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Introduction: Thyroid disorders are considered the most common endocrine disorders affecting 5-10% of individuals. Vitamin D is an important bio-molecule that plays a role in the signaling pathways related to immune modulation and oxidative stress. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms were found to be associated with the risk for Graves' disease. As thyroid hormones are essential for normal organ growth, development function the basal metabolic rate of all cells, its alteration can affect the entire metabolism and can alter the activity of serum enzymes like LDH. There is negotiation regarding the increased/decreased levels of LDH in thyroid disorders with some studies stating that LDH can be used as a parameter for screening the thyroid disorder. But some contraindicated results prevail in this area of research. To clear some air an attempt was made on one study group to analyse the levels of LDH and Vitamin D in hyperthyroidism disorder and to find out correlation (if any) that exists between LDH and thyroid hormone. Aim and Objectives: To estimate the levels of serum LDH and vitamin D in hyperthyroid patients and to correlate with TSH, T3 and T4 and also to see the mutual correlation. Materials and methods: The study population was serum specimens from 100 patients with hyperthyroidism with ages ranging from 20-40 years. The samples were collected from the Thyroid laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, PGIMS, Rohtak. The levels of LDH and Vitamin D were determined on the autoanalyzer and radioimmunoassay respectively. Results and conclusion: The mean values for LDH and Vitamin D in hyperthyroidism patient were found to be 280.17±52.43 and 13.83±4.71 respectively. Regression analysis of different parameters was also done. Our findings support that hyperthyroid patients have subtle disturbances of LDH and Vitamin D level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome associated to a number of vascular and non-vascular problems. Hyperglycemia is the main presenting symptom of the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress caused on by hyperglycemia induced vascular damage, generation of proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Chemerin was identified as an adipokine and its role in regulating adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism was connected to metabolic syndrome. The goal of the current analysis was to assess the levels of serum chemerin in T2DM patients. Methods: The outcomes of 24 published studies that examined at serum chemerin levels in T2DM patients were exposed to meta-analysis. An estimation of the serum chemerin pooled mean was made using a random-effects model. Results: According to our metaanalysis research, the pooled mean of serum chemerin in diabetes mellitus patients was 169.82 ng/ml, which is higher than the healthy control (131.94 ng/ml). Conclusion: The meta-analyses revealed a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and serum chemerin concentrations. These findings also suggest that routine measurement and evaluation of serum chemerin will contribute in the management of diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitis (DM)is the major form and involves more than 90% of all cases. Glycemic control in individuals worsens with the duration of disease. The prevalence of DM is found lower in rural areas as the number of patients remains undiagnosed. In view of this study was planned to find out the prevalence of type 2 DM in rural area. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus in Katlupur village (a remote rural area) in Haryana, increasing awareness of Diabetes related complications and assess the prevalence. Material and Methods: Data was collected from age group 30- 60 years from the village Katlupur, District Sonepat, Haryana. The American Diabetes Association (2014) Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis Criteria was used. Data was collected by conducting health camps at Sub centre organized over a period of 5 Months, by home visits and on Polio vaccination days. Instruments used were Infi sphygmomanometer, blood glucose meter, Pulse oximeter and Weighing machine. The prevalence of Diabetes is calculated by measuring the presence of Diabetes in a sample of the population then dividing the number of people with Diabetes by the total number of people in whom it was measured. Results: The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus type 2 in studied village was calculated 4.56 %. The total number of people with type 2 diabetes were 34 out of 744 people examined. The prevalence of diabetes was found to be higher in women than men. These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" is growing in rural populations also and prevalence is only little lesser than urban area. Conclusion: In the present study it is concluded that immediate steps related to screening for DM are required for various setting throughout the country, as prevalence is rising exponentially even in rural areas, mainly due to a large numbers of undiagnosed cases. Thus we need to identify total burden of diseases and act accordingly to prevent complications related to DM at very early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple animal studies, few clinical case reports and one study have observed decreased testosterone production and gynaecomastia as adverse effect of imatinib therapy. We have prospectively studied testosterone, LH and FSH levels at baseline and at 6 months of imatinib treatment in 34 newly diagnosed male BCR-ABL positive CML patients. While none of the patients had gynaecomastia at 6 months, the proportion of patients with low testosterone level increased significantly from 11.8% at baseline to 58.8% (p < 0.001) and those with high LH and FSH increased significantly from 26.4% and 23.5% to 82.4% and 76.4%, respectively (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Serum testosterone levels decreased significantly (p = 0.002) and serum LH and FSH levels increased significantly at 6 months of imatinib therapy (p = 0.001 and p = 0.003) in comparison to baseline levels. The findings document the effect of imatinib on testosterone levels in adult CML patients much before than reported earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: Nephrolithiasis is a complex disease affecting all age groups globally. As the causative factors for nephrolithiasis rises significantly, its incidence, prevalence and recurrence continues to baffle clinicians and patients. Aim: To study the prevalence of different types of renal stones extracted by Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and open surgical procedures. Materials and Methods: Renal stones from 50 patients were retrieved by Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), Ureterorenoscopy (URS) and open surgical techniques for qualitative tests for detection of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphate, ammonium ion, carbonate, cystine and xanthine. Results: Three patients had stone removed by open surgery and rest had undergone PCNL. Nine of the stones were pure of calcium oxalate, 9 were of pure uric acid and 32 were mixed stones. Forty one stones had calcium. Among the mixed stones, oxalate was present in 25 samples (39 of total), uric acid was seen in 17 (25 of total stones), phosphate was present in 23 (23 of total) and carbonate was present in 4 stones (4 of total). Only 1 patient had triple phosphate stone. 12 were of staghorn appearance of which 6 were of struvite type, 6 were pure uric acid and remaining were mixed oxalate-phosphate stones. Conclusion: Our study, though in a small number of hospital based patients, found much higher prevalence of uric acid stones and mixed stones than reported by previous hospital based studies in north India (oxalate stones ~90%, uric acid ~1% and mixed stones ~3%). Biochemical analysis of renal stones is warranted in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent and chronic, severe complication of diabetes, representing a serious global health concern. Early detection of DN is essential for initiating timely and effective therapeutic interventions and accurately assessing prognosis. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), a low molecular weight protein, has emerged as a potential biomarker for DN due to its association with renal injury and its ability to provide early indications of kidney damage. NGAL levels in both serum and urine are elevated in individuals with renal damage, making it a valuable biomarker for detecting early signs of kidney impairment in the context of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the utility of NGAL as an early biomarker for DN and explore its correlation with various clinical parameters associated with the disease. Understanding the relationship between NGAL levels and clinical parameters such as glycemic control, renal function, blood pressure, and duration of diabetes is crucial for comprehensively evaluating the potential of NGAL as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for DN. Furthermore, assessing the sensitivity and specificity of NGAL in detecting early-stage DN will provide valuable insights into its clinical applicability and reliability., Methodology: A planned meta-analysis was conducted following PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The PubMed database was searched from January 2016 to June 2023 for English-language studies on DN and NGAL. Fifteen eligible studies were included as per the criteria. Data on serum NGAL levels in DN patients and healthy controls were analyzed using Stata 16.0 software., Result: The study revealed a significantly higher mean serum NGAL level in DN patients (168.08 ng/ml, 95% CI: 105.50-230.67) compared to healthy controls (75.02 ng/ml, 95% CI: 43.02-107.03), demonstrating NGAL's potential as a biomarker (P=0.01)., Conclusion: NGAL offers a powerful tool for DN diagnosis, staging, and monitoring, surpassing traditional markers in sensitivity. Challenges include defining universal threshold values and ensuring consistent test performance across diverse clinical settings. The study underscores NGAL's potential in transforming DN diagnosis and management., Competing Interests: None., (IJBMB Copyright © 2024.)