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A valued goal of Higher Education is the furthering of students' ability to monitor and regulate their performance. When exemplars are purposefully integrated into teaching they have the potential to cultivate knowledge and skills that develop this ability. As the voices of educators have been largely silent in exemplar-focused studies, the current study sought to canvas educators' views about why and how they use exemplars. This paper draws on data from 44 educators who responded to prompts in a Likert-scale survey and 14 educators who completed individual interviews. Findings identified three explicit and one implicit reason for using exemplars, with educators using these tools in ways that facilitate realization of each purpose. Educators appeared to hold an implicit expectation that as a consequence of working with exemplars, students would inevitably apply insights gained to their own work. Further, educators did not make any explicit reference to using exemplars to develop student self-monitoring or self-regulation. We concluded the full potential of exemplars can only be realized when educators acknowledge self-regulation as the overarching rationale informing use, and use exemplars alongside works-in-progress with the intention of facilitating the transfer of evaluative and productive knowledge and skills to current and future tasks.

Self-efficacious teachers are critical in the development of students' positive attitudes towards science and scientific literacy yet to date little attention has been given to studies of experienced teachers of primary science and development of their self-efficacy (SE) beliefs. The aim of this study was to explore how two experienced teachers of primary science built their SE beliefs and outcome expectancy. Bandura's (1977) SE framework provided the conceptual lens to understand participants' experiences and beliefs. Findings suggest that teachers' SE beliefs had developed over time, creating a foundation for a strong expectancy outcome. Each of the sources of influence made a significant contribution to their beliefs about their science teaching capability and the value of science. Seemingly, their strong outcome expectancy enabled them to be persistent and resilient, overcoming challenges as they arose. We argue that a strong expectancy outcome is necessary to ensure SE does not weaken over time.

Background: To address concerns that healthy weight and lifestyle campaigns (HWLCs) could have unintended psychological or behavioral consequences, this study tested reactions to TV advertisements from two HWLCs--"LiveLighter"® (employs graphic health effects messaging) and "Swap It Don't Stop It" (employs animation and light-hearted messaging). Methods: An online between-subjects experiment tested reactions to one of five advertisements: "Toxic Fat"; "Sugary Drinks" (both from "LiveLighter"); "Become a Swapper"; "How to Swap It" (both from "Swap It"); and "HSBC Bank" (control) among 2,208 adults from Western Australia and Victoria, Australia. Responses assessed were cognitive and emotional reactions, behavioral intentions, internalized weight bias, antifat attitudes, self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Results: The HWLC advertisements prompted favorable cognitive reactions and weak to neutral positive and negative emotional responses. HWLC advertisements promoted stronger intentions to engage in adaptive lifestyle behaviors compared with the control advertisement. Intention to engage in maladaptive behaviors (e.g., skipping meals) was low overall and did not differ by condition. Compared with the control condition, participants who saw "LiveLighter" "Sugary Drinks" showed weaker disagreement with antifat attitudes; however, mean antifat attitude scores were still at the low end of the scale. HWLC advertisements did not promote internalized weight bias, reduced self-esteem or body dissatisfaction compared with the control advertisement. Conclusions: Overall, HWLC advertisements performed favorably compared with the control advertisement and showed no clear evidence of adverse impacts. Findings suggest HWLC advertisements may not promote negative psychological and behavioral consequences and can continue to be used in obesity prevention efforts.

The LiveLighter® 2016 'Junk Food' campaign ran for 5 weeks in Western Australia (WA) and urged adults to reduce their junk food consumption to avoid weight gain and associated chronic disease. A cohort design assessed campaign impact on knowledge, beliefs and behaviour. Pre-campaign (n = 1501) and post-campaign (n = 737) telephone surveys of WA adults aged 25-49 were undertaken. A post-campaign-only sample (n = 501) controlled for pre-test effects. The campaign reached 57% of respondents and increased knowledge of the link between overweight and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (78% cf. 87%; P < 0.01). Following campaign activity, respondents were more likely to avoid purchasing food from settings depicted in the advertisements (fast food outlets: 63% cf. 77%; service stations: 82% cf. 93%; vending machines: 87% cf. 96%; all P < 0.001), particularly among pre-campaign consumers of fast food and salty snacks ([less than or equal to]2 times/week). Weight-loss self-efficacy increased among adults with higher body weight and campaign exposure (89% cf. 97%; P < 0.01), and there was no increased endorsement of overweight stereotypes among the full sample. Support for fiscal disincentives and nutritional disclosure policies increased among healthy weight adults. LiveLighter® positively influenced knowledge, beliefs and behaviours, along with attitudes towards policies to encourage healthy eating, supporting LiveLighter® as an advocacy campaign.

Skin cancer prevention efforts in Australia have increasingly incorporated a focus on protection during incidental sun exposure. This complements the long-present messages promoting protection in high-risk settings and avoidance of acute intense bouts of sun exposure. Data from two waves of a cross-sectional direct observational survey was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of N = 12,083 adolescents' and adults' sun protection behavior (arm and leg cover, hat, sunglasses, and shade cover). Individuals were observed in public outdoor settings in Melbourne, Australia during peak ultraviolet (UV) times (11 a.m.-3 p.m.) on summer weekends. Settings included pools and beaches, parks and gardens, and for the first time in 2018, outdoor streets and cafés which may capture more incidental forms of sun exposure and represent another public setting where Australians commonly spend time outdoors. Females and older adults were consistently better protected than males and adolescents. Physical activity was strongly associated with low shade cover across settings. Weather was more strongly associated with sun protection at outdoor streets/cafes and parks/gardens than at pools/beaches but use of observed sun protection (particularly arm cover and covering hat) was low across settings. Continued public education about UV risk and its relation to weather and the seasons is needed to promote the routine use of multiple forms of sun protection during outdoor activities in peak UV times, especially among males and adolescents. Findings also highlight the importance of considering activity demands of public spaces in shade planning to optimize sun protection during outdoor activities in public spaces.

: Objective: To examine active school travel trends and predictors among Australian secondary school students (aged 12–17) between 2009 and 2018. Methods: Three cross‐sectional surveys (2009‐10: N=13,790; 2012‐13: N=10,309; and 2018: N=9,102) using a web‐based self‐report questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to identify differences in active travel (to and/or from school every weekday) between survey years and predictors. Results: From 2009‐10 to 2012‐13 to 2018, active travel decreased from 33.6% to 32.3% to 29.5% among females, and from 37.4% to 36.6% to 32.6% among males. Distance, female sex and regional location were associated with a lower likelihood of active travel. Students with pocket money, those who spoke a language other than English at home, and Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander students were more likely to actively travel. Conclusions: Between 2009‐10 and 2018, active school travel among secondary students in Australia declined. Several factors were found to be associated with active travel. Implications for public health: This is the first national study on active travel trends among secondary students in Australia. The recent decline requires action given the increasing prevalence of overweight and climate change., Physical activity has important health benefits for children, including reducing overweight/obesity and depression and increasing bone mineral density.[sup.1] Active school transport, or active travel between destinations by walking, cycling or [...]

This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of misperceptions about the healthiness of alcohol products carrying common health-oriented marketing cues and the relative importance of the type (versus amount) of alcohol consumed in contributing to health risks. Data were from a 2022 cross-sectional national population survey. Australian adults (18–65 years) who consumed alcohol in the past year (n  = 1960) reported their agreement with statements that a selection of health-oriented marketing cues meant an alcohol product was 'better for you' and rated the importance of the type and amount of alcohol consumed in causing health risks. The majority of participants misperceived the type of alcohol to be at least as important as the amount in causing health risks (61%) and misperceived at least one health-oriented marketing cue as meaning a product was 'better for you' (75%). Misperceptions about low sugar, calorie and carbohydrate; and preservative-free claims (46–56%) were most common. Misperceptions about natural, organic, vegan, low sugar, low calorie, gluten-free and seltzer cues were less prevalent among older (45–65 years) than young adults (18–24 years, PR = 0.27–0.86). A lower proportion of women (compared to men) held misperceptions about vegan (PR = 0.66) and gluten-free claims (PR = 0.78), but a higher proportion held misperceptions about low sugar claims (PR = 1.13). There were also variations by socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption, education and regional/metropolitan location. Misperceptions about health-oriented marketing of alcohol are widespread. Further regulation of permissible alcohol marketing content is needed, but until then, differences in misperceptions between population segments may inform targeted health promotion efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a special issue of the Journal of Ancient History, "Social Biographies of the Ancient World." It serves as response paper whose purpose is to identify a core question underlying the three case studies in this special issue: does Bourdieu's field theory help us to understand how people made decisions in the ancient world, given that its predictive capabilities will necessarily be limited by the information we have? To explore this question, the idea of "using theory" as a method is engaged, comparing premodern applications of Bourdieu's core concepts to the limits of the scientific "theory of evolution." A brief assessment of the strengths of the case studies in this special issue is followed by an articulation of several resulting take-aways: (i) the value of the concepts of field, capital, and habitus in focusing on our data and its limits, rather than academic ideologies; (ii) the importance of articulating each scholarly assumption explicitly as we apply these concepts; (iii) the recognition that we can use Bourdieu to reveal new interpretive possibilities but not to fill in missing data; and (iv) the productive assumption that each text from the ancient world was the result of an actor(s) leveraging their capital in order to negotiate their perceived optimal position within a field. Together these points illustrate the utility of this issue's systematic approach to the application of Bourdieu's field theory in the study of the ancient world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we focus on how an experiential based approach to teacher learning about assessment for learning (AfL) provided opportunities for teachers to examine: their deep-seated beliefs about effective learning (and teaching); how these beliefs permeated their day-to-day actions and interactions with students, and the consequence of these actions and interactions for student learning. It also pays attention to how teacher self-efficacy in the use of various AfL strategies was developed through a heightened awareness of the beneficial effects of these strategies on teachers' own learning in particular.

While it is argued that use of rubrics and exemplars has the potential to develop students' ability to distinguish quality, make evaluative judgments and take productive action, few studies have directly investigated the latter. To address this gap the current study employed classroom observations, eight focus groups interviews with 18 students and the collection of teaching-learning artefacts to investigate how two teacher educators and their students used rubrics and exemplars. Data analysis yielded two themes. The first theme spoke to a series of inter-connected supports deliberately set in place to foster and utilize students' evaluative and productive knowledge and skill. The second theme highlighted ways in which students compared understandings from in-class experiences with exemplars and rubrics to works-in-progress, bringing the latter closer to the expected standard of achievement. These findings provide an authentic picture of student engagement with rubrics and exemplars and offer insights into ways in which they applied evaluative and productive knowledge and skills to works-in-progress. It was concluded that the ways in which these tools were used not only supported development of students' evaluative and productive knowledge and skill, they played a key role in stimulating task related self-monitoring and self-regulation.

Postgraduate study provides teachers with opportunities to become critical consumers of research as well as generators of their own knowledge, enabling them to fulfil the mandate of teaching being a research informed and evidenced based profession (Robinson, 2003). This article pays attention to 18 practicing teachers' reasons for undertaking a master's degree and the type of workplace support offered during their enrolment. Findings suggest that teachers' reasons for undertaking academic study were very much tied to their perceptions of what it means to be a teacher and how teaching and learning can be improved. As such teachers' professional identity seemed to reflect the discourse of teaching as a complex and professional activity. Such an identity seemed contradictory to those of many of their workplace colleagues and senior managers who provided the teachers with subtle messages regarding the importance and value of study and research to teachers' professional practice.

If feedback is to be framed as purposeful dialogue then both students and teachers have significant roles to play. Students must be willing and able to provide feedback to teachers not only about their learning needs but also about the teaching they experience. In turn, teachers must create the conditions that support active student learning and disclosure. It is against this backdrop that the current interpretive, qualitative research was carried out. Set within the final year of secondary schooling in New Zealand (Year 13) this paper draws on data generated from two semi-structured, focus group interviews. It provides insights into 14 students' perspectives about the role feedback plays in the enhancement of their learning, the kinds of experiences and interactions needed to support their disclosure of learning needs and the dispositions teachers need to exhibit to create a trustful, mutually respectful environment.

Academic self-efficacy is critical to academic success. Hence those working in higher education need to make deliberate and substantial attempts to foster academic competence, confidence, persistence and resilience in the students they teach, given they are essential components of academic self-efficacy. Addressing an identified gap in the exemplars literature, this article pays particular attention to how exemplars can be used in an embedded and sustained manner with the intent of fostering and supporting these components. Taking into account the three dimensions of self-efficacy -- strength, magnitude and generality -- and the various sources of information students draw upon to make judgements about their capabilities, four inter-dependent and inter-related practices and associated experiences are identified. We argue that collectively these practices and experiences can accentuate the positive effects and ameliorate the potential negative effects of exemplar use on student academic self-efficacy.

Supervision is intrinsic to institutional-based research projects as it acts as a catalyst for the successful execution and completion of said projects. If students are to be independent in research and learning, they need to experience a supervision approach that supports their engagement in learning dialogues alongside their supervisors. This article explored undergraduate research supervision in a Malaysian university. Data were collected using individual, semi-structured interviews with students and supervisors. Findings indicated that undergraduate supervision was perceived and practised as a traditional, supervisor-centric process. The paper argues that a psy-supervision approach which focuses on the academic and pastoral aspects of supervision is catalytic to producing independent and active students in research and learning

Objective: Some claims on alcohol labels highlight virtuous aspects of brands or products, including in health-, eco-, and cause-oriented domains (including charity partnerships, or ethical or humanitarian certifications). This virtue marketing may create a "halo" whereby consumers generalize from specific attributes to a more favorable overall appraisal of the product, brand, or even alcohol or the alcohol industry in general. This study aims to describe the prevalence of and trends over time in virtue marketing on the packaging of new alcohol (including lower- and zero-alcohol) products on the Australian market. Method: Records of 4,024 new alcohol products released in Australia between 2013 and 2023 were extracted from Mintel Global New Products Database. Health-, eco-, and cause-oriented claims on packaging were summarized across product types and time, and co-occurrence between claims was assessed. Results: Virtue marketing appeared on 36.5% of new alcohol products, of which health-oriented claims were most common (32.5%), followed by eco- (6.3%) and cause-oriented claims (2.0%). The prevalence of each claim category and virtue marketing overall significantly increased over time (each p < .001) and varied by product type. New alcohol products displayed as many as eight different types of claims, and all claims tended to co-occur with at least two others. Conclusions: Virtue marketing is prevalent on new alcohol products in Australia and has recently increased. Although product packaging can provide useful consumer information, health-, eco-, and cause-oriented claims may exploit consumers' motivation to make healthy, sustainable, and socially responsible choices despite alcohol being detrimental in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) account for a significant proportion of sugar in the diet of children and are directly associated with obesity in this group. While there have been many studies on adolescent SSB consumption, few studies have examined the predictors of SSB consumption in primary-school-aged children. The aim of this study was to understand the degree to which a child's consumption across a range of beverages is influenced by their own attitudes and by their parents' attitudes and parents' consumption behaviours. Methods: A survey of 1611 Australian parent–child dyads asked children (aged 4–11) and their parents to rate a variety of drinks in terms of healthiness, taste, and cost and indicate the amount of these drinks consumed in a typical week. Zero-inflated regression analyses were conducted to identify the strength of association between children's weekly beverage consumption, their perceptions of each beverage, their parents' perceptions, and their parents' weekly beverage consumption. Results: Parental consumption of a specific beverage was the strongest predictor of child consumption of that beverage, more so than the children's perceptions of the beverage. Conclusions: These findings provide insights for developing parent and child education programmes to reduce SSB consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]