Search

Representing neither the glory of World War II, nor the anguish of the Vietnam War, the Korean War continues to occupy an obscure place in American history and culture. Similarly, those who fought in this conflict – including African Americans – have been overshadowed by the combatants who served before and after. Yet the Korean War was enormously significant, not least because it was the first conflict fought by a racially integrated American fighting force. For the first time, black and white soldiers ate, slept, and fought side by side. Films about the Korean War made during the 1950s explored this new racial dynamic. Focusing on the representation of African Americans in The Steel Helmet (1951) and Pork Chop Hill (1959), this article examines the ways in which screen representations both reflected and challenged popular attitudes regarding African American military service during the Korean War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional static tests of reading and reading-related skills offer some ability to predict future reading performance, though such screeners may misclassify children with or at risk of reading disorder (RD). Dynamic assessment (DA) is an alternative approach that measures learning potential and may be less dependent on learning background. A systematic review was carried out to examine the ability of DA to classify children with or at risk of RD. A database search yielded 14 eligible articles assessing DA of decoding, phonological awareness (PA), and working memory (WM). Results suggest that DA explains unique variance in the prediction of later RD status, and although models with a single dynamic predictor sometimes achieved good classification accuracy, this was enhanced somewhat by the addition of static predictors. Higher classification accuracy was found for DA targeting constructs more proximal to reading, particularly decoding, but the predictive power of DA of decoding and PA appeared to wane with increasing age as static measures explained more variance in outcomes. Some evidence emerged that DA provides benefits over static tests for the prediction of RD in bilingual students, though no studies examined outcomes by administration format or orthographic depth. Limitations and suggestions for future work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1967 and 1971, 280,000 US military personnel visited Sydney on 'Rest and Recreation' (R&R) leave from the conflict in Vietnam. During the period in which the R&R program was being negotiated, Australian authorities, along with correspondents to daily newspapers, worried that the presence of large numbers of 'cashed-up' Americans would see the public repudiate the R&R scheme, the war and the relationship with the United States. These concerns proved largely unfounded as a majority of Australians welcomed the visiting Americans as both the human face of an alliance deemed critical to the nation's security and a return of a 'long lost friend' from World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The story of Lieutenant Leon Gilbert—a Black United States Army officer court-martialed during the Korean War—challenged the United States’ self-declared postwar mission to free oppressed peoples across the world, while continuing to subjugate African Americans at home. Although many critics judged Gilbert’s refusal to return to battle as an act of cowardice, others viewed him as a victim, and even a hero. The Gilbert case revealed that although African Americans were ostensibly making progress in the newly desegregated United States military, the fight for racial justice continued to be impeded by white Americans’ perceptions of Black inadequacy. Amidst a war purportedly being fought for principles of democracy and freedom, Gilbert’s court martial highlighted the connection between American racism and United States foreign policy, as Black military personnel became scapegoats for their nation’s military failures. The prosecution and persecution of Gilbert thus exposed the tension between American rhetoric and American racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African American interest and presence in Australia during the Pacific War was a significant if largely forgotten aspect of a conflict in which racial and colonial issues loomed large. Linking domestic and international manifestations of white supremacy, Black leaders compared Australian racism to segregationist practices in the American South and elsewhere. Arguing that the White Australia Policy contradicted the democratic principles for which the United States and its allies claimed to be fighting, they condemned Australia as a "bulwark of white supremacy." Yet, the African American critique of White Australia was marked by contradictions, as Black Americans betrayed an underlying acceptance of many of the civilizationist assumptions embedded in European colonialism—including in Britain's White dominions. By examining this neglected aspect of the twentieth-century transnational struggle against racism and colonialism and exploring the complex intersection of race, nationality, and class that shaped the struggle, this article develops our understandings of the emerging contest against white supremacy that was provoked by global war and the rising tide of anticolonialism that transformed the postwar world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children learning English as an additional language (EAL) are a growing population of learners in English primary schools. These children begin school with differing levels of English language proficiency and tend to underperform in relation to their non‐EAL peers on measures of English oral language and reading. However, little work has examined the developmental trajectories of these skills in EAL learners in England. EAL learners and 33 non‐EAL peers in Year 4 (age 8–9 years) were assessed at three time points over 18 months on measures of oral language (vocabulary, grammar and listening comprehension), phonological processing (spoonerisms and rapid automatised naming) and reading skills (single‐word decoding and passage reading). At t1, EAL learners scored significantly lower than non‐EAL peers in receptive and expressive vocabulary (breadth but not depth), spoonerisms and passage reading accuracy. Contrary to previous research, no significant group differences were found in listening or reading comprehension skills. With the exception of passage reading accuracy, there was no evidence for convergence or divergence between the groups in rate of progress over time. After three years of English‐medium classroom instruction, EAL learners continue to underperform relative to their non‐EAL peers in breadth of English vocabulary knowledge. This discrepancy in vocabulary knowledge does not appear to narrow as a result of regular classroom instruction in the run up to the final stages of primary school, pinpointing vocabulary as a key target for intervention. Highlights: What is already known about this topicChildren learning EAL in England tend to underperform in relation to their non‐EAL peers in vocabulary knowledge, grammar and reading comprehension but not single‐word reading or passage reading accuracy.Attainment gaps between EAL learners and monolingual peers close gradually over the course of compulsory education, although reading attainment gaps remain by age 16. What this paper addsEAL learners exhibit significantly lower levels of English vocabulary breadth and passage reading accuracy but not vocabulary depth, listening comprehension or reading comprehension.In this study, the magnitude of group differences was reduced relative to previous work, potentially as a result of socio‐economic status and EAL learners' exposure to English.Where EAL learners underperform, there is no evidence that they make a significantly faster rate of progress over time than their non‐EAL peers. Similar developmental trajectories may serve to sustain group differences in primary education. Implications for theory, policy or practiceMere exposure to classroom teaching may not be a sufficient means of ensuring the English language proficiency (particularly vocabulary) of EAL learners, potentially impeding access to more challenging aspects of the National Curriculum.Breath of vocabulary knowledge may represent one particularly pertinent target for explicit classroom instruction for EAL learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many children learning English as an additional language (EAL) possess lower levels of English vocabulary knowledge relative to their non-EAL English-speaking peers. Longitudinal work suggests that this group discrepancy does not decrease markedly over time as a result of regular classroom teaching. Twelve EAL learners with English vocabulary weaknesses took part in a low-intensity, 10-week vocabulary intervention. Working one-to-one with speech and language therapy students, children took part in weekly activities designed to promote receptive and productive knowledge of 20 target words within the Tier-2 vocabulary category. When assessed on a bespoke word knowledge assessment, children made statistically significant gains between pretest and posttest in both receptive and productive knowledge of taught words, and maintained this knowledge six months later. Multi-component explicit vocabulary instruction offering opportunities for active engagement and discussion is thus presented as one potentially effective means of promoting the Tier-2 vocabulary knowledge of EAL learners in primary school in England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on abolitionist Stephen Symonds Foster's anti-slavery rhetoric in the United States during the Civil War. Critique of the anti-abolitionist clergy in his 1843 publication 'The Brotherhood of Thieves'; Foster's view of slavery as an intrinsic evil; Theory and practice of Foster's reformism; Alternative view of Foster's contributions to abolitionism.

Abstract For the general public to use hydrogen as a vehicle fuel, they must be able to handle hydrogen with the same degree of confidence as conventional liquid and gaseous fuels. For refuelling hydrogen cars, hydrogen is stored at high pressures up to 700 bar. The hazards associated with jet releases from accidental leaks of such highly pressurized storage must be considered since a jet release and dispersion can result in a fire or explosion. Therefore, it is essential to understand the dispersion characteristics of hydrogen to determine the extent of the flammable cloud when released from a high-pressure source. These parameters are very important in the establishment of the safety distances and sizes of hazardous zones. This paper describes the work done by us in modelling of dispersion of accidental releases of hydrogen, using the FRED (Fire Explosion Release Dispersion) software. The dispersion module in FRED is validated against experimental data available in the open literature for steady release and dispersion of cold and ambient hydrogen gas. The validation is performed for a wide range of hole sizes (0.5–4 mm), pressure (1.7–400 bar) and temperature (50–298 K). The model predictions of hydrogen gas jet velocity, concentration decay as a function of distance as well as radial concentration distribution are in good agreement with experiments. Overall, it is concluded that FRED can accurately model accidental release and dispersion of hydrogen in unconfined and open configurations. Highlights • The dispersion module in FRED is validated against experimental data. • Validation is performed for a wide range of hole sizes, pressure and temperature. • Model predictions of hydrogen gas jet velocity, concentration decay as a function of distance. • FRED modelling validation results are in good agreement with experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late 1960s a powerful myth developed in the United States that Vietnam veterans were spat on when they returned home. A parallel myth survives in Australia with widespread claims that paint or even blood was routinely thrown at returning soldiers. In a 1966 incident, red paint was thrown on Lieutenant Colonel Alex V. Preece as he led the First Battalion through Sydney. The Australian myth remains central to perceptions of Australian Vietnam veterans as despised outsiders and feeds into contemporary demands that Australians support their soldiers and the wars in which they are involved. This paper explores connections between cultural politics in the Unites States and Australia, particularly as they pertain to the contentious legacies of the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergent economies of East Asia have shown remarkably resilience to the financial crisis that the global system has experienced since 2007. This contrasts markedly with the vulnerability to financial contagion that they exhibited during the 1997-8 Asian crisis. It is argued that East Asian resilience is the result of the bitter lessons of 1997-8 . Subsequent policies have been conditioned by the memory of the earlier crisis and the fear of another one. This has led in particular to reform in the banking sectors, and the development of self -insurance through the accumulation of national reserves and the establishment of regional funds. Overall, there has been a general development of the capacity necessary to respond rapidly to events, a marked contrast to the near policy paralysis that such economies as Indonesia and Thailand exhibited in 1997-8. The lessons of 1997-8 have been reinforced since 2007 and are leading emergent East Asia towards patterns of growth driven increasingly by domestic and regional demand, reducing their dependence on the rest of the global system and the West in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care disparities in rural areas remain significant in the U.S. health care industry. Uncompensated care makes health care disparities in rural areas worse, and rural hospitals are unfavorably positioned to compete with urban hospitals in the economic-downturn marketplace. How uncompensated care affects quality care among rural hospitals has been lightly investigated. Given that many rural residents experience difficulty accessing high quality care and given the importance of establishing quality care practice standards in a rural setting, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify some quality-care barriers and opportunities and suggested strategies to strengthen the position of rural hospitals in response to uncompensated care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the regional economic and cultural significance of the Kokoda Trail in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The Australian mining company Frontier Resources was denied a renewal license for its mineral exploration in an area of PNG known as the Kodu Deposit, close to the Kokoda Trail. The Australian government was believed to have played a role in the decision due to the cultural and economic significance of the Kokoda Trail to Australians. According to the author the decision to deny the license renewal may have hurt the economic interests of the people of PNG and may have been the result, in part, of Australia's colonial attitude towards PNG. The author notes that the debate that ensued raises questions about whether the Australian government or PNG owns the Kokoda trail.

The dominant American social movement scholarship has become detached from the concerns of actual social movements. But the dramatic growth of social movement activity in recent years, especially the global justice movement, is creating the conditions for an emerging new direction in social movement scholarship which prioritizes the relevance of such work to the movements themselves. A problem in the current social movement literature is that the different schools of thought tend to overemphasize particular variables and pit them against one another. Rather than simply seeking to emphasize a different variable in the lifecycle of a social movement, a movement-relevant approach has the potential to transcend these schisms (such as structure versus culture). At the same time, this approach does not categorically reject earlier theoretical perspectives, but instead seeks to glean what is most useful for movements from these earlier works. Likewise, this emergent direction entails a dynamic engagement with the research and theorizing already being done by movement participants. In this paper, we explore this growing convergence of movement-relevant scholarship, identifying the academic work being used by movement participants as well as the analysis taking place within the movements themselves, with a particular focus on the global justice movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Thailand, IMF prescriptions attached to rescue loans in 1997 caused a rapid relaxation of the regulations that had prevented majority foreign ownership of Thai registered companies, followed by a large-scale inflow of foreign M & A investment into Thai companies. However, available evidence suggests that the overall level of foreign control remains limited, reflecting ownership patterns and business practice, reinforced by the limited reforms in legal and corporate governance and the support of the domestic sector by officials and politicians. In countries like Thailand that remain heavily dependent on international funding, such resistance to reform may prove costly for the corporate sector and the wider national economy and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the transitional economies (TEs) in Eastern Europe and Pacific Asia have brought a new dimension to the development debate. Initially, events in Eastern Europe were depicted as confirming that there was no viable alternative to the market economy and the neoliberal perspective on development. However, the transition in Eastern Europe has proved to be a complex and problematic process, with recurrent economic and political crises and a wide range of situations and trajectories. More significantly, in Pacific Asia the Asian transitional economies (ATEs) of Vietnam and the People's Republic of China (PRC) have experienced high rates of economic growth and large-scale inflows of investment with programmes of limited and gradual reform. These have taken place in the context of the continuation of single party rule, high levels of state intervention and significant direct control of production through the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Economic growth has been heavily concentrated in and around the state sectors. It is argued that a significant proportion of the growth has resulted from the party-states' promotion of growth, establishment of incentives and encouragement of more localized activity. However, the changes set in motion by rapid growth and reform have started to undermine the developmental effectiveness of the party-state systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the experiences of Afro-Americans with Australians from 1942 to 1945. Conceptions of race in 1942 notions of Australian nationalism and identity; Interpretations of the experiences of Afro-Americans in wartime Australia; Treatment of Afro-Americans stationed in Australia.

Presents a study that examined the issues of resistance to globalization and the decomposition of the central state in Vietnam. Information on economic growth and reform in Vietnam; Effects of the 1997 Pacific Asian crisis on the economy; Development of localized alliances and forms of economic activity.

The 1997-98 Pacific Asian crises have left most established interpretations of the region's long-term growth in serious disarray. This paper begins the task of reinterpreting Pacific Asian economic growth through, in particular, an examination of the Thai experience. It is argued that, while Thailand's growth from the early 1960s was associated with the least interventionist state in Pacific Asia, by international standards there were high levels of price distortion. From the late 1970s changed circumstances reduced both the level and, more significantly, the effectiveness of the Thai developmental state. These developments, while playing a role in the sustaining of the Kingdom's rapid growth and structural change during the period 1986-96 also made the Kingdom extremely vulnerable to financial disruption. It is suggested that the Thai situation has wider application in seeking to understand Pacific Asian growth in general and the 1997-98 crisis in particular. This leads to a questioning of the IMF neoliberal-based interpretations of Pacific Asian growth and the prescriptions for dealing with the crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiocular defect has been described in different canine breeds, including the Old English Sheepdog. Affected dogs typically present with multiple and various ocular abnormalities. We carried out whole genome sequencing on an Old English Sheepdog that had been diagnosed with hereditary cataracts at the age of five and then referred to a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist due to owner-reported visual deterioration. An ophthalmic assessment revealed that there was bilateral vitreal degeneration, macrophthalmos, and spherophakia in addition to cataracts. Follow-up consultations revealed cataract progression, retinal detachment, uveitis and secondary glaucoma. Whole genome sequence filtered variants private to the case, shared with another Old English Sheepdog genome and predicted to be deleterious were genotyped in an initial cohort of six Old English Sheepdogs (three affected by multiocular defect and three control dogs without evidence of inherited eye disease). Only one of the twenty-two variants segregated correctly with multiocular defect. The variant is a single nucleotide substitution, located in the collagen-type gene COL11A1, c.1775T>C, that causes an amino acid change, p.Phe1592Ser. Genotyping of an additional 14 Old English Sheepdogs affected by multiocular defect revealed a dominant mode of inheritance with four cases heterozygous for the variant. Further genotyping of hereditary cataract-affected Old English Sheepdogs revealed segregation of the variant in eight out of nine dogs. In humans, variants in the COL11A1 gene are associated with Stickler syndrome type II, also dominantly inherited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]