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Purpose—The purpose of this paper is to provide a new and useful formulation of relevance. Design/methodology/approach—This paper is formulated as a conceptual argument. It makes the case for the utility of considering relevance to be function of use in creative processes. Findings—There are several corollaries to formulating relevance as a function of use. These include the idea that objects by themselves cannot be relevant since use assumes interaction; the affordances of objects and how they are perceived can affect what becomes relevant but are not in themselves relevant; relevance is not an essential characteristic of objects; relevance is transient; potential relevance (what might be relevant in the future) can be distinguished from what is relevant in use and from what has been relevant in the past. Originality/value—The paper shows that its new formulation of relevance brings improved conceptual and terminological clarity to the discourse about relevance in information science. It demonstrates that how relevance is articulated conceptually is important as its conceptualization can affect the ways that users are able to make use of information systems and, by extension, how information systems can facilitate or disable the co-production of creative outcomes. The paper also usefully expands investigative opportunities by suggesting relevance and creativity are interrelated.

The article examines the peculiarities of forensic technical expertise of a driver's license with signs of forgery in criminal proceedings initiated under Article 358 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The main special means of protection against forgery, which are contained in the national driver's license, are considered. Main methods of forgery of documents with special means of protection are characterized: full and partial forgery. It has been found that the forgery of a driver's license, which is rarely detected by law enforcement agencies, is related to the production of document blanks and the entry of relevant information into them using modern printing technology. The main methods of forging a driver's license are systematized: inkjet printing; thermo-sublimation method; offset (flat) printing; electrophotographic printing. The article describes these methods of forging a document, as well as singles out signs that may indicate that a driver's license has been forged in a certain way. Methods of partial falsification of relevant documents were separately investigated: etching and washing of text; additions and reprints; replacement of individual parts of the driver's license. The list of forensic expert institutions authorized to conduct forensic technical expertise of driver's licenses during the investigation of their forgery, sale and use has been determined. The list of forensic expert institutions authorized to conduct forensic technical expertise of driver's licenses has been determined. It is emphasized that this type of expertise is performed by specialists of state specialized institutions who have expert specialties in the study of document details; study of document materials; research of printing forms and other means of producing documents. The list of methods of conducting forensic expertise, which are used in the investigation of driver's licenses with signs of forgery, is given. The tasks to be solved by expertise of document details, printing forms and document materials in criminal proceedings on the forgery of driver's licenses, their sale and use are outlined. The stages of the technical expertise of documents during the investigation into the forgery of a driver's license, its sale and use have been revealed. In order to improve the process of investigation of criminal misdemeanors provided for by Article 358 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, a list of typical issues to be resolved by the forensic expertise of driver's licenses is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient character recognition in ancient handwritten Devanagari documents is crucial for societal advancements. Challenges such as overlapping characters, missing headlines, and over-inked stains further complicate the recognition process. In response, we propose a Capsule Network (CapsNet) with LSTM to address hierarchical temporal dependencies in Devanagari scripts, following initial implementation of a simple CNN. We also explored a combined CNN+LSTM architecture for character recognition, leveraging CNN's feature extraction capabilities with LSTM's sequential modeling to handle temporal dependencies in Devanagari scripts. Our experimentation involved a dataset of 10,825 characters from ancient Devanagari manuscripts, encompassing basic characters, modifiers, and conjuncts, classified into 399 classes. Testing various training–testing ratios (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3), we visually and statistically evaluated the experimental data, demonstrating the superiority of CapsNet and LSTM in handling these challenges. We calculated recognition accuracy, precision, and recall values, with CapsNet achieving a maximum accuracy of 95.98% after 30 epochs. This research underscores the effectiveness of CapsNet and LSTM in advancing character recognition for ancient Devanagari manuscripts. [Display omitted] • Conjuncts and modifiers from Devanagari collected manuscripts are highlighted. • CapsNet model was developed to analyse recognition accuracy of given manuscript. • CapsNet achieving a maximum accuracy of 95.98% after 30 epochs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient character recognition in ancient handwritten Devanagari documents is crucial for societal advancements. Challenges such as overlapping characters, missing headlines, and over-inked stains further complicate the recognition process. In response, we propose a Capsule Network (CapsNet) with LSTM to address hierarchical temporal dependencies in Devanagari scripts, following initial implementation of a simple CNN. We also explored a combined CNN+LSTM architecture for character recognition, leveraging CNN’s feature extraction capabilities with LSTM’s sequential modeling to handle temporal dependencies in Devanagari scripts. Our experimentation involved a dataset of 10,825 characters from ancient Devanagari manuscripts, encompassing basic characters, modifiers, and conjuncts, classified into 399 classes. Testing various training–testing ratios (9:1, 8:2, and 7:3), we visually and statistically evaluated the experimental data, demonstrating the superiority of CapsNet and LSTM in handling these challenges. We calculated recognition accuracy, precision, and recall values, with CapsNet achieving a maximum accuracy of 95.98% after 30 epochs. This research underscores the effectiveness of CapsNet and LSTM in advancing character recognition for ancient Devanagari manuscripts.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a new and useful formulation of relevance. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is formulated as a conceptual argument. It makes the case for the utility of considering relevance to be function of use in creative processes. Findings: There are several corollaries to formulating relevance as a function of use. These include the idea that objects by themselves cannot be relevant since use assumes interaction; the affordances of objects and how they are perceived can affect what becomes relevant but are not in themselves relevant; relevance is not an essential characteristic of objects; relevance is transient; potential relevance (what might be relevant in the future) can be distinguished from what is relevant in use and from what has been relevant in the past. Originality/value: The paper shows that its new formulation of relevance brings improved conceptual and terminological clarity to the discourse about relevance in information science. It demonstrates that how relevance is articulated conceptually is important as its conceptualization can affect the ways that users are able to make use of information systems and, by extension, how information systems can facilitate or disable the co-production of creative outcomes. The paper also usefully expands investigative opportunities by suggesting relevance and creativity are interrelated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the praxeological aspect of the variability of proving domestic violence. The authors used a graphical method to visualize examples of variability in the combination of forms of violence, the use of sources of evidence, compliance with and violation of the non bis in idem principle, and the status of a child during domestic violence. It is concluded that domestic violence always consists of at least three episodes of violence, which may consist of physical, psychological, economic violence, or a combination of two or three of these forms at the same time. Based on the practice of the Supreme Court, it has been established that domestic violence is proved by various pieces of evidence. The preliminary facts of domestic violence may be reflected in various sources of evidence, including documents (administrative protocol, court order, restraining order, criminal proceedings, etc.) It is noted that the initiation of criminal proceedings on the fact of domestic violence under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not have to be preceded by two cases of bringing a person to administrative liability under parts of Article 173-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses. In cases where there are no previous appeals to law enforcement agencies or courts, audio and video recordings, screenshots and other evidence may be used to prove the systematic nature of domestic violence, which must meet the requirements of the CPC of Ukraine for evidence. The authors emphasize that simultaneously bringing a person to administrative and criminal liability for the same episode of domestic violence is a violation of the non bis in idem principle. Therefore, a person may be held criminally liable under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine if there is one (the last) or more episodes of violence for which the person has not previously been held administratively liable. The commission by a person of criminal offenses provided for in parts of the articles (articles) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and domestic violence is not a violation of the non bis in idem principle. It is noted that a child who has witnessed domestic violence is always a victim of this offense. The draft law on harmonization of the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine with the Istanbul Convention on the involvement of a child as a victim from the moment of entering information into the URPTI was approved, as a child who witnessed domestic violence suffers moral damage. A child who witnessed domestic violence and is not related to the persons between whom the domestic violence occurred is not a victim of domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing frequency of documents appearing in scenarios including online comments, car reviews and movie evaluations, the text length in sentiment analysis tasks has become longer. Since documents consist of multiple sentences, aspect terms and opinion terms in aspect sentiment triplets may not be in the same sentence, which requires multi-hop reasoning across sentences for extraction, which exceeds the scope of intra-sentence aspect sentiment triplet extraction. Apparently, the existing models at the sentence level are not suitable for extracting sentiment triples directly from documents. Therefore, a well-performing document sentiment analysis model is needed to address the degraded performance of triplet extraction caused by cross-sentence sentiment elements in long texts. To promote the development of aspect sentiment triplet extraction from documents, a dataset based on movie review texts is proposed and the existing methods are evaluated based on this dataset. Through error analysis, this study explores the difficulties and possible future research directions of document-level aspect sentiment triplet extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jordanian Journal of Computers & Information Technology is the property of Jordanian Journal of Computers & Information Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, modernizing the data warehouse ecosystem is a key challenge in decision support systems. This modernization is crucial for ensuring scalability and meeting evolving business requirements, especially with the advent of big data. A promising solution involves implementing data warehouses with contemporary data stores, such as NoSQL. In this context, we introduce in this paper a framework that leverages Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) to design and implement modern data warehouses across NoSQL data stores. Our MDA approach aims to offer a collaborative, dynamic, and reusable process for developing NoSQL-oriented data warehouses tailored to specific project requirements. It facilitates the automatic and dynamic generation of a hybrid data warehouse model from its conceptual model, which encompasses structural, domain, and access parameters. Moreover, our framework includes the generation of implementation code for the data warehouse, along with a set of files to validate, document, and illustrate the data warehouse schema on a target platform. Finally, we present a detailed case study to highlight the effectiveness of our MDA framework. [JJCIT 2024; 10(2.000): 214-230]

In today's data-rich world, one of the most significant challenges is efficiently identifying near-duplicate data, especially when integrating data from various sources. Identifying near-duplicate documents applies to any content and has been widely used to enhance the efficiency of search engines, identify plagiarism or spam, and so on. Even smaller or specialized search engines can benefit from knowledge about near-duplicate documents. Shingling and MinHash are two state-of-the-art approaches to detecting near-duplicate documents. However, there are not many attempts to improve the performance of this locality-sensitive hashing technique. In this research paper, we propose a parallel implementation of the MinHash algorithm for near-duplicate document detection utilizing the immense parallelism offered by general-purpose GPUs. Experimental results show that the GPU-based parallel solution is far more cost-effective than the CPU-based sequential and parallel solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A notary is a public official who has the authority to make authentic deeds and has other authorities as intended in Law no. 2 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law no. 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Positions (UUJN) and based on other laws. The problem in this paper is how to provide documents by a notary to parties who have a direct interest in the deed, heirs or people who have the right to do so within the confidentiality limits of the notary's office. The notary's authority to provide documents as intended in article 54 UUJN is limited by the notary's obligation to keep it confidential as intended in article 16 paragraph (1) letter f, the exception is if there are statutory provisions that determine otherwise. The party with a direct interest in the deed, on the one hand, is the person who signs the deed in front of a notary or is a party to the deed, and on the other hand, this person is the person who has rights and obligations regarding what is regulated in the deed. Furthermore, those included in the heirs are the heirs of people or parties who have a direct interest in the deed. Meanwhile, a person who is categorized as a person who has rights is a person who has or obtains rights related to what is stated in the deed, although this person or party does not have to be the person who signed the deed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Textbooks & Educational Materials / Uluslararası Ders Kitapları ve Eğitim Materyalleri Dergisi (IJOTEM) is the property of Bilgicagi Egitim Danismanlik ve Yayincilik Sanayi Ticaret Limited Sirketi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article highlights the exceptionally rich and important Polish tradition of memoir writing competitions and related publications; in the twentieth century exceeding 1500 such events! From the very beginning, the competitions sparked lively discussions and raised questions about the place of competition memoirs in modern Polish literature. For example, after the publication of Jakub Wojciechowski’s 1930 Życiorys własny robotnika (Autobiography of a Laborer) or the 1935–1936 Pamiętniki chłopów (Peasant Memoirs). The article contextualizes the relationship between personal document and literature while attempting a definition of “folk literature.” Against Andrzej Leder’s notion of “unwritten epic,” the article posits that the thousands of competition memoirs and journals represent a very significant – albeit largely forgotten – component of an epic about civilization and social changes in the twentieth-century Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooking wine is one of the traditional seasonings in China, characterized by high daily demand and significant seasoning effects. Mastering the current research status and future development trends of cooking wine provides new ideas and theoretical basis for subsequent research and development of cooking wine. The bibliometric (literature sources: CNKI, Web of science, etc.) and keyword analysis are used as methods to analyse the number of articles published in the material wine era, domestic core journals, main authors, publishing institutions, patents, and the current status of research. A total of 130 Chinese and English literature on cooking wine research from 1982 to 2022 is searched, and 468 patents are patented. The analysis finds that the volume of domestic publications is significantly higher than that of foreign countries. The research and development of domestic cooking wine is slow. The research objects are "seasoning wine", "technology", "flavor", etc., showing a diversified trend, and the research content is gradually deepening from the determination of simple physical and chemical indicators to functional activity mechanisms. Based on industrial upgrading and changes in the concept of nutrition and healthy consumption, cooking wine research should take into account product nutrition, flavor and function, and this study could provide reference for the development of cooking wine industry.

This article is devoted to one of the largest handwritten collection of Siberian manuscripts belonging to Archbishop Neil (Isakovich) of Irkutsk, Nerchinsk and Yakutsk (30–50s XIX century). The purpose of the work is to examine the history of its study in the context of the development of source science and the formation of archaeography in Russia during this period, the characteristics of the collection and the disclosure of source and historiographical the meanings of the collected documents and manuscripts. The collection of Archbishop Neil is kept in the book and archive archives of the city of Yaroslavl – the State Archive of the Yaroslavl Region (GAYAO) and the Yaroslavl Historical, Architectural and Art MuseumReserve (YAMZ). The stages of studying the collection by representatives of the cultural and scientific community of Russia are highlighted. The works of pre-revolutionary and Soviet scribes of Siberia depict the process of formation of the collection, the ways the archbishop works with documents and manuscripts, mentioned the areas of interest of the collector and the most interesting manuscripts of his collection. In the middle of the XX century, the famous Yaroslavl archeographer V. V. Lukyanov carried out a scientific description of the meeting of Archbishop Nile. It was included in the descriptions of the collections of the archives where it is currently located, and published. Finally, in 2019, Yaroslavl archivists, on the initiative of Irkutsk archeographers T. A. Kryuchkova and S. V. Melnikova, digitized part of the manuscript collection of Archbishop Nile stored in the GAYAO, which made it possible to present the manuscript collection of the archbishop to the scientific community of Siberia and not only Siberia. Electronic edition of the ”Treasures of the Archive of Archbishop Neil (N. F. Isakovich)”, supplemented by ”An overview of the documents of the personal collection of Archbishop Neil (N. F. Isakovich) from the State Archive of the Yaroslavl region”, testifies to the source value of the collection and individual striking monuments, allows you to clarify the composition of the manuscripts distributed in the region.

Introduction. The article discusses the history of the creation and organization of the activities of the Council of Kalmyk Administration, which carried out the administrative management of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province in the period from 1836 to 1848. The Kalmyk Administration Council was guided in its work by the “Regulations on the Administration of the Kalmyk People” dated November 24, 1834, which regulated the structure of the governing body and the procedure for organizing work with documents. Studying the composition and content of documents created during the activities of the Council and stored in the archival fund I-3 “Council of the Astrakhan Kalmyk Administration” of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmyk will allow for analysis and determination of the directions of its activities. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. The purpose of the article is to study the archival documents of the I-3 Foundation “Council of Kalmyk Administration” and to identify their source potential for studying the organization of activities of the body for governing the Kalmyk people, especially in the management of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. Results. The documents created during the activities of the Kalmyk Administration Council are unique written sources for the study of the life of the Kalmyk people in pre-revolutionary Russia. In addition, these studies will allow us to study the procedure for organizing work with documents in Kalmykia and identify their compliance with all-Russian regulatory requirements in the field of office work and document management.

İslam hukukunda kira belirli bir menfaatin bir bedel karşılığında satılması olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu yönü ile günümüze göre daha geniş bir kapsama sahip olmuştur. Taşınır, taşınmaz malların kirasının yanı sıra iş akitleri, taşıma sözleşmeleri hatta hasta hekim arasındaki sözleşmeler kira başlığı altında ele alınmıştır. İslam hukukunda genel olarak sözleşmelerin geçerli olması için bir şekil şartı ortaya konulmamıştır. Ancak insanlar haklarını korumak için aralarındaki sözleşmeleri kayıt altına alma ihtiyacı hissetmişlerdir. Hanefi mezhebi görüşleri doğrultusunda yargı teşkilatını oluşturan ülkelerde bu görevi kadılar ifa etmişlerdir. Hukuk tarihimizde bu konuda kadılara yardımcı eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlardan ikisindeki kira kayıtları bu çalışmada ele alınarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu örnekler arasında gayrimenkul kira sözleşmesi, iş sözleşmesi, taşıma sözleşmesi örnekleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Şanizade’nin(öl.1242/1826) eserinde kira konusunda ortaya çıkan uyuşmazlıkların yargılanmasında tutulan mahkeme kayıtları bulunmaktadır. Bu kayıtlar incelendiğinde Osmanlı’da Müslümanlarla gayrimüslimlerin birbirleri ile ticari ve hukuki ilişkiler kurabildikleri ve mahkeme önünde eşit bir şekilde yargılamaya tabi tutulabildikleri, Osmanlıda kadınların kendi adlarına sözleşmeler yapabildikleri ve mahkemede taraf sıfatıyla yer alabildikleri görülmektedir.

n 2013, in Istanbul (Turkey), with the assistance of the General Directorate of State Archives of the Republic of Turkey’s Prime Ministry, the book “Osmanlı belgelerinde Kırım hanlığı” (“The Crimean Khanate in the Records of the Ottoman Documents”) was published. The coordinator of the publishing project is the General Director of the State Archives, Professor Ughur Unal. The book is a collection of Ottoman documents, the content of which covers the Ottoman-Crimean relations. The number of documents is 112 units. Types of records include: imperial decrees (fermans) and imperial letters (name-i humayuns) prepared by the Imperial Council (Diwan-y Humayun) and its offices on behalf of the sultan; decrees (berats) of khans and kalgays; imperial orders (hatt-y humayun), containing the opinions and approvals of the sultans in connection with the proposals and decisions of the grand viziers; expenditure documents of the Ottoman finances for the Crimean khans, sultans and ambassadors; “news papers” (“khavadis kyagytlary”), allowing you to find out information from the Crimea. Correspondence topics: military cooperation in the capture of fugitive criminals and rebels; regulation of maritime trade; strengthening places that have suffered from food shortages; construction and repair of fortresses and other fortifications to ensure coastal security. Imperial letters (name-i humayun) are of great importance as signs of mutual intentions. They give privileges to the Crimean Khanate from the Ottoman state. The main themes of the imperial letters (name-i humayun): celebrations on the occasion of the accession to the throne of a new sultan or the birth of a sultan (shahzade) in the Crimea; mutual congratulations on the day of victory in the war; an expression of the shakh’s praise of the sultans after sending the text of the berat to the khanate and kalgay. The documents contain information about the requirements of the Crimean Khanate, which were submitted for approval by Istanbul: an increase in income for the performance of certain tasks, the appointment of chief military judges (kazasker), spiritual leaders (imams), preachers (khatips), and the provision of salaries to them. According to the documents, appointments to some positions of beyler beys and command over fortresses, which were of strategic importance for the region, were carried out by Istanbul in accordance with the advice of the khans.

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nueva Revista del Pacífico is the property of Universidad de Playa Ancha de Ciencias de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The archive has long been a recurring theme in contemporary art, yet it was not until the early 21st century that a prominent shift towards considering artworks "as archives" emerged. The archive, both as an institution and a metaphor, has assumed a central role not only in cultural discourse but also in creative practices, intersecting with significant social events. Digitisation has further expanded storage possibilities, facilitating unprecedented information mobility across various cultural and social spheres. More recently, curators of global biennials have also considered the archive as a productive space of conflict, creating an open framework in which the archive enables the creation of new relationships. This illustrates how spaces of knowledge can be devised, developed, and designed. Hence, this new concept of "the productive archive" is crucial, revealing itself as a space where documents and testimonies serve as a platform for productive dispute and struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Information Library Magazine 'INFOLIB' is the property of National Library of Uzbekistan named after Alisher Navoi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines what influence the number of signed documents had on the careers of GDL scribes. In order to do this, a statistical method is used in this article. The statistical data (see appendices no. 2 and 3) lead to the conclusion that persons who were active in their daily work were more successful in climbing the career ladder. These are Leonas Sapiega, Gabrielius Vaina, Eustachijus Valavičius (the future bishop of Vilnius) and Aleksandras Gosievskis. These individuals have one thing in common – they all started working in the office at a relatively young age. The conducted research allows to see a connection between a person’s education, his professional activity and a more successful career. However, it is important not to forget the informavo influence as well. For example, M. Vaina was one of the most active scribes of the LDK office, but he did not have an impressive career. The importance and influence of education on the career of a scribe is also illustrated by the case of Valavičius brothers. E. Valavičius surpassed his older brother Jeronimas with having a better education, being more active in the chancellery which allowed him to reach the post of chancellor sooner. This case shows that it didn’t matter how long a person had worked in the office before moving up the career ladder. Consequently, education, activity and the ability to maintain good relations with the social environment were more important for the career of a scribe than the work experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]