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Part I of this two-part article addressed the difficulties experienced by Australian higher education providers, namely universities, with respect to the implementation of learning outcomes and graduate attributes, and the potential legal consequences institutions may face from affected stakeholders if they are unable to produce convincing evidence demonstrating the integration of the learning outcomes and graduate attributes. Part II presents measures higher education providers can implement to mitigate their potential legal liability. The measures presented in this article are specifically designed to assist higher education providers to discharge their legal obligations and produce convincing evidence demonstrating the integration of their promoted learning outcomes and graduate attributes. Given that research has suggested that effective implementation of learning outcomes and graduate attributes is largely dependent on academic staff, the measures presented in this paper are centred on motivating and building confidence in academic staff to foster the development of learning outcomes and graduate attributes through their teaching and assessment practices.

Central skull base osteomyelitis is a rare entity that can demonstrate confounding radiologic, clinical, and laboratory data leading to a delay in diagnosis. The morbidity and mortality for skull base osteomyelitis are both high, thus a rapid diagnosis is required for appropriate treatment. In this case report, we discuss a 68-year-old male who presented with acute left facial nerve paralysis in the setting of chronic headache and left mucoid middle ear effusion. Radiologic evaluation revealed abnormal hypointense marrow of the central skull base on T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging, preclival mass-like tissue, and short segment luminal narrowing of the left cervical ICA with mycotic aneurysm formation. Extensive workup via a multidisciplinary approach, including neurology, otolaryngology, neurosurgery and radiology led to a diagnosis of central skull base osteomyelitis. A familiarity of this disease process is important for the radiologist in order to facilitate appropriate patient referral and treatment. This case emphasizes the importance of considering this diagnosis in the setting of headache, cranial neuropathy, and abnormal skull base imaging with adjacent preclival soft tissue mass.

Australian Commonwealth-funded reports and academic literature suggest that it is difficult for universities to produce convincing evidence that the institutions have comprehensively and systematically developed the learning outcomes and graduate attributes promoted in their educational policy. While the higher education sector has reported numerous successful curriculum mapping approaches since 2011, specifically focused on the development of course learning outcomes and graduate attributes, an ongoing concern for the sector is the difficulty of providing conclusive evidence demonstrating graduate achievement of the outcomes and the standard of the achievement. This two-part series considers the integration of learning outcomes and graduate attributes from a legal perspective. Part I discusses the difficulties associated with the implementation of learning outcomes and graduate attributes, and the potential legal consequences that universities may face from affected stakeholders, if providers are unable to produce persuasive evidence demonstrating the integration of the learning outcomes and graduate attributes. Part II outlines measures universities can implement to mitigate their potential legal liability. Although the formation and integration of learning outcomes and graduate attributes is an important issue in higher education internationally, the focus of this paper will be on the higher education sector within Australia.