15 results on '"Diwan, Vaibhav"'
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2. Composition and abundance of nitrifiers in engineered systems: Molecular and community ecology approaches
- Author
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Diwan, Vaibhav
- Abstract
Nitrifikationsprocessen er central i tekniske systemer til drikke- og spil-devandsbehandling på grund af dens nøglerolle i at fjerne ammonium. Ufuldstændig nitrifikation kan resultere i ammonium i det færdigtbe-handlede vand, hvilket kan udgøre sundhedsmæssige og miljømæssige risici. Derfor er det vigtigt at have effektive samfund af nitrificerende mikroorganismer, og flere undersøgelser har vist stor fylogenetisk og funktionel diversitet af nitrifikanter i tekniske systemer. Nitrificerende mikroorganismer grupperes som ammonium-oxiderende prokaryoter (AOP) og nitrit-oxiderende bakterier (NOB). AOP opdeles yderligere i kanonisk ammonium-oxiderende bakterier (AOB), fuldstændig ammo-nium-oxiderende bakterier (comammox) og ammonium-oxiderende ar-kæer (AOA). Mikrobiel diversitet og sammensætning er af central be-tydning i tekniske systemer, fordi diverse samfund kan rumme en større pulje af fysiologiske og genetiske træk, som giver dem kapacitet til at håndtere miljøændringer og som kan bidrage til, at systemet fungerer bedre. Udover kendskab til sammensætningen af hele det mikrobielle samfund, giver kendskab til de forskellige gruppers sammensætning og øko-fysiologi mulighed for at kunne tilføre mikrobielle økotyper, der er optimale i forhold til de givne tekniske systemers krav. Det er imidlertid stort set ukendt, hvad der styrer sammensætning af nitrificerende sam-fund i tekniske systemer. Historisk set har der været fokus på betyd-ningen af ”selektion” (dvs. fitness-forskelle imellem og indenfor mikro-bielle grupper), men nye udviklinger i samfundsøkologi omfatter pro-cesser som ”indvandring” og ”stokastisk vækst” ("neutrale" processer). Disse kan være relevante, idet både drikke- og spildevandsbehandling er åbne systemer, hvor det tilførte vand indeholder nitrificerende mikroor-ganismer. Det overordnede formål med dette ph.d.-projekt var at vurdere og im-plementere centrale molekylære og mikrobielle samfunds-økologiske fremgangsmåder til at beskrive hyppighed og sammensætning af nitrifi-cerende samfund for at identificere de parametre, der bestemmer deres sammensætning i tekniske syster til drikke- og spildevandsbehandling. For at kvantificere kanoniske AOB anvendes sædvanligvis qPCR, mål-rettet enten genet, der koder for ammonium monooxygenase enzymet (amoA) eller det specifikke gen for AOB 16S rRNA. Disse to frem-gangsmåder sammenholdes imidlertid sjældent, så det var uklart, om de er lige gode til at kvantificere hyppigheden af AOB. En sådan sammen-ligning, i naerverrende projekt, påviste, at uoverensstemmelserne skyld-tes forskel i selektiviteten for primer-par, kombineret med forskelle i sammensætningen af kanonisk AOB i vandværksbiofiltre. Derfor påpe-gede vi omhyggelighed ved udvælgelse af primersæt til at kvantificere kanoniske AOB, da resultaterne kan afhænge stærkt af den specifikke primer og sammensætningen af nitrificerende samfund. Dernæst forsøg-te jeg at udvikle nye primersæt (baseret på de tilgængelige nukleotid-sekvenser for amoA for kanoniske AOB, der skulle detektere de fleste AOB), som dækker de fleste AOB og som kopierer tilstrækkeligt store amplicon til at gøre dem egnede til både kvantificering (qPCR) og ana-lyse for fylogeni sammensætning (via amplicon sekventering). På grund af den store forskellighed mellem forskellige AOB-slægter anvendte jeg den primer-design-metode med maksimale dækning, hvilket succesfuldt genererede nye primersæt, der målrettet detekterede amoA med en bedre dækning end de i øjeblikket anvendte. Men disse primersæt viste uspe-cifikke bindinger i in vitro analysen. Derfor udvalgte jeg de mest egnede primersæt blandt allerede eksisterende primersæt for kanoniske AOB i resten af mit arbejde.Dernæst ønskede jeg at afklare, i hvilket omfang universel 16S rRNA-gen amplikon sekventering af samfund fra miljøet giver en nøjagtig be-skrivelse af de nitrificerende grupper. Jeg sammenlignede universal se-kventering af 16S rRNA-gen amplikon med sekventeringer målrettet de funktionelle gener (amoA AOB og nxrB Nitrospira (NOB)) for at vurde-re den relative hyppighed, diversitet og sammensætning af nitrificerende samfund. Den universelle sekventering af 16S rRNA-genet gav nøjagti-ge estimater af sammensætningen af nitrificerende samfund, samt af grupperede prøver i overensstemmelse med deres oprindelse. Den rela-tive hyppighed estimeret med de to tilgange var inden for ~ 1,2 størrel-sesordener, men med en målelig bias, som bør tages i betragtning ved sammenligning af estimater fra begge tilgange. Estimater af richness og diversitet er sandsynligvis begrænset af sekventeringsdybden. Samlet set fungerer den universelle tilgang godt, når de undersøgte mikrobielle grupper dominerer et givent miljø (fx Nitrospira i vandværksbiofiltre), eller når målet er at estimere den relative hyppighed af en mikrobiel gruppe.Endvidere sammenlignede jeg ”den neutrale samfundsmodel” (”the neu-tral community model”) (som tager hensyn til hyppigheden af tilstede-værelse og fravær af taxa) og differentierede hyppighedsbaserede frem-gangsmåder i deres evne til at identificere de udvalgte mikrobielle med-lemmer af de nitrificerende samfund i vandværker. Samlet set, forud-sagde ”den neutrale model” altid færre positivt udvalgte taxa i forhold til den differentierede hyppighedsbaserede tilgang. Den kombinerede hyppighed af udvalgte medlemmer af Nitrospira bidrog overvejende til den samlede hyppighed af Nitrospira på et af de undersøgte vandvær-ker, men ikke på det andet undersøgte vandværk. Dette antyder, at det mikrobielle samfund af Nitrospira på et vandværk var påvirket af neu-tral-processer, hvorimod neutralprocesser spillede en mindre rolle i for-hold til selektion på andre vandværker. Ved at påpege fordele og ulem-per ved begge metoder, foreslog jeg, at påvisning af selektion i mikrobi-elle samfund bør anvende en kombination af fremgangsmåder, der dæk-ker både hyppighed og mængden af taxa.Endelig anvendte jeg de evaluerede molekylære og mikrobielle sam-funds-økologiske metoder til at beskrive, hvorledes nitrificerende sam-fund i biofiltre på et fuldskala vandværk med funktionsfejl påvirkes, når ressourcebegrænsning fjernes. Vi påviste, at når kobberbegrænsning fjernes, ændredes den relative hyppighed af nitrificerende grupper uden der var effekt på den relative mængde af andre mikrobielle grupper eller potentielt patogene mikrober. Den relative hyppighed af Nitrosomonas steg med næsten en størrelses-orden, når kobberbegrænsningen blev fjernet. Den relative hyppighed af Nitrospira (inklusiv Comammox Nitrospira) steg også, men kun på et af anlæggene. Der blev heller ikke observeret ændringer i sammensætnin-gen af de nitrificerende grupper. Dette indikerer, at der ikke var nogen forskelle i fitness blandt de nitrificerende gruppemedlemmer. Tilsam-men indikerede resultaterne, at det er muligt at forbedre den biologiske stabilitet og ydelse af nøgleprocesser i komplekse mikrobielle samfund ved at påvirke hyppigheden af specifikke mikrobielle grupper ved se-lektiv næringsdosering, dvs. ved at fjerne elementær næringsbegræns-ning.Samlet set præsenterede dette ph.d.-projekt den første systematiske evaluering og implementering af molekylære og mikrobielle samfunds-økologiske måder til at beskrive specifikke mikrobielle (nitrificerende) samfundskomponenter og -processer, der driver deres forekomst i komplekse mikrobielle samfund i drikke- og spildevandsbehandlingssy-stemer. Nitrification is of central importance in engineered systems for drinking water production and wastewater treatment because of its key role in ammonium removal from these systems. Incomplete nitrification can lead to the release of ammonium residues in the finished water that can pose human and environmental health risks. Therefore, efficient drink-ing water and wastewater nitrifying community are of high importance. Several studies have revealed vast phylogenetic and functional diversity of nitrifier guilds in engineered systems. Nitrifiers are grouped as ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). AOP further consists of canonical ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). Microbial diversity and composition are of central importance in engineered systems because highly diverse com-munities can contain a greater pool of physiological and genetic traits which provide them the capacity to cope with environmental perturba-tions and ultimately contribute to better system performance. In addi-tion to the whole microbial community composition, knowing the con-tribution of guild members along with their compositional and ecophys-iological information can allow us to introduce preferred microbial eco-types as per the engineered system’s requirement. Yet, what controls nitrifiers composition in engineered systems is largely unknown. Histor-ically, the emphasis has been put on the role of selection (i.e. fitness dif-ference between and within the guilds) but new developments in com-munity ecology are available that include processes such as immigration and stochastic growth (‘neutral’ processes). This can be relevant be-cause drinking water and wastewater treatment systems are open sys-tems with influent water that contain nitrifiers. The overall aim of this Ph.D. project was to assess and implement key molecular and community ecology approaches for describing the abun-dance and composition of nitrifiers. Then, to identify the determinants of nitrifiers assembly in engineered systems for drinking water produc-tion and wastewater treatment.To quantify canonical AOB, researchers routinely employ qPCR target-ing ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene for canonical AOB or ca-nonical AOB specific 16S rRNA gene. However, these two approaches were not typically compared, and it was unclear whether they were equally good at estimating AOB abundance. In this comparison, incon-sistencies were found based on the difference in primer pair selectivity combined with the compositional differences of the canonical AOB in drinking water biofilters. Therefore, we suggested that the primer set selection for canonical AOB quantification should be carefully made as the results can be heavily primer and nitrifier composition dependent. Next, I attempted to develop new primer sets (based on the currently available amoA nucleotide sequence data for canonical AOB) that cover most AOB and amplify large enough amplicons to make them suitable for both quantifications (qPCR), and phylogenetic/compositional analysis (amplicon sequencing). Due to the large divergence between AOB genera, I utilized the maximum coverage degenerate primer design method and successfully generated new primer sets targeting amoA with better coverage than the ones presently used. But these primer sets showed unspecific amplification in the in-vitro analysis therefore, I choose the most suitable primer sets amongst the existing canonical AOB primers for the rest of my work. Next, I wanted to determine to which degree the universal 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of environmental communities provides an accurate description of nitrifying guilds. I compared universal 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to the functional gene (amoA AOB and nxrB Nitrospira (NOB)) based targeted sequencing approaches for assessment of nitrifiers relative abundance, diversity, and composition. The universal 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach provided accurate estimates of nitrifier composition and clustered samples consistently with their origin. It also provided relative abundance from the two ap-proaches within ~1.2 orders of magnitude of them, but with a measurable bias that should be considered when comparing estimates from both approaches. The richness and diversity estimations were found to be likely limited by the sequencing depth. Overall, the univer-sal approach works well when guilds of interest are dominant in an en-vironment (for example, Nitrospira in drinking water biofilters) or when the goal is to estimate guild relative abundance. Further, I compared the neutral community assembly model (which takes into account the frequency of presence and absence of taxa) and differential abundance based approaches in their ability to identify the selected members of the DWTP nitrifying community. Overall, the neu-tral model always predicted fewer positively selected taxa compared to the differential abundance based approach. The combined abundance of selected members of Nitrospira contributed majorly to the total abun-dance of Nitrospira for one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) but not the other, indicating that the Nitrospira community at one DWTP was largely neutrally assembled while at other DWTP neutral processes played a smaller role compared to selection. Highlighting the pros and cons of both methods I suggested that detection of selection in microbial communities should be addressed using a combination of approaches covering both frequency and abundance data of the taxa.Lastly, the evaluated molecular and community ecology methods were implemented for describing the effect of releasing resource limitation on nitrifying communities in malfunctioning full-scale drinking water biofil-ters. We showed that releasing copper limitation involved changes in the relative abundance between nitrifying guilds and had no effect on the relative abundance of other microbial guilds or potentially pathogenic microbes. Mainly, the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas increased by almost one order of magnitude upon releasing copper limitation. The relative abundance of Nitrospira (including comammox Nitrospira) also increased, but this was true for only one plant. Also, no changes within nitrifying guild composition were observed which indicated that there were no fitness differences amongst nitrifying guild members. Taken together these findings suggested that it is possible to enhance the biological stability and key process performance in complex microbial communities by influencing the abundance of specific microbial groups through selective nutrient dosing, i.e., by releasing elemental nutrient limitation.Overall, this Ph.D. project presented a first systematic evaluation and implementation of molecular and community ecology approaches for describing specific microbial (nitrifying) community constituents and processes driving their assembly in complex microbial communities in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems.
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- 2019
3. Copper-Induced Stimulation of Nitrification in Biological Rapid Sand Filters for Drinking Water Production by Proliferation of Nitrosomonas spp.
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Wagner, Florian B., primary, Diwan, Vaibhav, additional, Dechesne, Arnaud, additional, Fowler, S. Jane, additional, Smets, Barth F., additional, and Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, additional
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- 2019
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4. Copper-induced stimulation of nitrification in biological rapid sand filters for drinking water production by proliferation of Nitrosomonas spp.
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Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, Fowler, Jane, Smets, Barth F., Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, Fowler, Jane, Smets, Barth F., and Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen
- Abstract
Copper is a co-factor of the ammonia monooxygenase, an essential enzyme for the activity of ammonia oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP). Copper dosing at less than 1 µg/L stimulated ammonium removal in the poorly-nitrifying biological filters of three full-scale drinking water treatment plants. Upon copper dosing, the ammonium concentration in the effluent decreased from up to 0.18 to less than 0.01 mg NH4+-N/L. To investigate how copper dosing affected the filter microbial community, we applied amplicon sequencing and qPCR targeting key nitrifying groups, including complete ammonia oxidizing (comammox) Nitrospira. Copper dosing increased the abundance of different nitrifiers. Multiple Nitrosomonas variants (betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers), which initially collectively represented 1% or less of the total community, increased almost 10 fold. Comammox Nitrospira were abundant and increased too, but their relative abundance within the AOP decreased because of Nitrosomonas proliferation. No other consistent change in the filter communities was detected, as well as no adverse effect of copper on the filters functionality. Our results show that copper dosing in three independent plants was associated with consistent growth of AOP and that efficient nitrification was achieved through the joint contribution of comammox Nitrospira and an increasing fraction of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers.
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- 2019
5. Biofilm thickness controls the contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes in microbial community assembly
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Fowler, Jane, Torresi, Elena, Dechesne, Arnaud, Diwan, Vaibhav, Christensson, Magnus, Smets, Barth F., Fowler, Jane, Torresi, Elena, Dechesne, Arnaud, Diwan, Vaibhav, Christensson, Magnus, and Smets, Barth F.
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- 2018
6. Niche partitioning within genus Nitrospira is affected by environmental copper concentration
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Fowler, Jane, Dechesne, Arnaud, Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Diwan, Vaibhav, Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, Smets, Barth F., Fowler, Jane, Dechesne, Arnaud, Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Diwan, Vaibhav, Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, and Smets, Barth F.
- Abstract
Nitrification is a dominant process in groundwater-fed rapid sand filters (RSFs) used for drinking water purification. Near complete removal of ammonium and nitrite is required in the EU and Denmark due to strict regulatory limits that enable high water stability in the distribution system. Previous work has revealed that in poorly functioning filters, the addition of trace copper can increase the rate of nitrification, leading to increased removal of ammonium and nitrite to below regulatory limits. RSFs are a unique environment harboring diverse microbial communities including a range of nitrifying bacteria; Betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira; AOB), ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), diverse heterotrophs potentially capable of ammonia and/or nitrite oxidation and a large fraction of Nitrospira spp., recently shown to comprise both nitrite oxidizers and comammox Nitrospira spp.. This diversity points towards extensive niche partitioning within the nitrifying guild, and particularly within Nitrospira which generally comprises between 10 and 65% of the total filter community. Copper is a co-factor in the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme and is thus an essential and at times limiting nutrient in nitrifying environments. We sought to examine the effects of copper on niche partitioning within the genus Nitrospira in full-scale filters. Sand samples from the top of an after-filter that displayed incomplete ammonium oxidation at Nærum waterworks were taken prior to Cu dosing treatment and 4 months following the commencement of low-level Cu dosing (~ μg Cu L-1). Copper treatment had an immediate effect on nitrification, resulting in removal of ammonium and nitrite to below regulatory levels. DNA was extracted from sand samples and was subject to qPCR and amplicon based Illumina sequencing of Nitrospira nxrB (nitrite reductase B-subunit) and amoA genes using newly designed primers targeting clades A and B comammox. Quantitative PCR revealed that Cu a
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- 2017
7. Copper dosing enhances nitrification in biofilters treating groundwater
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Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Borch Nielsen, Peter, Diwan, Vaibhav, Boe-Hansen, Rasmus, Smets, Barth F., Dechesne, Arnaud, Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, Wagner, Florian Benedikt, Borch Nielsen, Peter, Diwan, Vaibhav, Boe-Hansen, Rasmus, Smets, Barth F., Dechesne, Arnaud, and Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen
- Published
- 2017
8. Linking nitrifiers diversity to the flux of their key resources
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Diwan, Vaibhav, Smets, Barth F., Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, Dechesne, Arnaud, Diwan, Vaibhav, Smets, Barth F., Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, and Dechesne, Arnaud
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- 2016
9. Ecological patterns of nitrifiers in the urban water cycle
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Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, Smets, Barth F., Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen, Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, Smets, Barth F., and Albrechtsen, Hans-Jørgen
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- 2016
10. Underestimation of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria abundance by amplification bias in amoA-targeted qPCR
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Dechesne, Arnaud, Musovic, Sanin, Palomo, Alejandro, Diwan, Vaibhav, Smets, Barth F., Dechesne, Arnaud, Musovic, Sanin, Palomo, Alejandro, Diwan, Vaibhav, and Smets, Barth F.
- Abstract
Molecular methods to investigate functional groups in microbial communities rely on the specificity and selectivity of the primer set towards the target. Here, using rapid sand filters for drinking water production as model environment, we investigated the consistency of two commonly used quantitative PCR methods to enumerate ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB): one targeting the phylogenetic gene 16S rRNA and the other, the functional gene amoA. Cloning-sequencing with both primer sets on DNA from two waterworks revealed contrasting images of AOB diversity. The amoA-based approach preferentially recovered sequences belonging to Nitrosomonas Cluster 7 over Cluster 6A ones, while the 16S rRNA one yielded more diverse sequences belonging to three AOB clusters, but also a few non-AOB sequences, suggesting broader, but partly unspecific, primer coverage. This was confirmed by an in silico coverage analysis against sequences of AOB (both isolates and high-quality environmental sequences). The difference in primer coverage significantly impacted the estimation of AOB abundance at the waterworks with high Cluster 6A prevalence, with estimates up to 50-fold smaller for amoA than for 16S rRNA. In contrast, both approaches performed very similarly at waterworks with high Cluster 7 prevalence. Our results highlight that caution is warranted when comparing AOB abundances obtained using different qPCR primer sets.
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- 2016
11. Widespread green algaeChlorellaandStichococcusexhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography
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Hodač, Ladislav, primary, Hallmann, Christine, additional, Spitzer, Karolin, additional, Elster, Josef, additional, Faßhauer, Fabian, additional, Brinkmann, Nicole, additional, Lepka, Daniela, additional, Diwan, Vaibhav, additional, and Friedl, Thomas, additional
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- 2016
- Full Text
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12. Underestimation of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria abundance by amplification bias in amoA ‐targeted qPCR
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Dechesne, Arnaud, primary, Musovic, Sanin, additional, Palomo, Alejandro, additional, Diwan, Vaibhav, additional, and Smets, Barth F., additional
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- 2016
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13. Diwan, Vaibhav
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Diwan, Vaibhav and Diwan, Vaibhav
- Published
- 2014
14. QPCR quantification of ammonia oxidizing bacteria: What should the target be?
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Musovic, Sanin, Palomo, Alejandro, Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, Smets, Barth F., Musovic, Sanin, Palomo, Alejandro, Diwan, Vaibhav, Dechesne, Arnaud, and Smets, Barth F.
- Abstract
Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) perform the first step of nitrification, a key step in the Nitrogen cycle in both natural and engineered systems. In addition to their well-known role in wastewater treatment, they are also essential in rapid sand filter at waterworks treating anaerobic groundwater for drinking water production. Being able to quantify precisely the abundance of this functional group is thus important to be able monitor these processes. AOB are moderately diverse Beta-Proteobacteria that all carry the amoA gene coding for the ammonia monooxigenase. Therefore, molecular quantification can be carried out by targeting either the 16S rRNA gene or amoA, for which standard primer sets are widely used. Using these two approaches to quantify AOB abundance across three Danish rapid sand filters (RSFs) revealed a significant discrepancy: in two RSFs, the amoA-based qPCR consistently yielded estimate ~50 fold lower than that obtained with the 16S one. We carried out cloning sequencing and coverage analysis of the primer sets to explain this observation. Result showed that the primer sets have an adequate specificity but differ in their coverage. In silico analysis indicated that the amoA primer set has a narrower coverage than the 16S rRNA one and thus led to an underestimation of AOB in RSFs hosting broad AOB diversity. This highlights the importance of the choice of primer set to quantify functional groups in environmental samples.
- Published
- 2014
15. Widespread green algae Chlorella and Stichococcus exhibit polar-temperate and tropical-temperate biogeography.
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Hodač L, Hallmann C, Spitzer K, Elster J, Faßhauer F, Brinkmann N, Lepka D, Diwan V, and Friedl T
- Subjects
- Antarctic Regions, Arctic Regions, Biofilms classification, Chlorella vulgaris genetics, Chlorophyta genetics, DNA, Ribosomal Spacer genetics, Ecosystem, Phylogeny, Phylogeography, Chlorella vulgaris classification, Chlorella vulgaris growth & development, Chlorophyta classification, Chlorophyta growth & development, Cold Climate
- Abstract
Chlorella and Stichococcus are morphologically simple airborne microalgae, omnipresent in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The minute cell size and resistance against environmental stress facilitate their long-distance dispersal. However, the actual distribution of Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species has so far been inferred only from ambiguous morphology-based evidence. Here we contribute a phylogenetic analysis of an expanded SSU and ITS2 rDNA sequence dataset representing Chlorella- and Stichococcus-like species from terrestrial habitats of polar, temperate and tropical regions. We aim to uncover biogeographical patterns at low taxonomic levels. We found that psychrotolerant strains of Chlorella and Stichococcus are closely related with strains originating from the temperate zone. Species closely related to Chlorella vulgaris and Muriella terrestris, and recovered from extreme terrestrial environments of polar regions and hot deserts, are particularly widespread. Stichococcus strains from the temperate zone, with their closest relatives in the tropics, differ from strains with the closest relatives being from the polar regions. Our data suggest that terrestrial Chlorella and Stichococcus might be capable of intercontinental dispersal; however, their actual distributions exhibit biogeographical patterns., (© FEMS 2016. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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