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. The relevant mechanism is that powder of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen have an impact on inhibitting the Na+ reabsoiption and K+ excretion of renal tubule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the correlation between response to tolvaptan and treatment-related factors in liver cirrhosis patients. Methods This single-center retrospective study was carried out at Shonan Kamakura General Hospital in Kanagawa, Japan, between October 2013 and September 2015. Forty-three liver cirrhosis patients (mean age, 65.7 years) with insufficient responses to conventional diuretics for at least 7 days were enrolled. All patients received oral tolvaptan (7.5 mg/day for 7 days) and guideline-directed medical therapy including sodium intake restrictions. A responder to tolvaptan was defined as a patient having a ≥2-kg decrease in body weight 1 week after commencing drug treatment, and a non-responder was defined as a patient not losing ≥2 kg in body weight 1 week after commencing treatment. We investigated the correlation of change in body weight for 1 week after drug administration compared to baseline clinical characteristics. Results The mean body weight change from the baseline on the final dosing day was −2.47 ± 3.34 kg ( P < 0.0001). There were 20 (46.5%) responders to tolvaptan. Urinary sodium and volume excretion was higher in responders than in non-responders (108.2 ± 70.5 vs 42.6 ± 36.7, P = 0.0003; 1462.8 ± 625.7 vs 960.9 ± 600.6, P = 0.0073). Logistic regression analyses for responders to tolvaptan were carried out, and independent correlation of the responders was urinary sodium excretion ( P = 0.0114; hazard ratio, 0.9418; 95% confidence interval, 0.8768−0.9896) in the multivariate analyses. Conclusion In decompensated liver cirrhosis patients, urinary excretion sodium showed good correlation with tolvaptan response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, systemic hypotension is associated with poor neurological outcomes as a result of cerebral hypoperfusion. Treatment with arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to increase blood pressure (BP) and urine output in ELBW infants suffering from refractory hypotension. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether low doses of AVP increased renal blood low (RBF) in ELBW infants. We retrospectively analyzed data from the medical charts describing nine AVP infusions at 0.3-0.8 mU/kg/min in four ELBW infants. The median gestational age was 23 (22.5-23.5, interquartile range) weeks, and the median birth weight was 466 (414-563) g. Changes in the heart rate, BP, urine output, and RBF velocity patterns in response to the AVP infusions were compared using statistical analyses. The AVP infusion caused significant increases in systolic BP from 44 (41.0-47.0) to 50 (42.5-55.5) mmHg, diastolic BP from 17 (15.0-26.5) to 31 (28.5-33.0) mmHg, mean BP from 26 (24.5-30.5) to 36 (34.5-40.5) mmHg, and urine output from 1.4 (0.2-2.5) to 2.8 (1.0-8.6) mL/kg/hr. We also observed significant decreases in the resistance index from 1.0 (0.96-1.0) to 0.8 (0.71-0.91) and peak systolic low velocity in the renal artery from 40 (27.2-50.6) to 28 (16.0-28.9) cm/s after AVP infusions. AVP infusions at 0.3-0.8 mU/kg/min in ELBW infants appeared to significantly increase the RBF by inducing renal vascular dilation and increasing the BP. Increasing the RBF most likely induces an increase in the glomerular filtration rate, resulting in the diuretic effect of AVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We evaluate the short-term effect of a Fraxinus excelsior L. seed extract, named FraxiPure (FRP) on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Water, Captopril and different doses of FRP were orally administered. Blood pressure was recorded by the tail cuff method and plasma samples were collected to determine antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde equivalents. In other trials, 18h fasted SHR were administered water, FRP, Furosemide, Torasemide, and Captopril. In these animals, urine was collected for 4h to obtain the urine volumetric excretion (UVE). Plasma samples of these animals were used to establish the fractional excretion (FE) of different ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+ and PO4 3−) and metabolites (creatinine, urea and uric acid). FRP shows antihypertensive effect. The decrease in blood pressure caused by FRP was slightly lower than that of Captopril and more accentuated than that of Torasemide. FRP and Torasemide significantly increased UVE. Torasemide significantly increased FE(Na+) and FE(Cl−) and showed a clear uricosuric effect. FRP showed slight natriuretic effects and behaved as a potassium-sparing diuretic. FRP significantly increased plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased plasma malondialdehyde equivalents. The antihypertensive effect of FRP in SHR can therefore be related with its diuretic and antioxidant properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Lagopsis supina (Steph. ex Willd.) Ikonn.-Gal. has been a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of blood stasis, inflammation, and diuresis. Moreover, Huo Xue Li Shui theory was an important TCM theory that used to treat many ailments. Nevertheless, the scientific connotation of this theory has not been clearly elucidated so far., Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to explore the scientific connotation of Huo Xue Li Shui with promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis (PBCRBS), anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects in trauma-induced blood stasis model (TBSM) rats, taking microporous adsorption resin with water (LSB) and 30% ethanol (LSC) elution fractions from L. supina as a classical demonstration., Materials and Methods: 48 rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 8/group): the control group, the model group, and model groups treatment with LSB or LSC. The biochemical parameters and protein expression were measured using kit method and Western blot assay, respectively., Results: Both LSB and LSC were effective in elevating body weight, food consumption, and water intake in model rats. In PBCRBS efficacy evaluation, LSB and LSC remarkably improved histopathological tissues. On the other hand, LSB and LSC prominently decreased the contents of plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate, thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen, thromboxane B2, thromboxane B2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), PAI-1/tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and PAI-1/u-PA, while significantly enhanced the contents of antithrombin III, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α, and t-PA. In parallel, LSB and LSC obviously down-regulated the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-8, and remarkably up-regulated the level of IL-10. In determining diuretic activities, LSB and LSC prominently elevated urinary excretion volume and the level of atriopeptin, and remarkably reduced the levels of angiotensin II, anti-diuretic hormone, aldosterone, aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP2, and AQP3. In addition, LSB and LSC clearly suppressed protein expressions of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3. Finally, LSB and LSC did not caused urinary pH, Na + , and Cl - electrolytes and had minor effects on K + and Ca 2+ concentrations., Conclusions: LSB and LSC exhibited prominent PBCRBS, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects in TBSM rats, thereby supported the traditional folk use of L. supina . This study successfully provided an experimental basis for the scientific connotation of Huo Xue Li Shui ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Aim of the study: Rumex abyssinicus Jacq (Polygonaceae) has been used traditionally for treatment of hypertension, inflammatory and painful conditions in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate the diuretic and analgesic activities of extracts of Rumex abyssinicus at different doses in mice. Materials and methods: The effect on urine volume and urinary electrolyte (Na+, K+ and Cl−) was assessed for a period of 5h following oral administration of aqueous (500mg/kg, 750mg/kg or 1000mg/kg) or 80% methanolic (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg or 750mg/kg) extract or furosemide (10mg/kg). Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were employed to study the analgesic effect of 80% methanolic extracts (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg or 1000mg/kg, P.O.) and compared with that of aspirin (100mg/kg, P.O.) or morphine (10mg/kg, sc). Results: The extracts displayed dose-dependent diuretic and analgesic effects. The highest doses of both extracts markedly and significantly increased (P <0.001) urine volume and urinary electrolytes, qualitatively similar to that of furosemide. 1000mg/kg of the extract reduced the number of writhing by 67.6% (P <0.001) and conferred more than 70% protection against thermally induced pain stimuli after 45min of treatment comparable to that of aspirin and morphine, respectively. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts exhibited significant diuretic and analgesic activities, providing evidence, at least in part, for its folkloric use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), which are important in prostanoid formation. The aim of this experimental study was to examine the effects of selective Cox-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, with or without furosemide, on urine and serum electrolytes, creatinine clearance, plasma renin activity (PRA), and Cox-2 expression in the renal cortex. Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups, group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4, and were treated with placebo, furosemide (20 mg/kg), rofecoxib (10 mg/kg) plus furosemide (12 mg/kg), and rofecoxib (10 mg/kg), respectively, and followed for 7 days. Body weights were measured daily. Urine osmolality and volume, and serum and urinary creatinine, sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) were measured. Renal cortical Cox-2 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemical method. Compared with groups 1 and 3, body weights were significantly reduced in groups 2 and 4 (16.2 and 19.8 g, respectively; P < 0.05 for all). Urine volume in group 2 increased significantly compared with groups 1, 3, and 4 ( P < 0.001, P < 0.008, and P < 0.004, respectively). Urine osmolality in group 2 decreased significantly compared with groups 1 and 3 ( P < 0.05 for all). Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and sodium, creatinine clearance, and 24-h urine Na+ and K+ levels were similar in all groups. Serum K+ level was lowest in group 2, and there was a statistically significant difference between groups 2 and 4 ( P < 0.05). Plasma renin activity was similar in all groups ( P > 0.05). Renal cortical Cox-2 protein expression was lowest in group 1 and was significantly different from the other groups ( P < 0.01 for all). The relationship between Cox-2 expression and plasma renin activity was not significant in any group ( P > 0.05, r2:0.05). Rofecoxib neutralized the diuretic effect of furosemide in rats treated with a combination of furosemide and rofecoxib. Renal cortical Cox-2 protein expressions due to furosemide and rofecoxib with or without furosemide were similar and significantly increased compared with controls. Renal failure due to rofecoxib did not developed in any rat, but selective Cox-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib, might have similar renal effects as nonselective nonsteroidal drugs for blunting the diuretic effect of furosemide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our experimental work was to formulate furosemide-containing rectal suppositories, to study drug release with in vitro membrane diffusion examinations and to increase drug liberation with the use of non-ionic surfactants (Solutol HS 15, Cremophor RH 60, Montanox 60 DF), which were incorporated in the suppository base in various concentrations. Suppocire AS2X proved to be the best suppository base (diffused drug: 69.78%). The use of 1% Cremophor RH 60 additive with the Witepsol H 15 base increased the quantity of the diffused drug from 62 to 75%. The membrane diffusion examinations were followed by studying the influence of suppository bases and additives exerted on the actual diuretic effect in Sprague–Dawley male rats. Once again the Suppocire AS2X suppository base gave the best results compared to the control; the quantity of the animals'' urine showed a fourfold increase. Used with the Witepsol H 15 base, even 1% of all the three additives resulted in a considerable increase of diuretic effect, so their use proved to be advantageous. The comparison of the membrane diffusion examinations with the in vivo diuretic effect reveals that in vitro drug release and the pharmacological effect usually showed the same tendency, that is a greater extent of in vitro furosemide release was associated with a greater quantity of rat urine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The pharmacodynamics and kinetics of single oral and intravenous doses of furosemide were studied in 9 patients (mean age 18.5 y) with cystic fibrosis. The diuretic effect of furosemide lasted for 6 h after oral administration and 2 h following intravenous injection of the drug. The patients with cystic fibrosis had a more pronounced diuretic response both to the oral and intravenous treatments than that reported in normals. Furosemide caused a marked decrease in urine pH for 5 h following the oral dose and between the 2nd and 3rd h after i.v. injection. The baseline nocturnal urine flow rate in 7 of the 9 patients given furosemide orally was increased by 30.6% compared to that reported in healthy subjects. The bioavailability of furosemide, its mean absorption rate and the mean plasma and urinary elimination half-lives both of the oral and the intravenous drug were similar to those reported in normal subjects. The patients with cystic fibrosis showed, however, about double normal mean total clearance after both the oral and i.v. treatments, and its renal clearance was almost half the plasma clearance. Nonrenal clearance was markedly increased in the patients, which agreed with a considerable decrease in the renal excretion of the drug. The mean apparent volume of distribution was also markedly increased compared to data in the literature. Oral furosemide resulted in a moderate increase in haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in 7 of 9 patients with cystic fibrosis and marked hypokalemia developed in 6 of the 9 patients 6 h after dosing. Pulmonary function tests performed at that time were changed in an inconsistent manner. The sweat test was significantly perturbed in those subjects, although the concentration of chloride in sweat did not fall below 60 mEq/l in any of the sweat samples tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]