Search

Dolichognatha yue Lin & Li, sp. nov. (Figs 52–55) Diagnosis. Males of this species are similar to D. umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991 by the slender embolus and curved ectobasal cymbial process. Females have wide copulatory duct. However, this new species can be distinguished by having the base and the end of the embolus with the same thickness (vs. base of embolus significantly thicker than the end in D. umbrophila) and the ectobasal cymbial process is directed laterally (vs. directed ventrally in D. umbrophila). Females can be distinguished by the terminus of the spermatheca directed laterally (vs. directed dorsally in D. umbrophila). Description. Male (holotype, Fig. 54A). Total length 2.05. Carapace 1.11 long, 0.75 wide. Abdomen 0.97 long, 0.88 wide. Dorsum of carapace yellow-brown, with grey-brown markings. Cervical groove distinct. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.13, ALE 0.11, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0, PME–PLE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae long and strong, brown, with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Gnathocoxae and labium brown. Sternum yellow-brown, with sparse black setae. Legs yellow-brown, with black pigmentation. Leg measurements: I 4.14 (1.27, 1.41, 0.98, 0.48), II 3.37 (1.07, 1.14, 0.77, 0.39), III 1.96 (0.63, 0.62, 0.39, 0.32), IV 2.25 (0.79, 0.66, 0.51, 0.29). Leg formula 1243. Abdomen oval. Both dorsum and venter brown, with black pattern. Palp (Fig. 52). Embolus slender, basal part resting in groove of conductor. Conductor large. Paracymbium small and oval, with long setae. Ectobasal cymbial process hook-like, widest basally. Female (IZCAS-Ar43321, Figs 54B–C). Total length 2.12. Carapace 1.02 long, 0.75 wide; Abdomen 0.97 long, 0.88 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.10, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.03, PME– PME 0, PME–PLE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae with 2 promarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I 3.61 (1.14, 1.19, 0.84, 0.44), II 3.13 (1.02, 1.02, 0.71, 0.38), III 1.76 (0.62, 0.51, 0.37, 0.26), IV 2.22 (0.80, 0.66, 0.48, 0.28). Habitus similar to that of male. Epigynum (Fig. 53). Atrium oval. Spermatheca small and chambered. Fertilization ducts small, close to each other, directed laterally. Material examined. Holotype ♂ (IZCAS-Ar43318), China: Guangdong, Guangzhou City, Yuexiu District, Yuexiu Park (23.1394°N, 113.2660°E, elev. 20 m), 20 September 2021, T. Jiang leg. Paratypes. 1♂ 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar43319–Ar43321), same data as holotype. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, is a junior synonym of Dolichognatha O. P.-Cambridge, 1869. This synonymy is strongly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological characters and examination of types of all known Atimiosa species. Two new combinations resulted from this nomenclatural change, Dolichognatha comorensis (Schmidt and Krause, 1993), new combination, and Dolichognatha quinquemucronata (Simon, 1895), new combination. New illustrations and photographs of these two species and of the poorly known Dolichognatha longiceps (Thorell, 1895) are provided. We also describe for the first time the web architecture of D. longiceps.

Six new records of the spiders from Taiwan are reported, which are, Araneus viridiventris Yaginuma 1969, Larinia fusiformis (Thorell 1877), Eriophora plumiopedella (Yin, Wang & Zhang 1987) comb. nov. (Araneidae); Thanatus miniaceus Simon 1880 (Philodromidae); Portia fimbriata (Doleschall 1859) (Salticidae) and Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa 1991 (Tetragnathidae). The genera Portia, Thanatus and Dolichognatha are reported from Taiwan for the first time.

Despite numerous phylogenetic analyses of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae, several relationships from the subfamily to species level are tenuous or unclear. One such example regards the validity and composition of the tetragnathid subfamily Metainae, which historically has mixed support and limited taxon sampling. Sequences for six genetic markers – 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, cytochrome c oxidase I and histone H3 – were analysed for 78 taxa, including 10 that were completely new or with increased markers. Analysed in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian frameworks, we find good support for Metainae for the first time. The subfamily includes three previously described genera – Meta, Metellina and Dolichognatha – in addition to one described herein, Zhinu Kallal & Hormiga, gen. nov., from Taiwan. Also within Metainae, we synonymise Metellina with the monotypic Menosira and reaffirm the synonymy of Dolichognatha with Prolochus. Finally, we describe a new species of leucaugine tetragnathid from the Philippines, Orsinome megaloverpa, sp. nov., the second member of Orsinome to be placed in a phylogenetic context.

We provide an updated list of the 22 species of caridean shrimps occurring in estuaries at Ilhéus, state of Bahia, Brazil, in the following families: Palaemonidae (4 species), Alpheidae (15 species), Hippolytidae (2 species) and Ogyrididae (1 species). The alpheid Automate cf. dolichognatha De Man, 1888 and the ogyridid Ogyrides alphaerostris (Kingsley, 1880) are reported from Bahia for the first time. The alpheids Alpheus brasileiro Anker, 2012, A. buckupi Almeida, Terossi, Araújo- Silva and Mantelatto, 2013, A. chacei Carvacho, 1979, A. nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924), Leptalpheus axianassae Dworschak and Coelho, 1999 and Salmoneus carvachoi Anker, 2007 are recorded from Ilhéus for the first time. Alpheus angulosus McClure, 2002 and A. carlae Anker, 2012 were previously reported from Ilhéus as A. armillatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). A key for identification of the carideans from estuaries of Ilhéus is provided.

Dolichognatha longiceps (Thorell, 1895) Figures 4A���F; 5A���D; 6A���D; 7; 8 Prolochus longiceps Thorell, 1895: 122; Simon, 1895b: 932, 1004. TYPES: Syntypes of Dolichognatha longiceps are deposited in NRM. We did not directly examine the type specimens ourselves. However, to ensure correct determination we have compared our specimens to a digital photograph of the male holotype that was kindly made available by Torbj��rn Kronestedt and Gunvi Lindberg, and to the drawings available in the literature. DESCRIPTION OF THE WEB: Dolichognatha longiceps spins its orb web near the ground at the base of trees. The web that we observed was built between the buttresses of a tree. It is twodimensional with oval shape (fig. 8A) and with a major axis of 40 cm. The web orientation is horizontal with dense spiral turns and numerous radii, without split radii (fig. 8). The web frame is an irregular polygonal shape and has numerous attachment sites (fig. 8A). The hub is closed (fig. 8B) and seems somewhat displaced toward one of the edges. ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: One male and two females from Thale Ban National Park, Satun Province, THAILAND. N6 �� 42 9 37.0 0, E100 �� 10 9 09.2 0, elev. 270m, 15���18.x. 2003, G. Hormiga leg. In AMNH., Published as part of Dimitrov, Dimitar, ��lvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2010, On the Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, and the Circumscription of Dolichognatha O. P. - Cambridge, 1869 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae), pp. 1-19 in American Museum Novitates 3683 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.1206/669.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4713076, {"references":["Thorell, T. 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London: British Museum, 406 pp.","Simon, E. 1895 b. Histoire naturelle des araignees 2: 761 - 1084. Paris: Roret."]}

Dolichognatha quinquemucronata (Simon, 1895), new combination Figures 1A���E Atimiosa quinquemucronata Simon, 1894: 742 (nomen nudum). Atimiosa quinquemucronata Simon, 1895a: 154. TYPE: Subadult female holotype from Sri Lanka. The only information on the label, other than the collection number and the species name, is ������Nuw. El.������ (MNHN 16140, examined). JUSTIFICATION OF THE TRANSFER: The type specimen, which is also the only known specimen of this species, is a subadult female (fig. 1A, E), thus it is impossible to study its genital morphology. However, it has all somatic characters diagnostic of Dolichognatha, such as: PME smaller than the PLE, PLE, and ALE separated, chelicerae slender and elongated, and femur IV without trichobothria. Even with 92.5% missing data in the data matrix, the cladistic analyses unambiguously placed this species in a group together with the Dolichognatha species included in our analyses and with A. comorensis. Based on this cladistic hypothesis (fig. 9), we transfer A. quinquemucronata to the genus Dolichognatha. Fig. 11. COMMENTS: There are three other species of Dolichognatha besides D. quinquemucronata described from Sri Lanka: D. incanescens, D. nietneri, and D. albida. This makes a reconciliation of the subadult specimen of D. quinquemucronata a very difficult task. However, the presence of characteristic abdominal tubercles in D. quinquemucronata, which differ from those of the other three Sri Lankan species, and its eye pattern, may prove useful if adults with these traits are collected. At present, as the holotype of D. quinquemucronata is a subadult specimen that cannot be identified, we suggest that it should be treated as nomen nudum. Dolichognatha comorensis (Schmidt and Krause, 1993), new combination Figures 2A���E; 3A���C Atimiosa comorensis Schmidt and Krause, 1993: 6; Schmidt and Krause, 1994: 5. TYPE: Holotype male from Comoros Islands, Grande Comoro, Boboni, 27.xi.1983, elevation 600m, R. Jocqu�� leg. (RMCA 160.649, examined). Continued. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE TRANSFER: Morphology of the male palp of this species (presence of CBEP and metine embolic apophysis; shape of conductor and embolus) as well as eye size and arrangement are consistent with placement in the genus Dolichognatha. Transfer is further supported by the results from our cladistic analyses: parsimony analyses under equal and implied weights always, except when k # 3, found A. comorensis nested within Dolichognatha (figs. 9, 10)., Published as part of Dimitrov, Dimitar, ��lvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2010, On the Phylogenetic Placement of the Spider Genus Atimiosa Simon, 1895, and the Circumscription of Dolichognatha O. P. - Cambridge, 1869 (Tetragnathidae, Araneae), pp. 1-19 in American Museum Novitates 3683 on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.1206/669.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4713076, {"references":["Simon, E. 1894. Histoire naturelle des araignees 1: 489 - 760. Paris: Roret.","Simon, E. 1895 a. Etudes arachnologiques. 26 e. XLI. Descriptions d'especes et de genres nouveaux de l'ordre des Araneae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 64: 131 - 160.","Schmidt, G., and R. H. Krause. 1993. Spinnen von den Komoren III: Tetragnathinae und Metinae (Araneida: Araneidae). Teil I. Arachnologisches Magazin 1 (10): 4 - 9.","Schmidt, G., and R. H. Krause. 1994. Spinnen von den Komoren 3: Tetragnathinae und Metinae (Araneida: Araneidae). Arachnologisches Magazin 2 (Sonderausgabe 1): 3 - 25 [reprint of Schmidt and Krause, 1993]."]}

Dolichognatha raveni sp. n. Figs 61���71 Holotype. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: ��, QM S 78040, Gordon Creek, Iron Range, 24���30.vi. 1976, R. Raven, V.E. D a v i e s. Paratypes. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: ��, QM S 78041, ��, QM S 78042, data as holotype. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ��, RBIN, Baiteta Forest, 5 ��01'S 145 �� 45 'E, 6.iv. 1993, canopy fogging, Pometia pinnata. Etymology. The specific epithet is in honour of Robert Raven, who was most helpful in locating the Queensland Museum specimens. Diagnosis. Male. Palpal bulbus twice as long as wide, embolus with spine-like apophysis (Figs 64���65, apophysis arrowed). Female. Abdomen broadly bilobed apically (Fig. 68), copulatory openings of epigynum set away from posterior margin in ventral view, epigynum medially broad with marginal sculpturing (Fig. 69). Description. Male (RBIN but QM S 78041 figured). Carapace: length 1.07 (range 1.07���1.13), width 0.80, height 0.50; carapace shape similar to D. mandibularis, humped but relatively low, in dorsal view caput slightly longer than other species and sides gently diverging; caput margins produced to distinct projections anterolaterally over cheliceral bases (Fig. 62, arrowed). Chelicerae (Figs 61, 62): anterobasal ledge of paturons weak, broadly rounded; three distinct promarginal cheliceral teeth, plus large tooth at convergence of rows, 2 medium and small teeth retromarginally, distinct blunt tooth or mound near fang tip (arrowed in Fig. 61). Labium: labral spur present (Fig. 63). Sternum: slightly convex. Eyes (Figs 61, 62). AME: 0.115, PME: 0.08, ALE: 0.08, PLE: 0.06, AME���AME: 0.02, AME���ALE: 0.02, PME���PME: 0.035, PME���PLE: 0.06, ALE��� PLE: 0.01; tapeta outlines visible but no longer reflective. Legs: I: 4.42, II: 4.00, III: 2.06, IV: 2.50; anterior femurs with one or more dorsolateral macrosetae distally, not strongly developed. Abdomen: length 1.34, width 0.82; similar to D. incanescens male but square anteriorly. Palpal organ (Figs 64, 65): palpal femur 0.28 �� carapace length; patella without macroseta, tibia c. 1.5 �� as long as wide; embolus tapering with distinct process at c. 1 / 3 distance to tip (arrowed in Fig. 65); embolic apophysis a broad slightly kinked strap, widening to a paddle shape at c. �� length; bulbus elongate, width: length = 1:2.0. Colour in alcohol: traces of black on lateral carapace and around and behind PME; abdomen with traces of black in similar pattern to female except for extra row of dark spots down midline in posterior half. Female (holotype). Carapace (Fig. 66): length 1.47 (range 1.29���1.47), width 1.18, height 0.61; humped, but like in male rather lower than other species, broad in dorsal view. Chelicerae: 2 promarginal teeth plus large intermediate, retromarginal cheliceral teeth not visible due to tightly closed position of chelicerae against mouthparts. Labium: anterior not visible. Sternum: gently convex, but less so than small species. Eyes (Fig. 66). AME: 0.15, PME: 0.10, ALE: 0.10, PLE: 0.09, AME���AME: 0.035, AME���ALE: 0.05, PME���PME: 0.04, PME���PLE: 0.10, ALE���PLE: 0.035; no reflective tapeta visible. Legs: I: 5.94, II: 5.08, III: 2.78, IV: 3.55. Only one macroseta visible on distal retrodorsal femurs of legs I, II and IV, none visible on femur III. Abdomen (Figs 67, 68) (separated from prosoma): length 3.18, width 1.96. Broadly bilobed, lobes barely developed vertically, so appears almost square-topped; post genital mound barely developed. Epigyne (Figs 69, 70): copulatory openings of epigynum set away from posterior margin in ventral view, epigynum medially broad with marginal sculpturing, lateral lobes obvious and lightly sclerotized; internal margins of the lateral plates broadly separated and shallow in posterior view. Internal genitalia (Fig. 71): copulatory ducts pass spermathecae medially, entering lower lobe posteriorly; spermathecae apparently bilobed, lobes connected by bulging duct-like section; head more or less globular. Colour in alcohol: carapace creamy-white, region of PME and area immediately posterior brown, brown patches on sides of caput and carapace; sternum with brown mark posteriorly. Legs faintly annulated with brown; tarsi paler. Abdomen dorsum pale except for brown patch anterior to anal tubercle and remains of paired markings towards anterior; brown lateral patches; ventrally with olive-brown over post-genital mound, outlined with white lines. Distribution. Dolichognatha raveni has been recorded from the type locality in the Iron Range on Cape York, north-eastern Australia and from eastern Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Smith, Helen M., 2008, Synonymy of Homalopoltys (Araneae: Araneidae) with the genus Dolichognatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 1775 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182204

Genus Dolichognatha O.P.- Cambridge 1869 Dolichognatha O.P.- Cambridge 1869: 387; type species D. nietneri O.P.- Cambridge 1869, by monotypy. Not examined. Landana Simon 1884: 185; type species L. petiti Simon 1884, by monotypy. Not examined. Paraebius Thorell 1894: 43; type species P. mandibularis Thorell 1894, by monotypy. Examined. Homalopoltys Simon 1895: 893; type species H. incanescens Simon 1895, by original designation. Examined. NEW SYNONYMY Prolochus Thorell 1895: 122; type species P. longiceps Thorell 1895, by monotypy. Not examined. Nicholasia Bryant & Archer 1940: 60; type species Epeira pentagona Hentz 1850 by monotypy. Not examined. Afiamalu Marples 1955: 495; type species A. richardi Marples 1955 by monotypy. Not examined. Update on type repositories listed by Levi (1981). The type of D. nietneri is not catalogued in BMNH (J. Beccaloni, pers. comm.), the repository given by Levi (1981). Instead this type is likely to be in OUM where six O.P.-Cambridge specimens are catalogued under this name (J. Hogan, pers. comm.). In addition to the syntype of Prolochus longiceps in NHRM (T. Kronestedt, pers. comm.) (stated to be the holotype in Levi 1981) there is a vial of syntype material in BMNH. Syntypes and paratypes of Afiamalu richardi are in BMNH (information not given by Levi). Types of both Homalopoltys species are in MNHNP. Diagnosis. All currently recognised Dolichognatha have large anterior median eyes, which are prominent on a slight tubercle (Brescovit & Cunha 2001), a distinctively shaped carapace, with sides often subparallel in the caput region and evenly rounded posteriorly (Levi 1981), and in males, long to very long chelicerae with enlarged cheliceral teeth distally (Levi 1981, Brescovit & Cunha 2001). The male palpal patella is without macrosetae. The male palp has a ‘metine’ embolic apophysis (sensu Hormiga et al. 1995), a prominent paracymbium and procurved cymbial basal process (secondary process of Hormiga et al. 1995; Kuntner & Alvarez-Padilla 2006). The abdomen of Dolichognatha s.str. bears two pairs of posterodorsal humps, but the abdominal shape may be otherwise in some Dolichognatha s.l., including those described herein. Reflective tapeta are absent from all the secondary eyes of Dolichognatha s.str. (Levi 1981; Tanikawa 1991), but again may be present in other Dolichognatha. Biology. Species of Dolichognatha make orb webs, which are always horizontal or slope less than 45 degrees to horizontal (Levi 1981, F. Alvarez-Padilla pers. comm.). Levi (1981) reports that all the species he observed made similar webs, which were often “messy”, between buttress roots at the base of large trees in relatively moist, dark forests; the collection data of some further specimens listed in the Appendix agree with this description. Whilst all specimens in this present study were collected in tropical forests, many were taken from foliage and by canopy fogging, a departure from the web position just above the ground suggested by all previous records. In all the collection data for the species treated here there is only one mention of a web: a report of D. albida specimens being found in a horizontal sheet web between leaves. Regarding such web structure, Simon (1894: 743) reported that the web of the D. nietneri he observed in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) was a horizontal sheet, a claim which was discounted by Levi (1981). David Court (pers. comm.) reports that the webs of a Dolichognatha sp. he has observed in Singapore may look like a sheet when damaged; this interpretation, at least for Simon’s specimens, seems likely as the specimens collected by Simon in Sri Lanka are in MNHNP, and are Dolichognatha s.str. (from photographs supplied by F. Alvarez-Padilla). The report of a sheet web in D. albida therefore requires confirmation. Levi (1981) reported that Dolichognatha may include a line of debris and egg sacs in the web, or hanging nearby. Simon (1894) reported (in translation): “The D. nietneri that I have observed from Ceylon lays its egg cocoons in a cylindrical truncated sleeve of thick sticky silk suspended from two divergent lines near its web.” These sources are the only published references to Dolichognatha biology I have seen.

Dolichognatha incanescens (Simon) Figs 1 ���16, 38��� 53 Homalopoltys incanescens Simon, 1895: 893. Holotype ��, Sri Lanka, Galle. In MNHNP, No. 16311, examined. NEW COMBINATION. Other material examined. SRI LANKA: ��, RMNH.ARA. 11302 (ex coll. CLD), Ratnapura, 21���22.viii. 1981, forest & lake below tennis club. AUSTRALIA: Queensland: 2 ��, QM S 73921, Bellenden Ker Range, Cableway base stn, 17���24.x. 1981, Earthwatch/Qld Museum, 100 m; 2 �� 1 ��, QM S 74359, Gordon Creek, Iron Range, 24���30.vi. 1976, R. Raven, V.E. Davies; 1 �� 1 ��, AM KS 100890, data as S 74359; ��, QM S 74358, Spear Creek, 3���10.xi. 1975, R. Raven, V.E. Davies; 2 ��, QM S 74356 ��� 7, Wallaman Falls, via Ingham, 1.x. 1980, G. Monteith, 500 m RF, pyrethrum. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 4 �� 20 ��, RBIN, Baiteta Forest, 5 ��01'S 145 �� 45 'E, 1993 ��� 96, canopy fogging. Material of doubtful identity: INDONESIA: Kalimantan: 2 ��, RMNH (ex coll. CLD), Tumbang Tahai, 2 ��02'S 113 �� 35 'E, 3���11.ix. 85, Suh. Djojosudharmo, primary moist forest; ��, RMNH (ex coll. CLD), Kaharian, 2 ��02'S 113 �� 40 'E, 2���16.ix. 85, Suh. Djojosudharmo, swampy primary forest, foliage. Comments. The female discussed here as the type of H. incanescens is believed to be that of E. Simon (1895). As discussed under D. albida, the type locality in the specimen vial does not match that given in the original publication, where it is Kandy. There are two registration numbers with the H. incanescens specimen. The number used by MNHNP on the loan form is given above. The middle digit on the other label (probably Simon���s label, which also carries the locality ���Galle!���) is not clear, but looks more like a ��� 2 ���. Diagnosis. Male. Palpal bulbus almost twice as long as wide, embolus without spine-like apophysis (Figs 43, 44). Female. Abdomen bilobed apically in dorsal view (Fig. 47), strongly constricted below apical tubercles; epigynum posterior margin indented medially in ventral view (Fig. 50). Description. Male (RMNH.ARA. 11302). Carapace: length 1.00 (range 0.88���1.08), width 0.82, height 0.55; strongly humped in lateral view (Fig. 38), little differentiation between caput and posterior part (some other males more similar to other species), caput sides sloping in dorsal view (Fig. 40), anterior margins of carapace squared, but with small protrusions in some New Guinea males. Chelicerae (Figs 38, 42): small, angled cheliceral ledge; two distinct promarginal cheliceral teeth, 6 (right) or 5 (left) medium and small teeth scattered intermediately and on retromargin (right side with three small teeth apparently in a transverse row across groove), other males equally variable, one appears to have 5 retromargin teeth on one side but none at all on the other. Labium: labial spur strongly produced (Fig. 38). Sternum (Figs 38, 41): slightly convex, but less so than in D. deelemanae. Eyes (Figs 38, 40, 42). AME: 0.10, PME: 0.06, ALE: 0.075, PLE: 0.065, AME���AME: 0.03, AME���ALE: 0.035, PME���PME: 0.03, PME���PLE: 0.07, ALE���PLE: 0.01; outline of tapeta clearly visible in secondary eyes. Legs (Fig 38): I: 4.75, II: 4.04, III: 2.10, IV: 2.53; anterior femurs with three dorsolateral macrosetae distally, 2 prodorsal, 1 retrodorsal. Abdomen (Figs 38, 39): length 1.45, width 0.76; apex rounded; post-genital mound not developed. Palpal organ (Figs 13 ���16, 43��� 45): palpal femur 0.29 �� carapace length; patella without macroseta, tibia c. 2 �� as long as wide; embolus gently tapering to blunt tip, embolic apophysis spoon-shaped distally, stem longer and more strap-like than D. mandibularis; conductor, embolus and apophysis all more elongate than in D. mandibularis; bulbus width: length = 1: 1.8. Colour in alcohol: almost entirely pale creamy white and semi translucent in parts; PME with black around margins; faint trace of inverted arrow-head on sternum (Fig. 41); dorsal abdomen with traces of dark pigment posteriorly. Female (holotype). Carapace: length 1.25 (range 1.00��� 1.25), width 1.02, height 0.63; in lateral view rather similar to male with caput poorly differentiated from posterior (Fig. 46), rather broad posteriorly in dorsal view, caput region short (Fig. 48); some other females are more similar in carapace shape to other species. Chelicerae: promargin with two definite teeth plus large intermediate where rows meet (Figs 9, 10, intermediate arrowed), retromargin with one large and 4 small teeth grouped distally (Fig. 10). Labium: rounded (Fig. 8), mounded on anterior face. Maxillae with serrula (Fig. 8). Sternum: convex, but less pronounced than in D. deelemanae. Eyes (Figs 46, 48): AME: 0.11, PME: 0.09, ALE: 0.09, PLE: 0.08, AME���AME: 0.035, AME��� ALE: 0.05, PME���PME: 0.03, PME���PLE: 0.06, ALE���PLE: 0.015; no reflective tapeta present in type, but visible in all secondary eyes of several recently collected females from New Guinea and Queensland; lateral eyes are close in all specimens, but eye position varies both vertically and horizontally. Legs (Fig. 46): I: 4.75, II: 4.20, III: 2.22, IV: 2.78; distal macrosetae missing, no indication of any prolateral macrosetal bases. Abdomen (Figs 46, 47): length 2.53, width 1.39; apically rather more constricted than D. raveni, and many New Guinea specimens are narrower still; post genital mound well developed as a rounded bulge, but less distinct in some other specimens. Epigyne (Figs 50, 51): posterior margin broadly indented, copulatory openings hidden in ventral view; in posterior view the internal margins of the lateral plates converge towards the copulatory openings. Internal genitalia (Fig. 52): copulatory ducts pass spermathecae medially, entering posteromedially into lower lobe of spermatheca; spermatheca head globular-ovate. Colour in alcohol: carapace creamy-white, eye region and chelicerae with olive markings, sternum with dark mark. Legs cream with olive-brown annulations, incomplete on femora. Abdomen dorsum pale except for brown patch anterior to anal tubercle and remains of paired markings towards anterior; brown lateral patches; ventrally with olive-brown over post-genital mound, outlined with white lines. The New Guinea females consistently have a slightly different carapace pattern with more brown or black on the caput (Fig. 49) and the brown bar anterior to the spinnerets on the dorsal abdomen becomes black laterally, persisting as black spots in nearly every specimen. The Queensland females are either bleached or in poor condition, but appear to more closely match the holotype colour pattern. Specimens of doubtful identity. The female specimens examined from Kalimantan have rather shorter copulatory ducts (Fig. 53), no male is available from this area. Distribution. Dolichognatha incanescens occurs from Sri Lanka to north-eastern Australia., Published as part of Smith, Helen M., 2008, Synonymy of Homalopoltys (Araneae: Araneidae) with the genus Dolichognatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 1775 on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182204, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Librairie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1, 761 - 1084."]}

Dolichognatha mandibularis (Thorell) Figs 54���60 Paraebius mandibularis Thorell 1894: 44. Holotype ♂, Sumatra, Lampong. In NHRM, examined. Dolichognatha m. Levi 1981: 277. Comment. It was initially thought that the male of D. mandibularis (from Sumatra) might pair with D. albida (from Sri Lanka and Thailand) as the short and broad palpal conformation is closest to that of D. deelemanae. However, in general appearance the male D. mandibularis (Figs 54���58) is more similar to males of D. incanescens and D. raveni, with a relatively low carapace, similar eye characteristics, and apparently, no macroseta on the prolateral face of the anterior femora. More specimens are required to resolve this issue and for the time being both species are recognised. Diagnosis. Male. Palpal bulbus short and rounded, palpal tibia distinctly longer than wide, MEA broad distally (Figs 59, 60). Female. Unknown. Description. Male (holotype). Carapace (Figs 54, 57, 58): length 0.86, width 0.67, height 0.29; caput not strongly humped, pear-shaped in dorsal view with caput clearly differentiated. Chelicerae (Fig. 54, 57): cheliceral ledge absent or chelicerae may be pushed up so ledge hidden by carapace; two distinct promarginal cheliceral teeth and one large intermediate, three smaller retromarginal teeth plus basal mound. Labium: with anterior hooked spur. Sternum: concave (but indented by damage). Eyes (Figs 54, 57, 58). AME: 0.10, PME: 0.075, ALE: 0.075, PLE: 0.06, AME���AME: 0.02, AME���ALE: 0.04, PME���PME: 0.02, PME���PLE: 0.04, ALE���PLE: 0.01; no reflective tapeta visible. Legs. I: 3.57, II: 3.06, III: 1.63, IV: 1.94; almost all macrosetae missing, no indication of any prolateral macrosetal bases. Abdomen (Figs 55, 56): length 1.14, width 0.59; apex rounded; post-genital mound indistinct (holotype abdomen is separate from opisthosoma and rather damaged). Male palpus: (Figs 59, 60): palpal femur 0.27 �� carapace length; patella without macroseta, tibia c. 2 �� as long as wide; embolus tapering; MEA squat, strongly spoon-shaped distally; conductor, embolus and apophysis all more compact than in D. incanescens; bulbus short and rounded, width: length = 1: 1.5. Colour in alcohol: almost entirely creamy-white and in parts semi translucent; PME with hint of black around margins; faint trace of trident-shaped mark on dorsal carapace (Fig. 58). Distribution. Dolichognatha mandibularis is recorded only from the type locality in Sumatra., Published as part of Smith, Helen M., 2008, Synonymy of Homalopoltys (Araneae: Araneidae) with the genus Dolichognatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 1775 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182204, {"references":["Thorell, T. (1894) Forteckning ofver arachnider fran Java och nargrandsande oar, insamlade af Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifningar a nagra sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska spindlar. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 20, 1 - 63.","Levi, H. W. (1981) The American orb-weaver genera Dolichognatha and Tetragnatha north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae, Tetragnathinae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 149, 271 - 318."]}

Dolichognatha albida (Simon) Figs 17���28 Homalopoltys albidus Simon 1895: 894. Holotype ��, Sri Lanka, Colombo. In MNHNP, No. 16281, examined. NEW COMBINATION. Other material examined. THAILAND: (Central Thailand) 3 ��, RMNH (ex coll. CLD), Khao Yai National Park, 5.iii. 1986, C.L. & P.R. Deeleman, c. 1000 m, in big horizontal web between leaves, no hub; 2 j, RMNH (ex coll. CLD), similar location data, ���near waterfalls���; 1 j, RMNH (ex coll. CLD), Erewan Waterfalls National Park, 15���16.iii. 1986, C.L. & P.R. Deeleman, evergreen. Comments. The female from Colombo discussed here is believed to be the type of H. albidus, but in the publication the location is given only as ���Ins. Taprobane ���. For this species there is no contradiction, merely less information than on the specimen label. But in the case of H. incanescens (below), where the town locality is in disagreement with the original description, one of the additional specimens present in the H. albidus vial provides circumstantial evidence supporting the type status of these Homalopoltys specimens. This specimen is a subadult male Poltys C.L. Koch, likely to be the Poltys ���male��� from Sri Lanka Simon described in the same paper (1895: 891, fig. 955). Simon���s illustration and his statement that the male lacked a paracymbial hook (which would have been quite obvious in an adult male Poltys, Smith 2005 fig. 10) are indications that the specimen Simon discussed was indeed sub-adult. Diagnosis. Female. Abdomen apically with ���drip��� point (Figs 19, 25); copulatory openings on epigynum set away from posterior margin in ventral view, ducts make a horseshoe shape (Fig. 26). Male. Unknown. Description. Female (holotype). Carapace (Figs 17, 20, 21): length 0.96 (range 0.88���0.98), width 0.73, height 0.55; carapace humped, broadly pear-shaped in dorsal view, caput poorly differentiated in outline but strongly domed. Chelicerae (Figs 17, 23): promargin bears two definite teeth plus large intermediate where rows meet; retromargin bears one large and 4 small teeth grouped distally. Labium: distinctly mounded anteriorly. Sternum (Fig. 23): strongly convex, especially anteriorly. Eyes (Figs 17, 20, 21). AME: 0.10, PME: 0.08, ALE: 0.07, PLE: 0.08, AME���AME: 0.035, AME���ALE: 0.04, PME���PME: 0.04, PME���PLE: 0.06, ALE���PLE: 0.025; no reflective tapeta visible in type specimen, but visible in some females from Thailand. Legs. I: 3.51, II: 3.04, III: 1.73, IV: 2.20; femur I with one strong plus second weaker prolateral macrosetae at mid point (Fig. 22), distal dorsal macroseta missing. Abdomen (Figs 18, 19): length 2.29, width 1.18; anterior bluntly pointed, point more gently attenuated in Thai specimens (Figs 24, 25), tip often wrinkled; post genital mound strongly produced, posterior surface distinctly flattened. Epigynum (Figs 26, 27): copulatory openings set away from posterior margin in ventral view, ducts viewed through cuticle make a horseshoe shape; in posterior view the internal margins of the lateral plates diverge gradually towards copulatory openings. Internal genitalia (Fig. 28): robust copulatory ducts pass anteromedially around spermathecae to enter posterodorsally; spermathecae with globular head, posterior part hidden by copulatory ducts. Colour in alcohol: creamy-white, traces of dark colouring on dorsal carapace and around eyes; dark coloration more extensive on recent specimens, but still lack any sign of leg stripes. Abdomen pale except for darker spot on posterior flat of post-genital mound; recent specimens have traces of pattern dorsally and anterior tip with traces of black. Distribution. Dolichognatha albida is recorded from localities in Thailand and Sri Lanka. Dolichognatha deelemanae sp. n . Figs 29���37 Holotype. INDONESIA: Kalimantan: ��, RMNH.ARA. 11299 (ex coll. CLD), SE Kalimantan, Meratus Mtn, E of Lake Riam Kanan, 3.vii. 1980, C.L. & P.R. Deeleman, primary forest. Paratypes. INDONESIA: Kalimantan: 1 ��, RMNH.ARA.11300, 1 ��, RMNH.ARA. 11301, data as holotype. Etymology. The specific epithet honours Christa Deeleman-Reinhold, who collected the specimens which originally sparked interest in this group. Diagnosis. Male. Palpal bulbus short and rounded (Figs 33, 34), abdomen with apical ���drip��� point (Fig. 31, may vary), palpal tibia almost as wide as long, MEA broadens only slightly distally. Female. Abdomen apically with point, copulatory openings of epigynum set almost on posterior margin in ventral view, ducts shorter than in D. albida (Fig 35 c.f. Fig. 26), internal genitalia delicate (Fig. 37, c.f. D. albida, Fig. 28). Description. Male (holotype). Carapace (Fig. 29): length 0.78 (range 0.78���0.80), width 0.61, height 0.39; caput strongly humped in lateral view; similar to D. mandibularis in dorsal view; caput margins produced to distinct projections anterolaterally over cheliceral bases (arrowed in Fig. 32). Chelicerae (Figs 29, 32): paturon length shorter than in other species (c. 0.8 �� carapace length), basal ledge strongly produced, two distinct promarginal cheliceral teeth and one large intermediate, which is the largest tooth, three retromarginal teeth, basal mound absent; cheliceral fangs shorter than other species, and not sinuous, tips arced. Labium: with distinct, but rather recumbent, spur (Fig. 29). Sternum: distinctly convex (Fig. 29). Eyes (Figs 29, 32). AME: 0.10, PME: 0.08, ALE: 0.065, PLE: 0.065, AME���AME: 0.04, AME���ALE: 0.025, PME���PME: 0.04, PME��� PLE: 0.06, ALE���PLE: 0.025; no reflective tapeta visible in either male. Legs: I: 3.76, II: 3.12, III: 1.67, IV: 2.24; femur I with strong prolateral macroseta at mid point, femur II with single retrolateral macroseta at c. �� length; front femurs with at least one distal dorsal macroseta as in other species. Abdomen: length 1.94, width 0.86; apex produced into drip-shaped apex (Fig. 31); post-genital mound strongly developed but without coloration (Fig. 30). Palpal organ (Figs 33, 34): palpal femur 0.29 �� carapace length; patella without macroseta, tibia short compared to other species, distally almost as wide as long; embolus a curved rod; MEA relatively slender, only slightly broadened distally; overall shape of bulbus similar to D. mandibularis, width: length = 1: 1.5. Colour in alcohol: almost entirely creamy-white; median eyes with black around margins; faint trace of colour on dorsal carapace. Female (RMNH.ARA. 11301). Carapace: length 0.86, width c. 0.55 (slightly squashed), height c. 0.41; caput strongly domed, sides bulging. Chelicerae: promargin with two definite teeth plus large intermediate where rows meet; retromargin with one large and 4 small teeth grouped distally (rather indistinct). Labium: mounded on anterior face. Sternum: deep, strongly convex. Eyes. AME: 0.10, PME: 0.07, ALE: 0.065, PLE: 0.07, AME���AME: 0.02, AME���ALE: 0.03, PME���PME: 0.04, PME���PLE: 0.065, ALE���PLE: 0.03; no reflective tapeta visible (specimen not in good condition). Legs: I: 3.29, II: 2.94, III: 1.57, IV: 2.12; macrosetae near midpoint of prolateral femur I and 4 / 5 length of retrolateral femur II. Abdomen: length 1.14, width N/A (squashed); attenuated anterior tip not very well developed, moderately developed post-genital mound. Epigyne: copulatory openings set almost on posterior margin in ventral view, ducts viewed through cuticle short and curved into a flattened bowl shape (Fig. 35); in posterior view the internal margins of the lateral plates diverge sharply towards the copulatory openings (Fig. 36). Internal genitalia (Fig. 37): as D. albida but distinctly delicate. Colour in alcohol: creamy-white, traces of dark colouring on dorsal carapace and around eyes. Abdomen pale. Distribution. Dolichognatha deelemanae is only recorded from south-eastern Kalimantan., Published as part of Smith, Helen M., 2008, Synonymy of Homalopoltys (Araneae: Araneidae) with the genus Dolichognatha (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) and descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 1775 on pages 11-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.182204, {"references":["Simon, E. (1895) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Librairie Enclyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 1, 761 - 1084.","Smith, H. M. (2005) A preliminary study of the relationships of taxa included in the tribe Poltyini (Araneae, Araneidae). The Journal of Arachnology, 33, 468 - 481."]}

Through discovery of their males, females described as Homalopoltys Simon (Araneidae) are found to be congeneric with Dolichognatha O.P.-Cambridge (Tetragnathidae). Some of the character states seen in Homalopoltys (type species H. incanescens Simon) do not fit within the current diagnosis of Dolichognatha so the potential transfer is tested using the data matrix of Hormiga et al. (1995). It is found that the synonymy of Homalopoltys with Dolichognatha is justified according to current terms of reference. Both described Homalopoltys species were known only from Sri Lanka. The male of D. incanescens (Simon) (NEW COMBINATION) is described for the first time, and the range of this species is extended to north-eastern Australia. Dolichognatha albida (Simon) (NEW COMBINATION) is redescribed and new material is reported from Thailand but the species is still known only from females. Dolichognatha mandibularis (Thorell), with similar morphology to D. incanescens , is also redescribed but is only known from a single male (Sumatra). Two new species are described: D. deelemanae sp. nov. is from Kalimantan and D. raveni sp. nov. is from north-eastern Australia and New Guinea. The character states that unite the genus Dolichognatha are discussed and some potential new character systems are put forward. Some of the fresh specimens of D. albida and D. incanescens show that reflective tapeta are present in the secondary eyes and the abdominal morphology of these and the newly described species differs from that of other known Dolichognatha species.

Several rare or uncommon, mostly infaunal decapod crustaceans are reported from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats of Lombok, Indonesia. The alpheid shrimps Alpheus angustilineatus Nomura & Anker, 2005, Athanas shawnsmithi Anker, 2011, Jengalpheops rufus Anker & Dworschak, 2007, Salmoneus alpheophilus Anker & Marin, 2006, Salmoneus colinorum De Grave, 2004, and the laomediid mud-shrimp Naushonia carinata Dworschak, Marin & Anker, 2006, are reported for the first time since their original descriptions and represent new records for the marine fauna of Indonesia. The alpheid shrimps Alpheus macellarius Chace, 1988, Alpheus platyunguiculatus (Banner, 1953), Athanas japonicus Kubo, 1936, Athanas polymorphus Kemp, 1915, Leptalpheus denticulatus Anker & Marin, 2009, Richalpheus palmeri Anker & Jeng, 2006, Salmoneus gracilipes Miya, 1972, Salmoneus tricristatus Banner, 1959 and the laomediid mudshrimps Laomedia astacina De Haan, 1841 and Naushonia lactoalbida Berggren, 1992 are new records for Indonesian waters. The remaining alpheid shrimps, namely Alpheopsis yaldwyni Banner & Banner, 1973, Alpheus savuensis De Man, 1908, Automate anacanthopus De Man, 1910, Automate dolichognatha De Man, 1888, Salmoneus serratidigitus (Coutiere, 1896), and the strahlaxiid mud-shrimp Neaxius glyptocercus (von Martens, 1869), all previously known from Indonesia, are recorded for the first time from Lombok. Colour photographs are provided for all species reported, some shown in colour for the first time.