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The Soviet power sought to liquidate the old traditions and to invent revolutionary ones, as well as to transform some Christian traditions into communist ones in order to constitute a new culture – of Soviet type. Following the analysis of winter traditions in the MSSR that involved children, we conclude that the transformation of the tradition took place only in the official calendar, due to which it could not decisively influence the formation of the ethnocultural identity of the young generation. Despite all the efforts of the political factor, the traditional calendar could not be changed. Regardless of the hostile political and ideological environment, the attachment of the population to traditions, customs, and the Christian Orthodox faith has not been liquidated. The sustainability of the traditions in the consciousness of the society prevented their displacement; they were partially filled with some elements with ideological content. The influence of the environment – partly of the atheist propaganda on behalf of the school and children’s organizations and the religious propaganda on behalf of the family – formed a duplicitous attitude towards religion, forcing children to secretly follow religious cultures. The children found themselves caught between two contradictory worlds: the official Soviet world and the traditional environment from which they originated (family, village, relatives). Authentic values ultimately prevailed spiritually.

In this article, we elucidate the problem of providing food products to orphanages in the Moldavian SSR in the years 1944–1947. The research found that the expansion of the orphanage network in the MSSR in the post-war years was due to the social policy of reducing the number of wandering and orphaned children suffering from hunger. The number of orphanages increased during the famine, and gradually decreased after its overcoming. The controls carried out by the authorities in the field of education and healthcare found serious gaps in the process of providing food to orphanages, irregularities in the management of products and even abuse of staff towards children. These realities aggravated the situation of children in orphanages, who were affected by the difficult family situation, famine and precarious conditions in institutions. Survivors’ testimonies show that most of the orphans who were taken to orphanages were rescued from starvation, and in some cases, when taken by relatives for maintenance, they died. The archive documents, but also the testimonies of the survivors show that the difficult situation of the children in the post-war years, the starvation, the vagrancy, the increase in the number of orphaned children, etc. were a consequence of the totalitarian politics and the irresponsibility of the local authorities.

The issue related to the fact that public money must be spent in conditions of economy, efficiency and effectiveness is studied within the performance audit. Its most important objectives are the effectiveness of projects and programs, of any socially significant innovations, especially those developed and implemented with public money. Performance audit missions at national level are carried out in accordance with the International Profile Standards, developed and promoted by the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions INTOSAI, in accordance with internal manuals and regulations, national legislative and normative acts, as well as the Professional Statements Framework of INTOSAI. The purpose of the given study is to argue the influence of the performance audit on the management of heritage and public financial sources and the prospects of developing its capacities within the public sector entities of the Republic of Moldova. When carrying out the study, the author used quantitative and qualitative, inductive and deductive methods, methods of analysis and synthesis. The results obtained during the realization of the given study will have a scientific and practical impact on the improvement and determination of the operational perspectives of the performance audit at the national level., {"references":["1.\tCurtea de Conturi a Republicii Moldova, \"Manual de audit al performanței\", Chișinău, 2016. https://www.ccrm.md/files/files/Cadrul%20legal/Manual%20audit%20al%20performa ntei.pdf.","2.\tCurtea de Conturi a Republicii Moldova. \"Strategia de dezvoltare 2021-2025\", Chișinău, 2020, 21p. https://www.ccrm.md","3.\tCurtea de Conturi a Republicii Moldova. Rapoarte anuale. https://www.ccrm.md/ro/rapoarte-anuale-88.html (vizualizat 05.06.2022).","4.\tCurtea de Conturi a Republicii Moldova. Cooperare internațională. Proiecte. https://www.ccrm.md/ro/onas-93.html ; https://www.ccrm.md/ro/banca-mondiala- 92.\thtml ; https://www.ccrm.md/ro/proiectul-twinning-94.html (vizualizat 05.06.2022).","5.\tInternational Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions https://www.intosai.org/what-we-do (vizualizat 05.06.2022).","6. Legea privind organizarea şi funcționarea Curții de Conturi a Republicii Moldova, nr. 260 din 07.12.2017. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova nr. 1-6 din 05.01.2018."]}

Internal control delivers guarantee and trust for investors, clients, suppliers, but also for the entity’s employees and other interested parties. As a result, an effective internal control system has a significant impact on the credibility of a modern entity and its activities, which is ensured by the entity’s management, through an appropriate process of evaluating the effectiveness of internal control. On the basis of those exposed, we sustain the opinion shared by many experts in the field, that the primary role in evaluating the internal control system is attributed to internal audit, because in line with current development trends, it supports the entity in maintaining effective controls by evaluating efficiency and effectiveness. As well as by promoting biased business actions. In this connection, the authors approach the study of the basic aspects of the internal control evaluation process in the light of the identification of the method, establishing and interpreting the indicators used in the evaluation, as well as determining the criteria and practical tools for evaluation. As a method of evaluation of internal control the systematic method of authors is proposed, which involves the evaluation of each component of it. This approach permits internal auditors to make an integrated consideration of the effectiveness of internal control in the entity of the internal control system in the good functioning of the entity, which contributes to the fulfillment of its strategic objectives. In addition, the research carried out highlights the performance of the assessment tool – the corresponding questionnaire, which was developed to evaluate the control environment of the entity and applied in the activity of public interest entities in the Republic of Moldova. This study offers the possibility to recognize the deficiencies within the control environment established at the entity and offers the possibility to the management of the entity to improve its functioning mechanism.

Performance auditing is an effective tool in the process of assessing money management and public assets. This study is a complex examination of the theoretical and applied aspects of performance auditing, in order to identify existing problems and substantiate the priority directions for improving its implementation, in order to determine whether a program / entity or activity has been managed based on the principles of economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. In order to achieve the established goals, the author applied research methods, such as: quantitative and qualitative; inductive and deductive; comparative method, methods of analysis and synthesis. In the author's view, in order to strengthen its role as an effective tool for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the use of public money, performance auditing must be based on the rules that require its independence, objectivity and full trust from both audited entities and society.

The article elucidates the establishment of a new direction of ethnological research in the Republic of Moldova – “Ethnology of Sovietness”, which refers to the research of „Soviet culture” from an ethnological perspective. The very term Sovietness means the directed transformations of the Soviet tradition and culture created by the totalitarian communist system in the USSR. The article also reflects the fact that some researchers approach Soviet culture as a „specific traditional culture” and opt for safeguarding it, as is the case with all traditional cultures, while other researchers appreciate Soviet culture as repressive and exclusive, inauthentic, created on false utopian ideological principles, meant to build a new social and cultural community. In the author’s opinion, in a democratic society, the culture created in totalitarianism can no longer survive without being ideologically nurtured, and without being imposed by dictation. However, elements of Soviet culture are still perpetuated to this day. And, the mission of „Ethnology of Sovietness” is not to preserve a totalitarian culture, but to elucidate the guided transformations that have taken place, the mechanisms of influence on social and ethno-cultural identity, the invented Soviet tradition, everyday life, etc., in order to understand the authentic cultural values of today, which can develop the individual and communities based on the cultural matrix

The article elucidates the evolution of the orphanage network in Moldovan SSAR and Moldovan SSR in relation to the socio-economic realities and the social policy of the Soviet state. By analysing the statistical data, we show that the expansion of the orphanage network in the MSSAR (1924-1940) and in the MSSR in 1944-1961 is due to the social policy of reducing the number of homeless and orphaned children suffering from hunger. We conclude that the number of orphanages increased during the famine, and decreased only after mitigating its consequences in the early 1950s. The Soviet state, on the one hand, provoked the humanitarian crisis in the MSSR, and on the other hand, proved to be “humane” by organizing an extensive network of orphanages intended to save children. The difficult situation of children in the post-war years, the starvation, vagrancy, the increased number of orphaned children, etc. was the consequence of the totalitarian politics and of the irresponsibility of local authorities.

In the conditions of the competitive economy, an efficient management system within an entity involves permanent modernization and implementation of new policies and technologies in the implementation of planned strategies, minimizing the risks to which the business is subject and last but not least improving the results of the managed activity. Namely, that the automation and continuous implementation of new technologies have a significant influence on the change of business models, the accounting profession today requires revolutionary changes that involve the reintegration of the role of accounting in the management of the contemporary entity.&nbsp

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monoclonal antibodies can inhibit neovascularization and also to block the growth of several tumor cell lines. Treatment with anti-VEGF drugs like Bevacizumab (Avastin®) and Aflibercept has proven optimistic results in various malignant diseases. The present study was aimed to investigate Bevacizumab and Aflibercept in vitro effects on two human melanoma cell lines (A375 and SK-Mel-28), as well as on a healthy cell line (HaCaT human keratinocytes), followed by characterization of the in ovo effects on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Our data indicated that Bevacizumab and Aflibercept decreased human melanoma cells viability in a dose-dependent way, a more significant effect was obtained for Aflibercept. Regarding the safety profile of the active compounds tested, they showed a low-moderate irritation score. In the case of the tested samples, the vascular capillaries were not majorly affected. In both cases, the only notable change was the appearance of a slight vascular coagulation. The viability of the embryos after application was good, they survived more than 24 hours after testing the compounds on the CAM.

Malocclusion is a global health problem, mainly affecting children and adolescents. For this reason, orthodontic treatment must be, on the one hand, safe, non-toxic, and effective and, on the other hand, it must have the best possible esthetic profile. Thus, the use of orthodontic appliances is addressed to all age groups, including young children, for a long period of time, which is why their safety profile is a matter of real interest. For this reason, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the safety and biocompatibility of an acrylic removable orthodontic appliance made of polymethylmethacrylate and stainless steel alloy made by our team of researchers. To verify the biocompatibility of the medical device, it was immersed in artificial saliva with three different pHs (3, 7, and 10) for a period of ten days. Subsequently, the three types of saliva were tested on human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) in terms of viability and modification of cell morphology. Finally, the use of 3D reconstructed human epidermis verified the cytotoxic and irritating potential of the medical device, thus providing relevant information regarding its biocompatibility. The results revealed that by maintaining the orthodontic device in the saliva there is no release of substances with a toxic effect on the human keratinocytes and on the 3D reconstructed human epidermis. There were also no significant changes in cell morphology. In conclusion, it is suggested that the acrylic removable appliance has a safety profile recommended for in vivo use.

The article elucidates the situation of children in educational institutions in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in the context of the reoccupation of Bessarabia and the restoration of the Soviet-type educational system. Following the analysis of the archive documents, we found that the general schooling of the children was carried out in precarious socio-economic conditions, in the absence of appropriate buildings, furniture and adequate teaching inventory. It also happened in situations of poverty, when a large part of the population did not have enough resources to dress and feed children properly. The unsatisfactory conditions in schools have led to poor results in studies, the spread of diseases and epidemics among children. The situation in the educational institutions of the Moldavian SSR in the academic year 1944–1945 clearly illustrates that schooling had a compulsory character being motivated by the interest of the Soviet authorities to install administrative, political and ideological control over the young generation. After the occupation of Bessarabia, given the continuation of military operations to the countries of Western Europe and the need of restoration following them, resources were insufficient and political and ideological objectives were achieved in circumstances of poverty. The 1944–1945 academic year was a turning point for the young generation in the Moldovan SSR. It began to be subjected to ideological training through ideological study programs and involvement in communist organizations for children and youth. Also, the “convert” of children to the communist ideology, to the detriment of national traditions and values, began.

The article states the topicality of the research of Soviet childhood in the Republic of Moldova, the degree of its research, the sources and the main issues proposed for elucidation. It is emphasized that the research of the Soviet childhood is part of the interference of the ethnology of Sovietness and childhood ethnology. The works of researchers Margaret Mead and Philip Aries serve as an important theoretical and reference support in the research of topics related to childhood in general. Despite the fact that there are many sources for research on Soviet childhood, this was not the subject of a separate study. The research of Soviet childhood will allow the presentation of children in the context of political and socio-economic realities of the Moldovan SSR. It will also contribute to a better understanding of the ethnic processes carried out in the Moldovan SSR in which new social and ethno-cultural identities were formed. The research of the proposed topic will contribute to the approach to social history, as well as to the development of the anthropology of the Soviet society, the ethnology of the Sovietness – a direction in development both in the post-Soviet space and in the Western one.

The article clarifies the policy of the Soviet state and party bodies on procedures for registering childbirth and marriage in the post-war period in the Moldavian SSR. As a result of the implementation of the communist ideology and Soviet legislation in the MSSR, these procedures have undergone a number of changes. The transformations promoted at the administrative level through the adoption of normative acts resulted in the separation of the Church from the legal procedure for the registration of civil status documents. Also, some of the clergy’s freedom to serve religious services has been restricted, and the Church has been removed to the periphery of society by motivating it to be an institution that promotes vices, archaic and dangerous to the Soviet society customs and rituals. Atheist propaganda aimed at creating a negative image of the Church, closing the churches, and gradually reducing the number of believers. At the same time, in order to substitute religious rituals, civil ceremonies were created, which took on some elements of tradition to be infiltrated into family habits, labeled as new. In spite of the anti-religious measures and pressures on society, a significant proportion of the population in the MSSR in the post-war period continued to maintain their faith and to practice the religious ceremonies of the church, alongside with the civil compulsory ones, imposed by laws and administrative methods.

În anii 1920 în URSS a fost promovată intens ideea înlocuirii familiei cu educația copiilor în instituții publice, familia fiind considerată reminiscență burgheză temporară. Nefiind găsită o înlocuire pe măsură, cel mai bun loc de educație a copiilor s-a dovedit a fi totuși familia. În RASSM în anul de studii 1924–1925 erau zece orfelinate cu un contingent de 850 de copii, dar minori fără adăpost erau mult mai mulți. Pentru a economisi resurse în anul de studii 1925–1926 cele 10 orfelinate au fost concentrate în trei orășele ale copiilor, un orfelinat cu copii bolnavi de favus și un orfelinat cu copii bolnavi de trahomă. În anul 1940 în RSSM activau trei orășele ale copiilor cu un contingent de 900 de persoane. În 1944 după restabilirea puterii sovietice, au fost redeschise trei orfelinate cu un contingent de 400 de persoane. Din cauza războiului, a sărăciei și a mortalității a crescut numărul copiilor orfani și fără adăpost, devenind o problemă socială importantă. Începând cu anul 1945 numărul orfelinatelor a crescut, aceasta fiind soluția principală a statului sovietic la numărul mare de copii vagabonzi, și a delicvenței juvenile. Conform datelor statistice la 1 septembrie în 1945 erau 12 orfelinate (cu 724 copii), în 1946 – 29 (cu 2291 copii). În anii 1947–1948 din cauza foametei și creșterii bruște a numărului copiilor orfani, numărul orfelinatelor a crescut. La 5 aprilie 1947 activau 123 de orfelinate cu un contingent de 17 381. La 1 septembrie 1947, în 124 de orfelinate erau întreținute 21553 de persoane. Numărul orfelinatelor în 1948 era deja de 104 cu un contingent de 15922 de copii, iar în 1949 – 110 cu un contingent de 14081. Începând cu anul 1951 mulți copii s-au întors în familii, au fost angajați în „instituții educaționale ale rezervelor de muncă”, întreprinderi industriale, gospodării agricole, iar un șir de orfelinate au fost închise. La 1 aprilie 1958 în RSSM activau 40 de orfelinate cu un contingent de 3655 de persoane, dintre care copii orfani erau 2465. Orfelinatele și instituțiile de tip internat au făcut parte din politica socială a statului. Astfel că dinamica numărului de orfelinate și a instituțiilor de învățământ de tip internat a oscilat în dependență de dezvoltarea social-economică a RSSM și nivelul de trai al populației. În timpul crizelor sociale numărul copiilor fără adăpost și al orfelinatelor a crescut, iar în anii 1950 când situația social-economică s-a ameliorat, copiii au fost preponderent educați în familii iar numărul orfelinatelor a fost micșorat.

The present study was purported to assess the activities: (i) antibacterial and synergistic against three types of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are susceptible to drug resistance and (ii) cytotoxic and synergistic on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, of thyme essential oil (TEo) in combination with tetracycline (Tcyc). Chemical composition of thyme essential oil was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, antioxidant capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay, antibacterial and synergistic properties were determined by disk diffusion method and cytotoxic activity by quantifying viable cells by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Thyme essential oil has an elevated antioxidant activity, antibacterial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially on S. aureus and K. pneumoniae at the highest concentration tested (50µL/mL), also having a synergistic effect when combined with tetracycline (50µL/mL TEo with 10µg/mL Tcyc). Essential oil-treated cells showed a dose-dependent reduction in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell viability, while combination with tetracycline leads to a significantly attenuated decrease in viability.

Organizația de pionieri a fost constituită în calitate de organizație obștească, însă treptat s-a contopit cu instituțiile de învățământ, a fost treapta de jos a Partidului Comunist și avea scopul să îndoctrineze copii și să-i educe în calitate de cetățeni sovietici, fideli Patriei și Partidului. După reocuparea Basarabiei de către URSS, Puterea sovietică a avut drept obiectiv să alfabetizeze toată populația țării dar în conformitate cu „valorile” ideologiei și politicii oficiale. Constituirea culturii sovietice bazate pe ideologia marxist-leninistă, substituirea tradiției vechi cu „tradiții revoluționare” au dus la transformări ale identității populației din URSS, inclusiv din RSS Moldovenească. Organizația de pionieri a devenit parte a culturii sovietice dar și un factor al formării noii identități. Organizațiile de pionieri, devenite parte componentă a instituțiilor de învățământ, au implicat copiii în activități și manifestări cu caracter politico-ideologic, au exersat comportamente comuniste, au desfășurat propaganda comunistă și ateistă în rândul copiilor dar și al adulților, au format deprinderi și cunoștințe sovietice. În rezultatul acțiunii complexe asupra personalității copiilor, organizația de pionieri în parteneriat cu sistemul educațional ideologizat a format copiilor o nouă identitate − „Om sovietic”. &nbsp

În prezentul articol elucidăm modelele și valorile so-vietice ale copilăriei implementate în RSS Moldovenească în perioada postbelică, care au stat la baza formării unei noi identităţi civice și etnoculturale, străine majorităţii po-pulaţiei – „Omul sovietic”. Considerăm cercetarea copilă-riei sovietice importantă pentru a înţelege cum a influenţat instituţiile statului și cele ideologice asupra copiilor, și care era rolul instituţiei copilăriei în construcţia unei noi soci-etăţi comuniste. Constatăm că sistemul educaţional, presa și literatura pentru copii, teatrele și cinematografele au fost utilizate în calitate de instrumente ideologice în procesul de formare a convingerilor comuniste a tinerei generaţii și cultivarea calităţilor personale specifice comuniștilor: disciplină, credinţă partidului și liderilor, subordonare, colectivism, jertfire de sine pentru cauza comunistă etc. Astfel în perioada postbelică în RSS Moldovenească, dar și în întreg spaţiul sovietic și socialist putem vorbi despre o „copilărie îndoctrinată”. Inocularea sistemică a „valorilor comuniste” a dus la deformarea conștiinţei maselor largi a populaţiei, formarea prejudecăţilor și stereotipurilor so-vietice, a gândirii totalitare – ceia ce reprezintă, în prezent una din cauzele principale a stagnării transformărilor de-mocratice.

The study aims to reveal the importance of the role of cartographic representation of the history of Bessarabia, presenting an insight into the historiography of the problem of the territorial-administrative and demographic evolution of Bessarabia, with the emphasis on the fact that monograph studies and research so far are weak or not at all accompanied by thematic maps. At the same time, are analyzed the cartographic elaborations of the nineteenth century – the early of the twentieth century, in which, in whole or in part, Bassarabia is represented in the chronological segment 1812–1918. The authors, organizing the sources of the era and the historiographical contributions, elaborated 17 maps illustrating the territorial-administrative evolution and 8 maps showing some demographic problems of Bessarabia between 1812–1918 which along with other 25 maps were summed up in the illustrated Ethno-historical Atlas of Bessarabia (1812–1918).

Această carte este despre interacţiunea dintre politică (ideologia comunistă, politicile statului, regimul represiv, sistemul administrativ de comandă) şi istorie (educaţia şi ştiinţa istorică) în Uniunea Sovietică.În monografie se analizează modul în care a fost formată la populația autohtonă din RSSM identitatea etnoculturală moldovenească prin intermediul științei și educației istorice. Lucrarea demonstrează că identitatea națională a moldovenilor a fost formată prin studierea unei istorii falsificate, propaganda ideologiei utopice marxiste în rândul populației din RSSM – în sistemul educațional și de cercetare. Este elucidată modul în care istoria națională, a fost integrată în cadrul istoriei URSS- ca parte componentă a unui spațiu istoric diferit de cel românesc și european – aceasta are consecințe asupra conștiinței politice a populației din Republica Moldova și în prezent.

Culegerea de studii cuprinde zece articole elaborate decătre autori în colaborare și individual, unele dintre ele suntpublicate pentru prima dată, iar unele sunt la a doua ediție,fiind actualizate și completate substanțial, din motiv că revistelede specialitate au anumite rigori ce țin de volumularticolelor și caracterul concis al materialelor prezentate.Formatul unei culegeri de studii a permis autorilor să extindăarticolele cu materiale, completări, analize, de asemeneași cu un suport documentar și imagini, care contribuie la oelucidare mai complexă a problemelor abordate.

Lucrarea „Istoria românilor şi universală. Sugestii metodologice. Clasa a IX-a” corespunde întru totul prevederilor curriculare la capitolul competenţe specifice, subcompetenţe şi sugestii de conţinut. Activităţile de învăţare şi sarcinile incluse sînt relevante conţinutului curriculumului pentru disciplina Istoria românilor şi universală cl. a IX-a. Modulele de proiectări şi activităţi din prezenta carte sînt structurate ca şi unităţile de conţinut curricular. Sistemul didactic al sugestiilor metodice realizează prevederile metodologice din curriculumul disciplinei şcolare.Conţinutul cărții reflectă conceptele istorice şi didactice în corespundere cu adevărul ştiinţific. Activităţile propuse oglindesc veridic fenomenele şi procesele istorice, promovează principiile şi valorile istorice contemporane. Metodologia didactică prezentată prin perspectiva formării competențelor în sugestiile metodologice expuse se bazează pe achiziţiile recente ale domeniului ştiinţific psihopedagogic.

The article clarifies the policy of the Soviet state and party bodies on procedures for registering childbirth and marriage in the post-war period in the Moldavian SSR. As a result of the implementation of the communist ideology and Soviet legislation in the MSSR, these procedures have undergone a number of changes. The transformations promoted at the administrative level through the adoption of normative acts resulted in the separation of the Church from the legal procedure for the registration of civil status documents. Also, some of the clergy’s freedom to serve religious services has been restricted, and the Church has been removed to the periphery of society by motivating it to be an institution that promotes vices, archaic and dangerous to the Soviet society customs and rituals. Atheist propaganda aimed at creating a negative image of the Church, closing the churches, and gradually reducing the number of believers. At the same time, in order to substitute religious rituals, civil ceremonies were created, which took on some elements of tradition to be infiltrated into family habits, labeled as new. In spite of the anti-religious measures and pressures on society, a significant proportion of the population in the MSSR in the post-war period continued to maintain their faith and to practice the religious ceremonies of the church, alongside with the civil compulsory ones, imposed by laws and administrative methods.