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The aim of this paper is to study the effect of universal banking on the Tunisian banking credit risk. By using a sample of Tunisian banks over the period 1980-2010 and based on the panel data analysis method, results show that the universal banking increases significantly the credit risk. However, the level of competition is positively correlated but not significantly with the dependant variable. For the macro variables, we find that only the GDP exerts a positive and significant effect on the credit risk, but the effect of the inflation variable is not significant. Keywords: Universal banks; Credit risk; Liquidity; Competition; Panel data; Tunisia JEL Classifications: E13, G24; G28, N24

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue the Management of Environmental Performance and the Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) on the Economic Growth, with an innovative study in the context of the GCC countries. The main goal of the paper is to examine empirically the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the GCC countries. The methodological tool of this contribution tries to measure the effect of the emission of the CO2 on the Growth Economic and environmental performance. The main purpose of the research is focused on the empirical approach justified by the use of a dynamic panel modeling on a sample of the GCC countries during the period of 2002−2018. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of the reaction of the development of the Environmental Performance with the level of the the Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and the economic growth. The study employed a GMM model system. Subsequently, the authors displayed a Panel Co-integration test of Pedroni (2004), the Kao Residual Cointegration test (1999), and the Granger causality tests. The results found unidirectional causal relationships between economic growth and the entire variable of the sample, except the variable CO2 emission. These relationships are statistically significant at the level of 5%. For the relation between Economic Growth and CO2 emission, one the hypothesis of the paper was checking a non-significant and unidirectional relationship. The results showed a long-run unidirectional causality between the variables and implied that Economic Growth in the GCC countries has a positive and significant unidirectional relation with Environment Performance, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and investment. The results confirm the existence of a negative relationship as insignificant, and unidirectional, between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the GCC countries. Finally, this finding doesn’t support the validity of the EKC hypothesis and provide information's to take the necessary policy suggestions to maintain the environmental performance and limit the average of the CO2 emissions. The results of the research can be useful for the GCC countries to avoid the higher level of Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and maintain a good Environmental Performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of environmental performance. The investigation of the topic of the Composite Index of Environmental performance (CIEP) in the paper is carried out in the following logical sequence. The research is focused on the relationship between the composite index of environmental performances and the sociopolitical and economic elements of countries. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of the influence of the integration of a composite Index of Environmental performance on the socio-political and economic dimensions. The paper presents the results of the empirical analysis with an econometric model which uses a composite index of environmental performance. The relevance of the decision of this scientific problem is that advanced and the methodological tools of the research methods try to measure the influence of Composite Index of Environmental performance model as a dependent variable on economic (technology, transportation, infrastructure, consumption of goods, international trade and tourism) and sociopolitical factors (democracy, freedom, transparency, and social policy) of countries. We used a generalized least squares estimation with a panel data from 6 countries observed during the period 2002-2016. Our results reveal that democracy, social policy, and transparency have a positive effect on environmental performance. Of the same, transport, infrastructure and tourism have a negative effect. The results of the research can be useful for countries, researchers and practitioners that try to improve the environmental performance with a good level of the social politico and economic dimensions. Finally, our results show that good environmental performance is related to the different characteristics of countries such as social, political and economics. And these results can be useful for countries to incorporate this valuable composite index in their objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of the environmental performance and institutions quality. The main purpose of the research is an econometric model which incorporates macroeconomic and institutional variables in a sample of 187 countries observed during the period 2002-2015. Systematization literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of the difference of institutions quality and values of environment performance index. Methodological tools of the research methods were 14 years of research contain 48 developed countries and 139 developing countries. We used dynamic panel data models and especially the system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimator of Arellano and Bover (1995). The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the level of growth proxied by the GDPG exerts a positive effect on the level of the environmental performance and institutional quality, (represented by control of corruption, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and rule of law and act), are significantly on the environment performance for the whole sample. Then, we prove that a good institutions quality enhance a significantly environment performance for developed countries. The results of the research can be useful for developing countries indicate that all variables reflected institution qualities decreased the environmental performance except for the government effectiveness which exerts a positive and significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]