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Older adults living with the complexity of multiple long-term conditions (MLTC), frailty and a recent deterioration in health are under-served by research. As a result, current treatment guidelines are often based on data from studies of younger and less frail participants, and often single disease focused. The aims of this review were (i) to identify why older adults living with the complexity of MLTC, frailty and a recent deterioration in health are underserved by research and (ii) to identify strategies for increasing their recruitment and retention. Although a range of factors have been suggested to affect the participation of older adults with MLTC and frailty in research, this review shows that much less is known about the inclusion of older adults living with the complexity of MLTC, frailty and a recent deterioration in health. Researchers should focus on strategies that minimise participation burden for these patients, maintaining an adaptive and flexible approach, to increase their recruitment and retention. Future research should include qualitative interviews to provide further insights into how best to design and conduct research to suit the needs of this population group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-dwelling older adults living with multiple long-term conditions (MLTC), frailty and a recent deterioration in health are underserved by research. This results in a limited evidence base for their care, including the potential benefits of lifestyle interventions such as structured exercise. The aims of the LiLL-OPM (Lifestyle in Later Life - Older People's Medicine) study are to determine if it is feasible to carry out a research project with these patients, describe their health and lifestyle, their attitudes to engaging in exercise and their experiences of taking part in the research. Older adults who are attending an Older People's Medicine Day Unit service in Newcastle, UK, and their informal carers will be invited to take part. The study will use mixed methods with semi-structured interviews and a health and lifestyle questionnaire, carried out in a way that is most convenient to participants, including in their own homes and with a flexible schedule of study visits. The findings from the feasibility study will provide invaluable data on how to design research, including the most suitable approaches to recruitment and data collection. This will improve the inclusion in research of older adults living with MLTC, frailty and a recent deterioration in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a source of several nutrients which may be beneficial for skeletal muscle. Evidence that links lower milk intake with declines in muscle strength from midlife to old age is lacking. We used data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development to test sex-specific associations between milk consumption from age 36 to 60–64 years, low grip strength (GS) or probable sarcopenia, and GS decline from age 53 to 69 years. We included 1340 men and 1383 women with at least one measure of both milk intake and GS. Milk intake was recorded in 5-d food diaries (aged 36, 43, 53 and 60–64 years), and grand mean of total, reduced-fat and full-fat milk each categorised in thirds (T1 (lowest) to T3 (highest), g/d). GS was assessed at ages 53, 60–64, and 69 years, and probable sarcopenia classified at the age of 69 years. We employed logistic regression to examine the odds of probable sarcopenia and multilevel models to investigate decline in GS in relation to milk intake thirds. Compared with T1, only T2 (58·76–145·25 g/d) of reduced-fat milk was associated with lower odds of sex-specific low GS at the age of 69 years (OR (95 % CI): 0·59 (0·37, 0·94), P = 0·03). In multilevel models, only T3 of total milk (≥ 237·52 g/d) was associated with stronger GS in midlife in men (β (95 % CI) = 1·82 (0·18, 3·45) kg, P = 0·03) compared with T1 (≤ 152·0 g/d), but not with GS decline over time. A higher milk intake across adulthood may promote muscle strength in midlife in men. Its role in muscle health in late life needs further examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous approaches are used to characterise multiple long‐term conditions (MLTC), including counts and indices. Few studies have compared approaches within the same dataset. We aimed to characterise MLTC using simple approaches, and compare their prevalence estimates of MLTC and associations with emergency hospital admission in the UK Biobank. Methods: We used baseline data from 495,465 participants (age 38–73 years) to characterise MLTC using four approaches: Charlson index (CI), Byles index (BI), count of 43 conditions (CC) and count of body systems affected (BC). We defined MLTC as more than two conditions using CI, BI and CC, and more than two body systems using BC. We categorised scores (incorporating weightings for the indices) from each approach as 0, 1, 2 and 3+. We used linked hospital episode statistics and performed survival analyses to test associations with an endpoint of emergency hospital admission or death over 5 years. Results: The prevalence of MLTC was 44% (BC), 33% (CC), 6% (BI) and 2% (CI). Higher scores using all approaches were associated with greater outcome rates independent of sex and age group. For example, using CC, compared with score 0, score 2 had 1.95 (95% CI: 1.91, 1.99) and a score of 3+ had 3.12 (95% CI: 3.06, 3.18) times greater outcome rates. The discriminant value of all approaches was modest (C‐statistics 0.60–0.63). Conclusions: The counts classified a greater proportion as having MLTC than the indices, highlighting that prevalence estimates of MLTC vary depending on the approach. All approaches had strong statistical associations with emergency hospital admission but a modest ability to identify individuals at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ageing is an archetypal translational research topic, spanning a breadth of academic disciplines. This poses challenges for researchers aiming to act upon laboratory findings to develop and implement interventions that directly benefit older people. Divisions between distinct academic research cultures present barriers to collaborative working. We present potential strategies to improve the translation of ageing research with examples of successful projects working across disciplines. Researchers and clinicians in ageing should be supported to develop a translational interest and receive specific training about translational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized disease, more common in older adults, which manifests as a loss of muscle strength and mass. The pathophysiology of sarcopenia is still poorly understood with many mechanisms suggested. Age associated changes to the neuromuscular architecture, including motor units and their constituent muscle fibres, represent one such mechanism. Electromyography can be used to distinguish between different myopathies and produce counts of motor units. Evidence from electromyography studies suggests that with age, there is a loss of motor units, increases to the sizes of remaining units, and changes to their activity patterns. However, electromyography is invasive, can be uncomfortable, does not reveal the exact spatial position of motor units within muscle and is difficult to perform in deep muscles. We present a novel diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging technique called 'motor unit magnetic resonance imaging (MUMRI)'. MUMRI aims to improve our understanding of the changes to the neuromuscular system associated with ageing, sarcopenia and other neuromuscular diseases. To date, we have demonstrated that MUMRI can be used to detect statistically significant differences in fasciculation rate of motor units between (n = 4) patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (mean age ± SD: 53 ± 15) and a group of (n = 4) healthy controls (38 ± 7). Patients had significantly higher rates of fasciculation compared with healthy controls (mean = 99.1/min, range = 25.7–161.0 in patients vs. 7.7/min, range = 4.3–9.7 in controls; P < 0.05. MUMRI has detected differences in size, shape, and distribution of single human motor units between (n = 5) young healthy volunteers (29 ± 2.2) and (n = 5) healthy older volunteers (65.6 ± 14.8). The maximum size of motor unit territories in the older group was 12.4 ± 3.3 mm and 9.7 ± 2.7 mm in the young group; P < 0.05. MUMRI is an entirely non‐invasive tool, which can be used to detect physiological and pathological changes to motor units in neuromuscular diseases. MUMRI also has the potential to be used as an intermediate outcome measure in sarcopenia trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle strength and mass, predicts adverse outcomes and becomes common with age. There is recognition that sarcopenia may occur at younger ages in those with long‐term conditions (LTCs) as well as those with multimorbidity (the presence of two or more LTCs), but their relationships have been little explored. Our aims were to describe the prevalence of sarcopenia in UK Biobank, a large sample of men and women aged 40–70 years, and to explore relationships with different categories of LTCs and multimorbidity. Methods: We used data from 499 046 participants in the baseline of UK Biobank. Our main outcome was probable sarcopenia based on maximum grip strength below sex‐specific cut‐points. Participants' LTCs were recorded during an interview and categorized against a hierarchy. We used logistic regression to examine the independent associations between each category of LTCs and probable sarcopenia, including adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. We also examined the association with multimorbidity. Results: Probable sarcopenia had an overall prevalence of 5.3% and increased with age. The categories with the strongest associations with probable sarcopenia were musculoskeletal/trauma [OR 2.17 (95% CI: 2.11, 2.23)], endocrine/diabetes [OR 1.49 (95% CI: 1.45, 1.55)], and neurological/psychiatric [OR 1.39 (95% CI: 1.34, 1.43)] LTCs. Almost half of the sample (44.5%) had multimorbidity, and they were at nearly twice the odds of probable sarcopenia [OR 1.96 (95% CI: 1.91, 2.02)] compared with those without. Conclusions: We have shown an overall prevalence of 5.3% of probable sarcopenia at ages 40–70 in UK Biobank. The risk of probable sarcopenia was higher in those with some categories of LTCs, suggesting that these groups may stand to benefit from assessment of sarcopenia, during mid‐life as well as old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to investigate the associations between initial level and rate of change in grip strength (GS) and all-cause mortality in very old adults (≥85 years) over a 9.6-year follow-up. Methods: prospective mortality data from 845 participants in the Newcastle 85+ Study were analysed for survival in relation to GS (kg, baseline and 5-year mean change) using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: during the follow-up, 636 (75.3%) participants died. Higher baseline GS was associated with a decreased risk of mortality in all participants [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-0.98, P < 0.001], men (HR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99, P = 0.009) and women (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.94-0.99, P = 0.007) after adjustment for health, lifestyle and anthropometric factors. Overall GS slope had a downward trajectory and was determined in 602 participants: 451 experienced constant decline (negative slope) and 151 had increasing GS (positive slope) over time. Men and women with a negative slope had a 16 and 33% increased risk of mortality, respectively, with every kg/year decline in GS (P ≤ 0.005), and participants with a positive slope had a 31% decreased risk of mortality (P = 0.03) irrespective of baseline GS and key covariates. Conclusion: higher baseline GS and 5-year increase in GS were protective of mortality, whilst GS decline was associated with an increased risk of mortality in the very old over 9.6 years, especially in women. These results add to the biological and clinical importance of GS as a powerful predictor of long-term survival in late life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article 'Systematic reviews: guidance relevant for studies of older people" by Susan D. Shenkin et al, is presented.

Background: Delirium is common, distressing, and associated with poor outcomes. Despite this, delirium remains poorly recognized, resulting in worse outcomes. There is an urgent need for methods to objectively assess for delirium. Physical function has been proposed as a potential surrogate marker, but few studies have monitored physical function in the context of delirium. We examined if trajectories of physical function are affected by the presence and severity of delirium in a representative sample of hospitalized participants older than 65 years., Method: During hospital admissions in 2016, we assessed participants from the Delirium and Cognitive Impact in Dementia study daily for delirium and physical function, using the Hierarchical Assessment of Balance and Mobility (HABAM). We used linear mixed models to assess the effect of delirium and delirium severity during admission on HABAM trajectory., Results: Of 178 participants, 58 experienced delirium during admission. Median HABAM scores in those with delirium were significantly higher (indicating worse mobility) than those without delirium. Modeling HABAM trajectories, HABAM scores at first assessment were worse in those with delirium than those without, by 0.76 (95% CI: 0.49-1.04) points. Participants with severe delirium experienced a much greater perturbance in their physical function, with an even lower value at first assessment and slower subsequent improvement., Conclusions: Physical function was worse in those with delirium compared to without. This supports the assertion that motor disturbances are a core feature of delirium and monitoring physical function, using a tool such as the HABAM, may have clinical utility as a surrogate marker for delirium and its resolution., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.)