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Мета. Сформувати перспективи розвитку системи фармаконагляду в педіатрії через вивчення та аналіз структури розподілу побічних реакцій на лікарські засоби серед дітей та підлітків. Матеріали і методи. Були використані загальнонаукові теоретичні методи (системний аналіз, узагальнення та системний підхід); бібліографічний метод (опрацювання наукової супутньої літератури з теми). Результати. За кордоном активно вивчаються показники частоти госпіталізацій серед пацієнтів дитячого та підліткового віку, що обумовлені ускладненнями фармакотерапії. В Чехії, серед інших країн, частота стаціонарного лікування дітей та підлітків, обумовлена розвитком побічних реакцій лікарських засобів (ПР ЛЗ), становить 2,2 %, у Великій Британії – 4 %, в Ірані – 4,1 %. Цей показник коливається від 0,4 % до 10,3 % у світі. До препаратів, що найчастіше призводять до розвитку ПР ЛЗ у дітей та підлітків, більшість авторів відносять вакцини та протимікробні ЛЗ, зокрема, антибіотики пеніцилінового ряду. Серед побічних реакцій ЛЗ найчастішою причиною звернення громадян по медичну допомогу були ускладнення, що розвиваються після прийому β-лактамних антибіотиків. Друге місце у структурі ЛЗ, прийом яких супроводжується розвитком ПР, займають переважно препарати на лікування захворювань нервової системи, зокрема антиконвульсанти. Висновок. Виявлено, що дані про безпеку ЛЗ для дітей часто обмежені, та носять контраверсійний характер стосовно вікових особливостей, тому постмаркетинговий нагляд стає фундаментальним, оскільки він часто є єдиним надійним методом оцінки безпеки ліків, перш за все, коли побічні реакції є рідкісними та необхідні великі вибірки пацієнтів для їх виявлення. В структурі розподілу побічних реакцій серед пацієнтів дитячого та підліткового віку переважають ураження шкіри або загальні розлади організму в середньому біля 30%, а 15-19 відсотків складають розлади з боку ШКТ або, порушення функції центральної та периферичної нервової системи. Показано, що майже третина госпіталізованих дітей і до 90 % немовлят отримують ліки нерегламентовано, а це, в свою чергу потребує належного розвитку системи фармаконагляду в педіатрії, яка повинна мати можливість покладатися на адекватну інфраструктуру, засновану на електронних мережах, формування регіонального співробітництва та партнерства.

A lab‐scale low‐power free‐running radio frequency (RF) oscillator operating at a frequency of 27.12 ± 0.50 MHz was developed to be suitable for fundamental microbiological research topics. Calibration and validation were conducted for two common foodborne pathogens in relevant microbiological growth media, i.e., Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in Tryptic Soy Broth and Brain–Heart Infusion broth, respectively. The evolution of temperature, frequency, and power consumption was monitored during treatments, both with and without bacterial cells. The setup operated within the predefined frequency range, reaching temperatures of 71–76 °C after 15 min. The average power consumption ranged between 12 and 14 W. The presence of bacteria did not significantly influence the operational parameters. The inactivation potential of the RF setup was validated, demonstrating the absence of viable cells after 8 and 10 min of treatment, for S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, respectively. In future studies, the setup can be used to conduct fundamental microbiological studies on RF inactivation. The setup can provide added value to the scientific field, since (i) no consensus has been reached on the inactivation mechanisms of RF inactivation of pathogens in foods and (ii) most commercial RF setups are unsuitable to adopt for fundamental studies. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Funding: This work was funded by the KU Leuven Research Fund through project C24/18/046, by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) through project G0B4121N, and by the EU H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska‐Curie grant agreement no. 956126. Authors Davy Verheyen and Simen Akkermans were funded by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), grant numbers 1254421N and 1224620N, respectively.

Ti-based alloys containing Pd, Au, and Nb were produced by tilt-casting and subsequently dual-axially forged at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the mechanical properties, electrochemical behavior and biocompatibility of the studied alloys are close to, or even better, than those of typical commercial Ti-based low-alloys widely used as biological implants. This demonstrates that the Ti94Pd3Au3, Ti94Pd3Nb3 and Ti94Pd6 alloys showed a good potential for application as biomaterials.

A novel non-electrolytic route using non-equilibrium physicochemical reactions was used to synthesize a silver/carbon nanocomposite. Using the polarization effect of polar molecules, an electrical current was passed in the circuit under the influence of an external high-strength electric field. It allows to exclude any electroconductive additives in the solvent. Simplicity of process allows to extend an ability of surface plasma interaction with polar liquid for synthesis nanomaterials by non-electrolytic technique.

Ti-Al intermetallic coatings thickness of about 60–150 μm was fabricated on Al, Ti, and hypo-eutectoid steel substrates by mechanical alloying (MA) using a vibratory ball mill. The coatings was then laser treated to obtain homogenous and equilibrium structure. Phase composition and the cross-sectional microstructure of the coatings were investigated using X-ray diffraction and the Scanning electron microscopy respectively while chemical analysis of the coatings was carried out using Bruker energy-dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS). Micro-hardness (HV) of the obtained coatings was observed to be increased more than twice after the deposition and subsequent laser treatment in comparison with microhardness of the initial substrates materials.. Surface roughness of the obtained coatings was also reduced significantly after laser treatment i.e. for Al substrate it reduced from 52 μm to 26 μm. The parameters of mechanical alloying and laser treatment used in this work provided a successful way to deposit nano-structured intermetallic coatings with homogenous and smooth surface finish and high value of micro-hardness.

The electrochemical behavior and biocompatibility of the micro/nano-structured α+β Ti–3.5Fe–3.9Cu alloy were investigated in this work. The alloy was produced by tilt-casting method and subjected to subsequent hot dual-axial forging at 1173 K. It is shown that the electrochemical behavior and biocompatibility of the Ti–3.5Fe–3.9Cu alloy are close to, or even better, than those of a typical commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy widely used as implants. This demonstrates that the Ti–3.5Fe–3.9Cu alloy shows a good potential for application as biomaterial.

Chemical methods are still considered as mainstay in the agro-food sector to improve the safety of seeds and reduce crop losses. Atmospheric plasma to produce functionalised water is emerging as a sustainable alternative for this. Microbial contamination of food remains an imminent food safety challenge, more-so as consumer interest shifts to minimally processed, natural, “healthy”, inexpensive and convenient food. Sprouts fall under this category and have been associated with numerous outbreaks of foodborne illness. This study aimed to evaluate: (i) the effectiveness of plasma activated water (PAW) on the germination capacity of mung bean seeds and (ii) the antimicrobial capacity of PAW. A specially designed set-up composed of two electrochemical cell was used to produce two different types of PAW, by surface plasma discharge ignited from copper cathode and copper anode, respectively. The germination capacity of mung bean seeds was assessed over 96 h incubation in the dark at 25 °C. The antimicrobial capacity of PAW was assessed against 6 h exposure to Escherichia coli NCTC 12900. The anodic PAW (rich in NO3−) indicated a drastically higher amount of ionic conducting species than the cathodic PAW (rich in NO2−). Both air PAWs possessed outstanding antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains (>6 log CFU/mL reduction), while germination and growth of mung bean seeds irrigated with the cathodic PAW was similar to the control. Plasma functionalised water has the potential to be applied on irrigation - hydroponic applications ensuring seed safety and avoiding any negative impact on germination.

The purpose of this study was to select the most effective ionic liquid (IL) extraction solvents for NdF 3 using a theoretical conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) for predefined NdF 3 -IL systems. Chemical potentials of NdF 3 were predicted in 900 hydrophobic ILs. On the basis of these predictions, a number of IL ions showing a significant decrease in their chemical potentials were selected. Considering the calculated physicochemical properties of ILs containing these specific ions, the most effective IL extraction solvents for liquid–liquid extraction of the salts were proposed. This study shows that the COSMO-RS approach can be applied before conducting extensive experiments to quickly screen the affinity of any rare earth element for many IL systems.

The redox of ferrocen couple (Fc+/Fc) in the 1 M Cyphos IL-104/ethanol electrolyte system was studied via cyclic voltammetry under both inert and air atmospheres at room temperature. The anodic and cathodic peak potentials for Fc+/Fc were obtained at scan rates of 0.02, 0.1, and 0.2 V/s. The half-potential of Fc+/Fc versus a silver quasi-reference electrode (QAg) changed from 0.80969 to 0.84945 V and from 0.79872 to 0.8627 V at the glassy-carbon (GC)- and platinum (Pt)- working electrodes (WE), respectively, demonstrating that it depended on the presence of water from 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% in the 1 M Cyphos IL-104/ethanol electrolyte system. The half-potential of Fc+/Fc versus quasi-platinum (QPt) was not changed for both working electrodes and for the same solutions; the differences between the half-potentials of Fc+/Fc versus QPt were 0.0022 and 0.00416 V at the GC- and Pt-WEs, respectively.

The purpose of our study was to select the most effective ionic liquid (IL) extraction solvents for NdCl 3 and DyCl 3 using a theoretical conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) based on quantum chemistry and the statistical thermodynamics of predefined NdCl 3 -IL and DyCl 3 -IL systems. The thermodynamics of the extraction process were predicted with the COSMO-RS method. NdCl 3 and DyCl 3 were considered in 4400 different ILs. As predicted, the chemical potential values of both NdCl 3 and DyCl 3 decreased significantly in systems with ILs based on the cation of dodecyl-dimethyl-3-sulfopropylammonium and the anions of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinate, decanoate, and benzoate. Considering the calculated physicochemical properties of the ILs containing these specific ions, the most effective IL extraction solvents for liquid–liquid extraction of the salts were selected. Experiments confirmed the high extraction efficiency of the ionic liquids chosen based on the COSMO-RS predictions. The COSMO-RS approach can be applied before extensive experimental tests to quickly screen the affinity of any rare earth element (REE) for a large number of IL systems, if only the physical dissolution of the REEs is considered.

The newly developed method presented in this paper allows growth of carbon dendrites, which exhibit glassy carbon- and pyrocarbon-like structures, using surface plasma on the cathode surface above dehydrated ethanol. The process is based on the polarization of polar organic molecules under the influence of external high electric field strength. Ethanol molecules have a dipole moment, they were aligned in the direction of the electric field, and the process of electronic/dipole-relaxation polarization started to occur in liquid ethanol. The dipole density was maximized in the cathode region located at 7–10 mm above the liquid ethanol owing to the non-uniform electric field. The electronic breakdown started in the region experiencing the maximum electric field strength. The decomposition of ethanol molecules changed the condition of the gas phase in the breakdown region a resultant current started to flow in the circuit. The growth of carbon dendrites on the Pt cathode, possible under the stability of surface plasma discharges, was characterized by formation of carbon nuclei on the cathode surface. Another advantage of the plasma surface process is that it enables growth of carbon dendrite on dielectric surfaces without increasing of plasma power generation.

This paper presents the results of studies into the heat-engineering characteristics of a flat heat solar collector based on aluminum heat pipes that is designed to be used in building facades. The principle of work and the structure of the solar collector are considered; the results of its comparison with a traditional flat solar collector are presented. The studies were performed at a heat carrier temperature range of +10–+30°C and at a solar heat flow density of 400–1000 W/m2. The obtained experimental heat-engineering characteristics of the collector based on heat pipes show that they are at a level of traditional flow solar collectors; for example, its efficiency is 0.65–0.73. Meanwhile, the hydraulic resistance of the structure with heat pipes is by a factor of 2–2.4 smaller and ensures a high level of scalability, reliability, and maintainability, which is important when using it as an element of facade constructions of solar heat systems.

Ti-based alloys containing Ag were produced by tilt-casting method and their properties were studied. Even in its as-cast state, Ti94Ag3Pd3 showed relatively high tensile properties, good electrochemical behavior and good biocompatibility. The relatively good mechanical properties of the as-cast α-Ti-type Ti94Ag3Pd3 alloy (tensile strength up to 850 MPa and elongation of ~10%) can be explained by its severely deformed, fine crystalline structure. The high biocompatibility of Ti94Ag3Pd3 can be explained by the Ag–Pd interaction, which inhibits the release of Ag ions from the surface. Ag, in combination with Pd has no toxic effects and demonstrates useful antimicrobial properties. The Ti94Ag3Pd3 alloy shows a good potential to be applied as a biomedical implant alloy.

Electrolytic processes are widely used to synthesize different nanomaterials and it does not depend on what kind of the method has been applied (wet-chemistry, sonochemistry, plasma chemistry, electrolysis and so on). Generally, the reactions in the electrolyte are considered to be reduction/oxidation (REDOX) reactions between chemical reagents or the deposition of matter on the electrodes, in line with Faraday’s law. Due to the presence of electroconductive additives in any electrolyte, the polarization effect of polar molecules conducting an electrical current disappears, when external high-strength electric field is induced. Because initially of the charge transfer always belongs of electroconductive additive and it does not depend on applied voltage. The polarization of ethanol molecules has been applied to conduct an electric current by surface plasma interaction for the synthesis of a copper oxide/carbon nanocomposite material.

WOS: 000383313300033, A protocol for the recovery of rare earth elements based on the dissolution of an aqueous solution of a rare earth metal chloride in an ionic liquid (IL) followed by stripping of the dissolved metal ions into an aqueous phase is proposed. The use of ILs is a departure from the traditional strategies employed for extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction of neodymium (Nd) ions from an aqueous solution of NdCl3 with and without hydrochloric acid (HCl) was carried out using phosphonium-based ILs, namely trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium benzoate [T-66614][BA] and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [T-66614][TFSA] The extraction was also conducted using a mixture of the aforementioned ILs and toluene. The efficiency of the extraction decreased with increasing concentrations of Nd in the aqueous solution. Furthermore, increasing the concentration of HCl in the aqueous phase decreased the percentage of extracted Nd ions. It indicates that the extraction followed a neutral or ion-pair extraction type of mechanism. Stripping of Nd ions from the metal-loaded organic phase using different acids revealed that HCl and HNO3 were the most effective stripping agents for complete re-extraction of the metal ions. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium-based IL with a benzoate counter anion was more effective for Nd extraction than the congener with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., High Efficiency Rare Elements Extraction Technology Area in the Tohoku Innovative Materials Technology Initiatives for Reconstruction from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology in Japan, This study was supported by the High Efficiency Rare Elements Extraction Technology Area in the Tohoku Innovative Materials Technology Initiatives for Reconstruction from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology in Japan.

The purpose of our study was to select the most effective ionic liquid extraction solvents for dysprosium (III) fluoride using a theoretical approach. Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), based on quantum chemistry and the statistical thermodynamics of predefined DyF3-ionic liquid systems, was applied to reach the target. Chemical potentials of the salt were predicted in 4,400 different ionic liquids. On the base of these predictions set of ionic liquids’ ions, manifesting significant decrease of the chemical potentials, were selected. Considering the calculated physicochemical properties (hydrophobicity, viscosity) of the ionic liquids containing these specific ions, the most effective extraction solvents for liquid-liquid extraction of DyF3 were proposed. The obtained results indicate that the COSMO-RS approach can be applied to quickly screen the affinity of any rare earth element for a large number of ionic liquid systems, before extensive experimental tests.

Introduction The high thermal stability of ionic liquids has been exploited to be used in diverse applications (e.g., energy storage devices, extraction, lubrication etc.) [1-4]. The physicochemical properties (mobility, diffusion) of ionic liquids changes when used in a wide temperature range. Several methods are available to study the diffusion and mobility of ionic liquids, of all NMR is most accurate and reliable technique to study the translational (diffusion) and rotational motions in ionic liquids [5]. Pulsed field gradient spin echo and stimulated NMR has been utilized to study the diffusion process in ionic liquids [6-7]. Studies on the diffusion process in phosphonium based ionic liquids are scarce [8]. Moreover the effects of paramagnetic metal ion on the diffusion in ionic liquid are few. In this context we studied the effect of paramagnetic metal ion (neodymium) on the translational motion (diffusion) of Trihexyl-tetradecyl-phosphonium benzoate (P66614 TTPB) ionic liquid using pulsed field gradient NMR. Experimental Method TTPB (C39H73O2P) (KOEI chemicals Ltd., Japan, >98.0%) was used as received. Neodymium chloride (NdCl3, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Japan) was dissolved in de ionized millipore water. The aqueous solutions were filtered using a 25 µm sieve to avoid precipitation. To start with, 0.5 ml aqueous NdCl3 is added to 1gm of TTPB and the mixture was shaken well for 60 min using a shaker followed by centrifugation for 60 min at 1000 rpm. The concentration of metal ion was measured by ICP-AES (Optima 3300XL, Perkin-Elmer, USA). 0.3 ml of neodymium containing TTPB is added to a 5 mm NMR glass tubes for 1H and NMR measurements. JEOL ECA 300 FT-NMR spectrometer operating at a frequency of 300.5 MHz for 1H nuclei was used to study the 1H diffusion. Results and Discussion Neodymium ion concentration in the TTPB ionic liquid was evaluated using ICP-AES and found to be in the range 0.02 mmol/L to 1.2 mmol/L. A small amount of water is found to be incorporated into the ionic liquid along with neodymium ions. Downfield shifts are observed in the 1H 1D NMR spectra with increasing neodymium concentration. 1H diffusion coefficients of the cation and anion were measured in the temperature range 24 - 80 °C. The temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient for different neodymium concentrations are shown in Fig. 1. As observed from Fig. 1 a, at low concentrations (0.02 ~ 0.1 mmol) the diffusion coefficient is in this order DH2O > Danion > Dcation. At higher concentrations (0.4 ~ 1.2 mmol) the diffusion coefficient of the cation and anion are almost the same as observed from Fig. 1 (DH2O ~ Danion ~ Dcation). Conclusion The presence of a paramagnetic ion (neodymium) in the ionic liquid shifts the proton chemical shift to lower field, due to its high magnetic dipole moment. From the diffusion results, 1H diffusion coefficient of the anion is higher than the cation at low concentration of neodymium. The anionic diffusion coefficient decreases with increasing neodymium concentration and converges with the cationic diffusion coefficient. This is possibly due to the formation of clusters around the neodymium ion at high concentrations. References E.Binetti, A.Panniello, L.Triggiani, R.Tommasi, A.Agostiano, M. L. Curri and M. Striccoli, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 3512. R. Atkin and G. G. Warr, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 111, 5162. H. Tokuda, K. Hayamizu, K. Ishii, M. A. B. H. Susan and M. Watanabe, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 6103. F. U. Shah, S. Glavatskih, P. M. Dean, D. R. MacFarlane, M. Forsyth and O. N. Antzutkin, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 6928–6938. W. Price, NMR studies of translational motion, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 393. K. Hayamizu, S. Tsuzuki, S. Seki and Y. Umebayashi, J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 135, 084505. K. Hayamizu, S. Tsuzuki, S. Seki and Y. Umebayashi, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2012, 116, 11284–11291. Andrei Filippov, Faiz Ullah Shah, Mamoun Taher, Sergei Glavatskih and Oleg N. Antzutkin, Chem. Phys. Phys. Chem., 2013, 15, 9281. Figure 1