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By bringing to light the importance of the body and feminine expressive agency in the writing of Théophile Gautier, Charles Baudelaire and Stéphane Mallarmé, this dissertation makes a case for dance as a key locus of modernity in nineteenth century French literary history. Each of these poets was challenged by the question of how to represent the dancer as an embodied being. My study works through the entanglement of images, figures of speech and fantasies centering on dance in these poets’ works, through which each of these writers confronts and responds to changing aspects of the modern world. In particular, I am interested in moments in which the dancer is neither idealized nor denigrated, but rather a powerful symbol of movement, agency and embodiment. How does the autonomy and resistance of the female dancing body inspire the poetics of these writers? In addition, how can a critical emphasis on feminine artistry and agency through the figure of the dancer help us better understand these male authors’ relationship to gender and femininity? I will propose that these authors’ writings were not purely misogynistic and dismissive of the feminine; rather, each was forced to grapple with the dancer’s autonomy and individuality. Finally, this study seeks to reaffirm the importance of each author’s interest in the body and bodily experience, challenging a literary history that has often characterized the poetics of these writers as disembodied and disengaged.

Prepared within Work Package 2, this report focuses on housing solutions for refugees and beneficiaries of international protection status in France, delivered under the H2020 project MERGING—Integration for Migrants. The main objectives of this report are to: • Map the actions, scope, actors and resources involved in the access to housing for refugees • Portrait refugees’ needs and households • Provide recommendations to associative, private and public stakeholders Our report describes the actions engaged to favor refugees’ access to housing in two French metropoles: Lyon and Rennes. Our study highlighted the existence of three different types of actions: actions impulsed by the gouvernement (top-down), actions developed by local actors and implemented at the national level (down-up) and actions developed by local actors and implemented at the local level (horizontal). We point the limits of the current system, segregating people based on their perceived desirability and autonomy as well as on their age and gender. Our report describes the multilevel governance existing regarding refugees’ access to housing in Lyon and Rennes. Based on Czischke (2018) multilevel governance model, we map stakeholders based on three dimensions (civil society, public authorities and markets) at both the local, regional and national levels. Six types of actors are identified: professional actors mandated by the government, professional actors operating without official mandate, confessional associations, civil initiatives, professional activists, and other types of actors. Interestingly, our report points the heterogeneity of actions and situations existing on the French soil regarding refugees’ access and participation to housing. While national actors tend to standardize procedures by implementing a single policy to the overall population of refugees, local actors try to adapt to individual needs and situations. The decentralization engaged by the French government a couple of years ago has two major consequences. First, it tends to raise competition among associations to get public subventions and – thus – the influence and decision power of those that received official mandate. Second, it increases the fragmentation of the French reception scheme and the heterogeneity of actors and procedures among territories. Our reports highlights differences in the way refugees are taking (or not) part in the allocation process locally, and regarding the consideration of their needs.

Given that access to adequate housing is a universal right and constitutes an important path towards integration in host societies, this second Word Paquet aims to review and analyze inclusion policies, placing special emphasis on those that guarantee or favor access to housing. In order to achieve it, it has been divided in the following objectives: • Review international agreements that contemplate the right of access to housing within the United Nations. • Review the agreements of the European Union in which the right of access to housing refers • Analyze in the four partner countries of the project, to what extent access to housing for newcomers (immigrants and refugees) is considered and integrated into public policies at three levels: - State laws such as immigration laws, laws for the integration of immigrants, reception laws for asylum seekers, etc. - Regulations and norms established by regional governments that favor access to housing. - Analyze the existence of local government policies with derived competencies in the area of housing.

This work is the country research report prepared within Work Package 2, focused on housing solutions for refugees and beneficiaries of international protection status in France, delivered under the H2020 project MERGING—Integration for Migrants. The main objectives of this report are to: • Provide a synthesis of the main legal structures existing in France delineated by targets. • Classify policies depending on their scope, • Present the main debates in public policies about access to housing and access to the rest of social rights, • Identify tools developed in public policies to fight discrimination, • Describe the main tendencies in public policies devoted to social inclusion for immigrants during the last 10 years approximately, • Summarize the main ideological changes experienced in the last 10 years. Our report describes the multilevel governance existing in France regarding migrants’ access to housing, and collaboration existing between national and local institutions. The wide array of existing solutions is marked by its heterogeneity: some offering short-term to long-term stay, being destinated to all or specific migrants, etc. Our report also highlights the security shift engaged by the successive governments in reaction to the migrations flows. Successive reforms made access to housing and social rights more complex for migrants – increasing the gap between “desirable” and “undesirable” migrants. The quasi absence of tools designed to fight against discrimination is often pointed by the European Court of Human Rights, and the country is often condemned for institutional discrimination. Interestingly, however, a rising number of initiatives are emerging at the local level to find suitable and sustainable solutions to integrate migrants. The creation of two inter-ministerial delegations dedicated to housing and asylum seekers denote a recent effort of the government to better collaborate with local actors.

In relation to our analysis of the International and European regulatory frameworks on the right to housing we have identified challenges related to the different legal categorizations of immigrants which result in exclusion from the right to housing and in increased barriers to integration. From the analysis we conducted in the four countries we have gathered many interesting results. France, although has a rather centralized administration, presents a typical example of the local turn in migration policymaking in the sense that immigrant integration initiatives, including housing, take place increasingly at the subnational level. In Italy there is 5 MERGING-D7.1 a similar situation although it is notable how divergent responses occur at the different local contexts. In Spain the local level is also in the center of housing policies implementation. The big cities in Spain have been fostering their own approach and collaborating in providing refuge both with each other and with the civil society. In Sweden although integration policies are the responsibility of the local governments, we see an opposite trend towards more central government control. Overall, in terms of governance we have concluded that the local level in all of the countries has a better sense of the housing needs but not always enough resources or political will to address them. The common denominator for all cases is the important role of NGOs in housing and integration policies. The activities of NGOs have clearly improved integration policies implementation and have filled governmental gaps in providing housing for refugees. At the same time as research shows the increased role for NGOs in migration policy making comes with challenges alongside solutions. Related to the work of NGOs, and often facilitated by them, is the wider inclusion of the society during the process of immigrant integration. We have recorded examples of hosting or co-housing initiatives which can offer larger insights on the link between housing and integration. Housing is more than a space to stay, it is also about being part of a community and therefore living together or close to the members of the society can facilitate integration.