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Abstract: Turkey has a rich walnut germplasm that has arisen from populations of naturally grown seedlings over many years. Despite this enormous genetic potential, only a few studies on molecular characterization studies have been carried out so far. In this study, the genetic relationships among 59 walnut genotypes and cultivars of international and Turkish interest were analyzed by 25 RAPD primers, 25 ISSR primers, and 16 SSR primer pairs. Among the molecular assays tested, SSR provided a very high polymorphism rate of 99.1%, while ISSR and RAPD results showed similar to each other but lower polymorphism (71.1% and 69.1%, respectively). The dendrogram constructed divided the genotypes into three main groups: ‘Group A’ included mainly genotypes originating from the Kahramanmaras and Yalova provinces, while ‘Group B’ contained genotypes originating from the Kırsehir, Tokat and Corum provinces of Turkey. ‘Group C’ contained only cultivars originating from the USA and France. According to the clustering in the dendrogram genotypes grouped largely in accordance with their geographical origin, although certain exceptions were present. The pairs of ‘Akca-2’ with ‘Karabodur’ and ‘Yalova-1’ with ‘Yalova-3’ were the most closely related walnut genotypes in this study. In conclusion, our study indicated that molecular markers are useful tools for use in to determining genetic relationships among walnut genotypes. The results will provide valuable information to walnut cultivar breeding programs for use in parental selection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present a case diagnosed as massive pulmonary embolism in whom a snake-like thrombus was found in the right heart by transthoracic echocardiography, which is a basic but important diagnostic tool for rapid differential diagnosis. It is non-invasive and relatively cheap and can eliminate the necessity for complex and expensive diagnostic tools that are also inconvenient for these type patients who are hypotensive, cyanotic and confused. Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition. 2/3 of the PTE cases are misdiagnosed. Some highly sensitive symptoms of massive pulmonary thromboemboli (PTE) like dyspnea, hypotension, angina pectoris and syncope have low specificity for PTE, though sometimes these patients are misdiagnosed or diagnosed late causing a delay in instituting the appropiate therapy. Transthoracic echocardiography is also useful for the differential diagnosis to eliminate the other causes which can trigger the similar symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.) is the only commercially grown species within the genus Pistacia and there are a limited number of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in the literature for Pistacia species. Therefore, genomic libraries enriched with CA, GA, AAC and AAG repeats were constructed using genomic DNA of P. vera cv. Siirt to develop SSR markers for pistachio and to determine their transferability in eight Pistacia species. A total of 228 clones were sequenced by selecting 57 clones from each library; 68 were duplicates, whereas 94 contained repeats. Eighty-four primer pairs were designed, 59 generated PCR products, and 47 were polymorphic within seven diverse pistachio cultivars. The number of alleles ranged from two to nine among 47 polymorphic loci with an average of 3.6. The GA-enriched library was the best, whereas the AAC library was the worst among the four libraries in terms of perfect repeats, number of alleles, polymorphism, and informativeness. A higher number and frequency of SSRs was obtained from di-nucleotide-enriched libraries than tri-nucleotide libraries. Testing of 59 SSR primer pairs in eight Pistacia species showed that 54 loci were transferable to at least one of the tested Pistacia species. P. atlantica had the highest number of transferable loci (51 loci), followed by P. integerrima (47 loci). The SSR loci in tri-nucleotide (72.7%) enriched libraries had higher transferability than di-nucleotide (54.7%) ones. The SSR markers developed in this study provide valuable tools for genetic studies in pistachio and related species, such as germplasm characterization, fingerprinting of individuals, population genetics, genetic mapping and marker assisted selection, as well as integrating genetic linkage maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of molecular marker technology in the 1980s, the fate of plant breeding has changed. Different types of molecular markers have been developed and advancement in sequencing technologies has geared crop improvement. To explore the knowledge about molecular markers, several reviews have been published in the last three decades; however, all these reviews were meant for researchers with advanced knowledge of molecular genetics. This review is intended to be a synopsis of recent developments in molecular markers and their applications in plant breeding and is devoted to early researchers with a little or no knowledge of molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection and genome editing has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of molecular markers and provided deeper insights into the diversity available for crops and greatly complemented breeding stratagems. Genotyping-by-sequencing and association mapping based on next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel genetic markers for complex and unstructured populations. Altogether, the history, the types of markers, their application in plant sciences and breeding, and some recent advancements in genomic selection and genome editing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 16 genotypes from subgenus Prunus (six genotypes from section Prunophora, seven genotypes from section Armeniaca and two plumcot genotypes, and one genotype from subgenus Cerasus) in Prunus genus. From the polymerase chain reaction amplifications with 20 ISSR primers showing polymorphism among subgenera and sections, 180 polymorphic ISSR bands were detected and polymorphism ratio ranged from 57% to 100%. Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using the Jaccard coefficient, a dendrogram and three-dimensional plot were constructed including genotypes in Prunus genus. Two main groups formed in the dendrogram; one of them (Cluster I) included Cerasus, whereas Cluster II included Prunus. Cluster II also divided into three subgroups, including sections Prunophora, Armeniaca, and plumcot. Both UPGMA and the PCoA demonstrated that Armeniaca genotypes had lower genetic variation and plumcot genotypes are closer to the plums than the apricots. The ISSR-based phylogeny was generally consistent with Prunus taxonomy based on molecular evidence, suggesting the applicability of ISSR analysis for genotypic and phylogenetic studies in Prunus genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]