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Dynamics of soil CO2 emission, temperature, and moisture were studied during the vegetation season (from May to October) in 2021 and 2022 in the residential areas of Murmansk and Apatity cities (Murmansk oblast) in comparison with natural areas. The mean emissions from urban soils were 5–7 g C/(m2 day) in summer and 1–2 g C/(m2 day) in spring and fall. Temperature was the main abiogenic factor that determined the seasonal dynamics of soil respiration (R 2 from 0.4 to 0.7, p < 0.05; Q 10 temperature coefficient up to 2.5), while excess moisture had a limiting effect, especially in the natural areas. The heterogeneity of hydrothermal conditions and the content of biophilic elements determined the differences in the mean CO2 emission between natural and urban soils. For the natural soils, the mean temperature was lower and the moisture content was higher than for urban areas, which determined the lowest emission values. Among urban sites, higher CO2 emissions were found for tree and shrub vegetation sites.

Against the background of global warming, urban ecosystems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate stresses. Strategies for climate adaptation developed for almost every major city in the world pay considerable attention to urban green infrastructure as a nature-oriented solution for carbon sequestration. However, the influence of urban climate on the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 emissions from urban soils remains poorly understood, which can lead to inaccurate estimates and inflated expectations of urban green infrastructure in the context of carbon neutrality. In 2019–2022, studies of the dynamics of CO2 emission with parallel monitoring of soil temperature and soil moisture were carried out at three green infrastructure sites of Moscow differing in their mesoclimatic conditions. For each object, plots with different types of vegetation were compared, which made it possible to assess the internal heterogeneity of soil and microclimatic conditions. Soil temperature determined up to 70% of the total variance of CO2 emissions. Mean annual soil temperature in the city center was almost 3–6°C higher than that in the peripheral areas (10–12 km from the center), whereas soil moisture in the center was 10–15% lower. Soils under lawns and shrubs were, on average, 1–2°C warmer and 10–15% wetter than soils under trees. The annual CO2 emission from soils under lawns was, on average, 20–30% higher than that from soils under tree plantations in the same area. At the same time, the differences between the plots with the same vegetation in the center and on the periphery reached 50%, which reflects the high vulnerability of urban soil carbon stocks to mesoclimatic anomalies and the high risks of a further increase in CO2 emissions from urban soils against the background of climate change.

The regulators of the gibberellin response, the DELLA proteins, are universal participants of signaling pathways that coordinate the processes of plant growth and development. This regulation is provided by the integration of external effect, as well as internal signals, such as a level of phytohormones and secondary messengers. Since DELLA proteins are extremely sensitive to increasing or decreasing of the gibberellic acid (GA) endogenous level, their direct interaction with transcription factors modulates the activity of the latter, and, consequently, the level of expression of target genes in response to external signals causing changes in the level of GA. However, the molecular mechanisms of the effect of DELLA proteins on the development of symbiosis remain poorly understood. The review analyzes classical and modern data on the functioning of DELLA proteins in plants., Универсальными участниками сигнальных путей, координирующими процессы роста и развития растений, являются регуляторы гиббереллинового ответа DELLA-белки. Эта регуляция обеспечивается путем интеграции внешних воздействий, а также внутренних сигналов, таких как изменение в уровне фитогормонов и вторичных мессенджеров. Поскольку DELLA-белки чрезвычайно чувствительны к повышению или же снижению эндогенного уровня гибберелловой кислоты (ГК), их прямое взаимодействие с транскрипционными факторами модулирует активность последних, а следовательно, и уровень экспрессии генов-мишеней в ответ на внешние воздействия, вызывающие изменения в уровне ГК. Одна из наиболее важных функций, которые выполняют DELLA-белки, связана с их участием в регуляции развития симбиозов растений с азотфиксирующими клубеньковыми бактериями и грибами арбускулярной микоризы. Однако молекулярные механизмы влияния DELLA-белков на развитие симбиозов остаются малоизученными. В обзоре проведен анализ классических и современных данных о функционировании DELLA-белков у растений.

Soils accumulate about 1500-2000 Pg (1015 g) C, providing the largest stock in terrestrial ecosystems (Swift, 2001; Janzen, 2004). Historically, soil organic carbon (SOC) is a widely accepted indicator of soil quality. For example, SOC depletion is used as a basic indicator of soil degradation (Nortcliff, 2002; Bastida et al., 2008). The shift in recent decades from traditional agricultural attitudes of soil as a substrate for food production to its role in essential ecological processes and functions highlighted the importance of soil carbon stocks and fluxes (Bolin et al., 1979; Kovda and Rozanov, 1988). Carbon 62sequestration, for example, is an important process to mitigate climate change (IPCC, 2001; Lal, 2004; Janzen, 2004), whereas soil respiration is the largest biogeochemical carbon efflux into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change (Raich et al., 2002; Schulze, 2006). Soil microbial carbon indicates the soil’s performance as a habitat for microorganisms. Soil microbial communities contribute to biodiversity and gene reservoirs (Andrews et al., 2004; Blum, 2005; Dobrovolsky and Nikitin, 2012). The relation between soil microbial carbon and microbial respiration defines the microbial metabolic coefficient, which is widely accepted as a relevant indicator of the state of microbial soil communities and ecosystem disturbance (Anderson and Domsch, 1985; Dilly et al., 2003; Bastida et al., 2006). Many studies classifying and assessing soil functions acknowledge the role of SOC (e.g., BBodSchG, 1998; Karlen et al., 2003; Andrews et al., 2004; Blum, 2005; Dobrovolsky and Nikitin, 2012; Table 3.1). Although reviewed approaches to classify soil functions differ in terms of definitions and labels of each function, their total number, and the classification’s major purpose, they all consider SOC as an important parameter: up to two thirds of the soil functions are directly or indirectly related to SOC stocks. The recently emerged concept of ecosystem services (